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CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN,. PRINTER, 


AGRICULTURE 


OF 


NEW-YORK: 


COMPRISING 


AN ACCOUNT OF THE CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION 
OF THE SOILS AND ROCKS, 


AND OF THE CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE ; 


TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 


THE MORE COMMON AND INJURIOUS SPECIES OF INSECTS. 
BY E. EMMONS, M.D. 


VOLUME V. 


ALBANY: 
PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN. 
1854. 


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TO T. ROMEYN BECK, M.D, LL.D. 
SIR: 


Turere is more than one reason why the concluding divisions of the 
present work, undertaken to explore and illustrate the natural history 
of the State of New-York, and conducted under legislative patronage, 
‘should be dedicated to you. You were among the first to foster the 
enterprise, and remained its consistent advocate in times when adverse 
circumstances seemed to jeopardize its continuance : much more than 
this, your whole life has been assiduously engaged in promoting the 
advance of science and the spread of popular education, and the 
published results of your scientific and literary labors may be referred 
to as reflecting an honor upon your native State. Would that the 
merits of the present volume were such as to render it more worthy 


its dedication. 


THE AUTHOR. 


| AcRicuLtuRAL Report — Vot. v.| A 


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PREFACE. 


1 nave not attempted, in the preparation of this work, to place before my 
readers an account of all the rare and newly discovered insects of New- 
York and New-England, but have confined myself to those which are most 
common and widely distributed. The rare and the local possess an interest 
in the eyes of the learned ; but those which are daily met with in the fields 
and in our walks, are the ones our interests demand us to know: the former 
do neither harm nor good ; but a familiar acquaintance with the forms and 
habits of the common and widely spread, is an indispensable preliminary 
towards enabling the husbandman to take advantage of the services they 
may be made to render him, or to protect his premises and the fruits of his 
labor from the depredations of noxious broods. This view has mainly con- 
trolled our undertaking : as the work is designed for those who are supposed 
to be mere beginners in entomology, and perhaps intend to prosecute the 
study no farther than practical results will warrant, it was thought fit to 
restrict the field of investigation to such insects as are sufficiently numerous 
to interfere in some way with the prosperity or comforts of the dwellers in 
this northern portion of our country. 

One part of my labor has been to collect materials in the field, and an- 
other to collect them from the researches of others, the latter item con- 
stituting doubtlessly the largest and most valuable portion of the entire 
work ; but it is confidently believed that naturalists and authors who have 
contributed largely to the common stock of entomological knowledge, and 
thereby earned and received a high and enduring reputation, will not be 
disposed to object to the diffusion of information fraught with such great 
consequence to the welfare of community. These distinguished investigators 
are honored by their discoveries; but their discoveries require to be made 
known to all the world, te the end that their results may redound to the 
common good of the human family. 


iv PREFACE. 


After saying thus much in general, it is scarcely necessary to add that 
this work is designed to disseminate the information collected from various 
periodicals in which it was first gathered, and from expensive books of the 
day in which a large amount is almost inaccessibly stored up, but is not 
expected to add much to the materials of knowledge already accumulated. 

We have been poorly supplied with the means of promoting the study of 
entomology in this country, notwithstanding we have among us such men 
as the Leconte’s elder and younger, who both stand in the first rank of 
entomologists; but it is unfortunate that their classical works are mostly 
confined to the libraries of the learned. 

I have made the freest use of Dr. Harais’s excellent and practical works; 
and have also been very much assisted by our distinguished entomologist, 
Dr. Asa Fircu of Salem, Washington county, N. Y. 

I have occasion also to acknowledge a further indebtedness to Mr. Hat- 
peMAN of Columbia (Pennsylvania), who enjoys a Huropean reputation as a 
naturalist, for several valuable notes on various insects; and could his as- 
sistance have been still farther procured, the value of my work would un- 
doubtedly have been greatly enhanced. 

I have figured such insects as I have seen, and know to belong to New- 
York and New-England; but I have not seen them in all their states, and 
am therefore frequently indebted to others for the figures given of the larva 
and pupa stages. Some are copied from Assorr & Smirx’s work on the in- 
sects of Georgia, and some from other works of like kind. T have figured 
very few foreign species, and these have had some special purpose in view. 

The figures have been drawn from specimens of the insects themselves, 
by E. Emmons junior, and are faithful and accurate portraits of the indivi- 
duals from which they were taken. It is difficult, however, to secure a 
finished and uniferm coloring, especially for so large an edition as three 
thousand copies. 

I do not deem it necessary to point out the faults of this volume ; for the 
keen-sighted, and those who are disposed to look after them, will find them 
with little trouble. [ am persuaded, however, that the general reader, as 
well as the student, will find in it many valuable records. E. EMMONS. 


ALBANY, July 25, 1854; 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER I. 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .. sae . ay ce bas ey en Pages 1 - 7 


CHAPTER II. 
SKETCH OF THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS. 


Anatomical description of parts— Function of digestion— Circulation— Nervous system — Senses of 
touch, hearing, smell, sight and taste— Muscular motion— Function of propagation, pp. 7 — 24 


APPENDIX to Chapter II, embracing references to Plates A, BandE.. oe pp. 25 — 28 


CHAPTER ITI. 


REMARKS on the classification of insects — | oe we fie ee ws pp- 29, 30 


CHAPTERS IV TO XI. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA As Si 3 adh a pp- 31 — 138 
CICINDELID& ae ee Sg mo oe ob Pe Oe 
CARABIDE  .. ste a es gs if : 38 
Dyticipa or ie ee no a Ke ea 55 
NITIDULIDZ .. ma ne ae ae AF He. 58 
EnGip” ps + e ths as ae ze 59 
STAPHYLINID® ~ ae “i “yf a ~ 61 
ByrRHIDs a Gs oe cus es Sis 66 
HIsTERIDA .. as 7 ty ws vs wd 66 
LucANIDA ¥ * Ee a na oe 66 
GEOTRUPIDE .. ay ie ae a sit be 67 
ScARABAIDAE ad i i ae ae he 68 
TROGID& Se te ae me 4: ‘ie on 70 
DYNASTIDE .. , - ne e ra ae 71 
MELOLONTHID ay ius if - = AS 71 
BuprREsTIDaA .. me ie as a is ae 3 
ELATERIDE ., ae v3 i" % i se 86 
LAMPYRID@& .. me = es a4 Be a 89 


| AcricutturAL Report — Vot. v.] B 


Vill CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER XX. 
ORDER X. HYMENOPTERA .. iis mt in bi pp: 189 - 197 


TENTHREDINIDE .. od te - 4 ++) pee 
UROCERIDE .. ant - a an e ei 191 
IcHNEUMONIDE sits ia - 8 a4 vis 193 
SPHEGIDE .. Pr AR mr i .% 195 
EVANIIDE .. wh ws , - & ie 196 
ScoLlipz .. oe oie a - eh, 3 197 


CHAPTERS XXI & XXII. 
ORDER. XI. LEPIDOPTERA’ sis sc. st) aus, ay eu Dp 


PAPILIONIDE = ae wi te a pee 
HELICONIIDz ee ae “yr a oh of 202 
NYMPHALIDA ae be ae ia By ids 206 
LYCENIDEZ .. ‘¢ - ae ae we sits 214 
HESPERIDE .. <e % Pm ae e ik 215 
SPHINGIDE .. ie as Pe oe 5 Gite 216 
ANGERIDE .. iy x id ve - aie 222 
LITHOSIIDE .. ae ie a ee - “Ss 224 
ARCTIIDE .. oe Sc ay is 2 sa 225 
LIPARIDE .. ie ae a cae - 230 
SATURNIADA iyi = Rae fe “2 “ 231 
LASIOCAMPADE mf om Se a! ty ye 234 
HEPIALIDE .. ar as a op ae sa 241 
NoTODONTIDZ Dye Ay Ass oy ree “pe 241 
NoNAGRIADE Ay “it me pe + He 243 
AGROTIDE .. sa oie =f “is “he 3 243 
Noctuipz .. = -. i es ov pay 244 
GEOMETRIDE a aS sf. be 2 = 248 
TORTRICIDE te a Se “es a ae 250 
YPoNOMEUTID& os a se es ~ oe 252 


TINEIDA oe 2% a #3 = y a 252 


INSECTS OF NEW-YORK. 


CHAPTER I. 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


THE common idea of an insect is, probably, sufficiently exact for all practical purposes ; 
yet it seems proper that the scientific idea should be expressed : indeed it is always im- 
portant to define clearly the limits of all departments of Natural History, by stating in 
determinate language the boundaries which confine them. Insects, then, are animals whose 
bodies are covered with a coriaceous integument ; and they are divided into three distinct 
segments or sections, the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is provided with two an- 
tenne ; the thorax, with six articulated legs; and the abdomen with many rings, and 
contains the digestive organs : the sexes are distinct. They have a respiratory, cirewlatory 
and nervous apparatus : the first permeates the whole body; the second consists mainly 
of a long vessel extending through the body, and is called a dorsal vessel, from the 
position it occupies; the third is a symmetrical arrangement of nervous threads in two 
lines, placed upon the abdominal face, and connected by knots or ganglia at every ring of 
the body. The breathing is performed through small openings along the sides of the ab- 
_ do at every ring : the air admitted permeates the whole system, and acts upon the 
fluids as in all animals. The most interesting peculiarities, however, consist in the changes 
which the insect undergoes during its stages of growth, which, although the developments 
are not more remarkable than in other departments of the animal kingdom, yet differ from 
the higher in being stationary for certain periods, during which it performs the functions 
of a perfect animal, except indeed that which belongs to the exercise of the sexual or- 
gans. These changes are called metamorphoses, and consist of three stages, the worm or 
larva, the pupa, and the perfect insect. 
[ AcRicuLTuRAL Report — Vot. v.] I 


2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


Insects, as defined in the foregoing paragraph, are still very closely related to other 
classes of animals : thus they resemble the Myriapodes in the annular or jointed structure, 
and in the possession of two antenne, but differ from them by the division of their bodies 
into three segments, while the Myriapodes are composed of many rings, to each of which 
there is provided a pair of legs, as in the family of animals called Centipedes. They re- 
semble the spiders, or Arachnid, somewhat in the division of the body, but the head in 
spiders is soldered to the thorax : they are also destitute of antenne ; the nervous system 
is condensed into fewer central ganglia, and sometimes their respiration is analogous to 
the pulmonary, the air being received into sacs or bags. They resemble the Crustacea in a 


few points, but differ essentially from them in the character of the respiratory apparatus, — 


inasmuch as the Crustacea are provided with organs analogous to the gills of fishes. The 
resemblance which insects bear to the worms, Annelides, is the annulated structure : those 
worms have neither antenne nor feet, and, as to sex, they are mostly hermaphrodites. In 
addition to the foregoing, I may add, none of the classes have wings but insects, and their 
metamorphoses are of a different character, consisting mainly of a casting of the integu- 
ments as in the crab and lobster. 

All insects are oviparous, or spring from an egg laid before the birth of the individual. 
A few examples are known where the egg is retained in the body, and there hatched. 
These eggs are often carefully concealed, and hence are discovered with difficulty : it is 
owing to this circumstance that they multiply to an injurious extent, and are often capable 
of devastating extensive territories. They are, however, generally laid upon the bodies 
which are to provide the food for the young : those which subsist upon herbaceous plants, 
are found upon or near the foliage ; those which feed upon wood are deposited in holes, 
or in cracks and crevices of trees, into which the young animal immediately begins to 


penetrate ; or, whiclf is equally bad, the egg is deposited in the rudiments of the fruit, ands 


will be ready to devour it when it is mature. 

Insects are extremely prolific, but the different species vary exceedingly. According to 
a statement in the Naturalist’s Library, a certain large fly (Mesembrina meridiana) lays only 
two eggs; while the female white ant lays probably not fewer than forty or fifty millions 
in a year, which are extruded at the rate of sixty in a minute when engaged in the act*. 
This statement embraces the extremes. Others are known to-lay, as the queen bee for 
example, fifty-thousand ; female wasp, thirty thousand, though generally only from (wo to 
three thousand. The eggs of the wheat fly are not very numerous, and probably less than 
- one hundred ; yet even in that small number the increase will be sufficient to secure the 
destruction of the wheatfields in a large district. But many insects produce several broods 
in a season, and some of the most prolific produce several generations of young, consisting 
anainly of females, which are capable of laying eggs as soon as they have reached a stage 


* Naturalist’s Library, Introduction, pp. 72, 73. 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 3 


of full development. But the law of increase seems to rest upon the supply of food : where 
this is sure and constant, the increase is much greater than where it is precarious or un- 
certain ; thus those insects which subsist on animal food are comparatively limited, while 
the vegetable feeders are more numerous : this is in keeping with the harmony of nature, 
and the original arrangements of the Creator. 

The eggs of insects are made up, essentially, of the same parts as the egg of vertebrated 
animals. It consists of a yolk, with its germinal dise and germinal spot, which seem really 
to be nothing else than a cell with its nucleolus. The yolk is enveloped in a proper mem- 
brane ; and in order to defend and protect it, it is supplied with a hard outside envelope, 
analogous to the eggshell of the common fowl; but the shell, the white, and its tough 
membrane, are not essential parts in the constitution of the egg. 

The eggs of insects, like all other eggs, obey the law of temperature. The young are 
hatched at an earlier day if the temperature is increased, and the hatching is retarded in a 
medium of low temperature. It therefore happens that man is often a gainer in consequence 
of the warmth of spring, which brings forward insect life at an early day, only to perish 
by the frosts which soon succeed. The eggs of insects are endued with the power to resist, 
or rather withstand, wide variations of temperature. It is evident that they sustain all the 
ordinary changes of the climate, and that it often happens that they are exposed to a 
temperature equal to 20° below zero. The ability to withstand either extreme of tempera- 
ture depends upon the conditions of the egg : if it has progressed considerably towards 
the development of an embryo, its power to withstand those extreme changes is diminished. 
The pupa resists but feebly those changes when it first assumes this state; but when it 
has nearly reached the period of completing its metamorphosis, it is surprising that it can 
resist a high degree of heat. I exposed the pupe of numerous silkworms, enclosed in a 
bottle, to 212°, without injuring them. I was surprised to find, not many days afterwards, 
that hundreds of millers of both sexes had escaped from their cocoons. The warmth of the 
sun, together with its light, is sufficient to destroy the vitality of the pupa when it first 
assumes that state ; but the eggs of insects require air, or oxygen, as much as the perfect 
animal : when enclosed in a vacuum, they lose their vitality. Oxygen is essential to the 
development of the embryo, and hence the outer covering must admit its passage. 

The eggs of some insects seem to grow : they increase in size, probably by the absorption 
of moisture from the atmosphere, or from the surface upon which they are laid. 

The covering of eggs varies exceedingly : in some it is beautifully sculptured ; in others 
it is smooth and shining. These different characters, if they could be fully delineated, 
would constitute important marks for the discrimination of species, for it is probable that 
they differ in the species to which they belong. 

The most remarkable fact in the history of insects, is their metamorphosis. The egg, as 
has been observed already, is similar to the eggs produced by other classes of animals ; but 
it never gives birth to a perfect insect, the immediate product of the egg being really as 


4 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


unlike the perfect insect as possible ; for what can be more unlike than the caterpillar and 
butterfly ? How disgusting the one, as it crawls like a reptile; and how beautiful the 
other, as it flits in the air like a bird! 

From the egg, the first state in which the insect appears is the larva. This stage of 
existence is characterized by the vermiform shape and construction of their bodies; and 
it is a stage which attracts our attention more frequently than that of the perfect insect, 
and it is one in which it usually commits a greater amount of injury than in the perfect- 
stage : it is, too, in this stage that the agriculturist can more effectually exterminate these 
his foes. The term larva is applied generally to the immature butterfly or caterpillar. Grubs 
are white, soft-bodied animals,.which are immature beetles ; while maggots are immature 
flies, or belong to the dipterous order of insects. All, however, are the analogous re- 
presentatives of the different orders in the same stage of development, or that stage during 
which the insect grows and frequently casts its integuments : it devours immense quanti- 
ties of food, and is often very destructive to the foliage of vegetables. When it has reached 
its development for the larva stage, it ceases to eat, wraps itself in a mantle, simulates 
death, but is really undergoing internal changes preparatory to a higher stage of develop- 
ment. In its mantle it casts its old skin, which it presses down into the lower part of its 
envelope, and soon appears in a livery peculiar to the pupa stage. The time during which 
it is confined to this stage varies with every insect : in some it is brief; in others, it is long. 

Insects are composed of thirteen segments, including the head ; but an obscurity often 
arises from the consolidation of segments, and often produces thereby a disproportionate 
development of certain parts. The three segments immediately behind the head correspond 
to the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathoraz of the insect ; and these bear the three pair of 
legs, provided the larva possesses legs. These are persistent, and hence are called true legs, 
to distinguish them from the abdominal legs, prolegs or props, which are caducous, or are 
never transmitted to the perfect insect : they are peculiar to the larva. The mouth-pieces 
or oral organs frequently differ in the different stages also. These are sometimes designed 
for suction in the larva, while the perfect insect is provided with jaws for mastication ; 
hence, in such cases, the nature of the food is changed : in other cases the provisions for 
taking food are the same in both stages. 

The larve grow rapidly, as a general fact, insomuch that the whole structure of the 
animal indieates provisions subservient to this result : they are provided with strong and 
efficient organs of manducation ; their digestive organs are very large and capacious ; the 
function of digestion is rapidly effected, and the consumption of food is immense in pro- 
portion to the weight of the body. It is stated that flesh-flies increase two hundred times 
their weight in twenty-four hours. Count Danpoto remarks that the weight of the silk- 
worm, when first hatched, is about one-hundredth of a grain, or it requires one hundred 
of them to weigh a grain : after the first moulting, one hundred weigh 15 grains; after 
the second, the same number weigh 94 grains; after the third, their weight is 400 grains ; 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 5 


after the fourth, their conjoint weight is 1628 grains; and after the fifth, when they have 
attained a length of three inches, they weigh 9500 grains. These changes of skin, called 
moultings, seem designed to accommodate the development of the body to its outer envye- 
lope : it is a critical period ; and if any accident happens which interferes with its proper 
performance, the animal either perishes, or is left in an enfeebled state, and is unable to 
assume the form of the perfect insect. The number of moultings varies with the species, 
but is always alike in the same species : the same changes are repeated in each respective- 
ly. All these changes are best observed in the silkworm, in which their number is five, and 
require thirty days for their complete performance. In some insects the number of moult- 
ings extends to nine or ten, while in others it does not exceed three or four. The larva 
ceases to eat when it is undergoing this process : an internal change takes place, however, 
which greatly favors the casting of its envelope ; it is the absorption of the fat beneath the 
outer skin, which becomes shrivelled, while at the same time it gives opportunity for the 
expansion of the internal parts. The motions are strange during this period : their bodies 
are curiously shaken and contorted, with jerkings of the head and posterior parts of the 
abdomen ; these are designed to break up the attachments of the outer skin, and finally 
to detach it from the new skin beneath, which is bright, fresh, and moist. A rent is finally 
made in the old skin along the back, through which the animal now forces its way, in 
which process it is assisted by attaching itself to some point of support : this is managed 
so adroitly that the old skin remains whole, except the rent along the back, and so perfect 
that it might be mistaken for the perfect larva. The change is not confined to the outer 
envelope : the organs of respiration, though extremely delicate, as well as those of diges- 
tion, cast off also their membranes, which are ultimately expelled from the body. It is no 
wonder, then, that the moulting stage is one of great danger to the larva. This becomes 
still more hazardous to the silkworm which is placed in an artificial state, and which is 
increased by the numbers that are crowded into a small area. The last change is attended 
with circumstances somewhat peculiar. They first seek a suitable retreat, adapted to the 
nature of the insect itself; a crevice in the bark of trees, a shelter under the roof of a 
building, or a hole in the ground, in which they construct a sort of chamber, which they 
line and otherwise prepare in a mode suitable to their necessities. They form habitations 
with much skill, and the bestowment of much care, to defend their bodies frgm the ex- 
tremes of temperature, or as a defence from their enemies. Sometimes, as in the dipterous 
insects, the old skin is converted into a pupa case, after becoming more rigid and stiff : in 
other instances a beautiful case is made, and a robe of silk is laboriously woven from a 
single thread, which is formed and spun from the juices of the body. 

The silkworm is an admirable example to illustrate the instinctive powers of insects in 
perfecting their stages of development. We admire the skill by which it suspends itself in 
its case, and the beautiful manceuvres by. which it manages to place the band of silk around 


“ 


6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


its body. The habitation of the pupa is usually called its cocoon ; which term, however, is 
more commonly applied to those silken cases or envelopes of which I have been speaking, 
and of which we have an example in the silkworm. This is so closely woven that it ex- 
cludes water, and is often stiffened by a glutinous matter, by which it preserves its original 
form even after the perfect animal has escaped : it is also farther strengthened by leaves 
and pieces of wood, which undoubtedly serve as a better protection from its enemies. 
Thus this helpless state is guarded and protected by a system of means which are calculated 
to secure the existence of the animal in its utterly helpless state ; a state which simulates 
death, and which; in its ultimate triumph, resembles the resurrection of the body from the 
grave of real death. 

All insects do not undergo the same changes ; neither are they alike in analogous states. 
Thus the caterpillar of our butterflies wraps itself in its mantle, where it silently under- 
goes its change ; but the grasshopper comes from the egg an immature insect, but with the 
general form of the perfect animal, and hops about with the rudiments of wings upon its 
back. As it grows rapidly, it outgrows its skin, which it frequently casts, like the larva of 
the butterfly : its wings continue to grow, and the body to increase; the partial wings 
keep pace with these changes, till at last they are perfected, and the animal has reached 
its perfect state without having lost its activity during its period of growth. The grass- 
hopper, then, never passes into the inactive pupa state ; and in this its metamorphosis is 
similar to bugs, and dissimilar to beetlés and caterpillars. 

There is another difference in the history of insect life, which is interesting : it is not 
the inhabitant of the same medium through life. It may begin its career in the water, and 
end it in the air : the musquito is an example. Who has not observed the wiggler in 
stagnant water, and in our cisterns? It is the musquito enjoying its water-life to the full. 
When the time arrives for its change, it rises to the surface, bursts its mantle, thrusts up 
its head and spreads its wings, while with its feet it rests still upon its cast-off mantle, then 
rises buoyant from its sinking bark, and flies away in triumph from the element which 
gave it birth. 

Equally remarkable are the appetites of the insect in its larva and in its perfect state: 
Thus the larva, or, as it is usually called, the maggot, sports and feeds upon the putrid 
mass ; but ghe fly, which springs from its mantle, seeks the honey of our table : so various 
are the forms and manners of insect life. The caterpillar, grub and maggot go through the 
three stages, or undergo a complete metamorphosis ; passing through the three periods 
which are known as the caterpillar, pupa, and imago or perfect stage. The last is the only 
period which is given them to continue their kind and generations : in many it is transient 
as. the fleeting day, and seems designed only for fulfilling the law of inerease ; which, when 
fulfilled, the insect dies. 


CHAPTER IL oa 


SKETCH OF THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECTS. 


Tue parts of the insect which are employed in description are the antenne, the segments, 
the wings and nervures, the eyes, the parts forming the mouth, ete.; and these it will be 
necessary to describe somewhat at length. The three divisions of the body are marked by 
deep incisions, by which the head, thorax and abdomen, or hind-body as it is sometimes 
called, are always distinct in the perfect insect ; but in the larva there are only two divi- 
sions, the head and body. The middle, or thorax, supports the head and wings. The head is 
armed with jaws or mandibles and palpi, and ornamented or surmounted by the antenne, 
which, in some insects, are much larger than their bodies, and are made up of many joints 
gradually tapering to a point. 

The wings of beetles are composed of dissimilar pieces, lying, when at rest, one above 
the other. The upper or outer wing is thick, and shaped to the parietes of the abdomen, 
being convex above and concave below : it protects the true wing, which is delicate and 
studiously folded, and is only elevated in flight, in order to give play to the true Wings.q 
The upper wings are called elytra, to distinguish them from the reticulated wing ; they 
are also denominated wing-covers or cases, and are often -finely sculptured, punctured or - 
ornamented : to these the insect frequently owes its beauty ; upon these, too, the fine 
colors are impressed, which are often of a splendent hue or lustre. In other orders of in- 
sects the four wings are entirely reticulated, or composed of a fine network traversed 
longitudinally and obliquely by nervures which branch in the same species in a certain 
manner, which, from their constancy, have been employed by systematists to aid in clas- 
sifying, and as characteristics of genera. The wings are still farther modified in the Le- 
pidoptera ; the network is more compact and close, and is covered with fine scales but 
slightly attached, which appear to the unassisted eye like meal of a pearly hue. Butterflies 
and moths are provided with this peculiar wing, which, though extremely delicate and 
always injured when slightly touched with the finger, yet always appears perfect when 
first captured ; showing thereby their power and ability to perform the natural functions 
for which they were designed, without sustaining the loss of this delicate substance, 


8 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 


The external covering of insects is quite hard : it is called integument, or crust, and 
supplies the place of the internal skeleton, and is the part to which the muscles are at- 
tached. It is somewhat horny, or corneous, but varies considerably in this respect in the 
different species : in certain beetles it is hard and inflexible ; while in others, it is soft and 
quite flexible. It resembles the true skin of animals in its divisibility into three layers, an 
epidermis, a rete mucosum, and a leathery tunic called the cortwm or dermis, the true skin. 

. This outer integument is composed chemically of phosphate of lime and magnesia; but, 
what is interesting, it is found to contain a peculiar substance, termed chitine, which is 
insoluble in potash. Phosphate of iron, albumen, and a peculiar coloring matter, are also 
among the substances composing this integument. 

The shape of the head is variable, but the spherical form predominates. The integument 
forms a kind of box, with an aperture in front, through which the organs of the mouth 
may be thrust. The posterior part furnishes a place and attachments for the muscles which 
move the head upon the thorax. The eyes are large, usually, and occupy the lateral parts 
of the head. The external parts of the head have received different names. The epicranium 
is that portion which extends from the eyes backwards. In front of the epicranium, is the 
forehead. The clypeus is the margin in front above the mouth. Sometimes the whole region 
in front of the eyes is called the face. The inferior parts of the box enclosing the head has 
also its spaces, which have received distinct names, as gula, or throat, which lies imme- 
diately behind the margin of the lower lip, and extends back to the prothorax. The cheeks 
are situated upon the sides of the head, from the eyes downwards to the mouth. The an- 
tennz are situated between the angle of the mouth and the eyes : they have a subglobose 
joint at the base, upon which they move,.and which is placed in a kind of socket ; this is 
sometimes called a forulus. 

The mouth, as may be supposed, is constructed so as to answer the ends designed, and 
it is either suctorial or manducatory, masticating : if the food is fluid, it is suctorial; if 
solid, it has jaws for mastication. In the mandibulate or masticating, there is perfect free- 
dom of motion; in the suctorial or haustellate (Aaustellata), the parts are more or less 
soldered together, so as to form a tube for the transmission of fluids. The terms haustellata 
and mandibulata apply, therefore, to two great classes of insects, one of which subsists on 
the juices of plants and animals, which they obtain by suction ; the others, the masticating, 
subsist on solid substances. Animals destined to obtain food by modes so apparently distinct, 
furnish many distinctive characters of importance. The /abrum is the most anterior part 
seen from above ; it covers the mouth, and is united by a membranous hinge to the cly- 
peus : it is employed in retaining the food in the mouth during mastication ; it is, there- 
fore, a true upper lip, but of a variable form. Mastication is performed by the mandibles, 
which are two strong jaws that move laterally, and consist of wedge-shaped or triangular 
pieces more or less elongated, and placed immediately below the labrum. These organs are 
also called upper jaws : they move like the blades of scissors. Their inner edge is fre- 


DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 9 


quently dentate or toothed, the teeth being arranged so as to shut within each other. Below 
the upper jaw are the feeler jaws, or maxille; these also move horizontally : they are 
smaller, and, instead of notches, their inner edges are furnished with bristles or hairs ; they 
are articulated to the throat by a hinge (cardo), which places them at right angles to the 
- stipe or stalk, which last is pretty thick and strong at its upper part. Attached to this is 
the feeler-bearer, so called because the maxillary palpus is inserted on its outer edge. The 
terminal portion of the maxilla is the maxillary lobe, which is frequently toothed at its 
extremity. The maxillary palpus is a filiform, jointed process, which always distinguishes 
the maxille from the mandibles. The proportion of joints is variable, and in number they 
never exceed six. The terminal joint is quite variable in form in the different genera, and 
hence becomes an important characteristic. The under lip is called a /abiwm ; it antagonizes 
the labrum : at its base is the mentum or chin. The anterior part bears the labial palpi : 
the terminal portion is the ligula, and is often lobed. The labial palpi are jointed, but the 
joints never exceed four. The tongue, in the Carabide, is a lining membrane of the under 
lip, which protrudes along its anterior angles, or in front : it is obscure among the Coleo- 
ptera, but more distinct among the Orthoptera. The mouth designed for suction is not very 
dissimilar to the one formed for mastication. The mandibles have undergone medifications 
which are referred to three types, that have received the following appellations : promuscis, 
proboscis, and haustellum. The tube is formed by the elongation of the maxilla and accessory 
parts : so also it is formed by the mandibles. 

The thorax is the section of the insect which lies between the head and abdomen : it 
supports the legs. Three principal pieces enter into its composition : the anterior supports 
the fore-legs, and is called the prothorax; the next, the mesothoraz, which supports the 
middle legs and fore-wings ; the last, the metathorax, which supports the hind-legs and 
hind-wings. The inferior part of the thorax is covered by a plate, called the prosternum by 
Burmeister. The scutellum isa triangular piece of integument interposed between the 
elytra at their base.: sometimes it is concealed by the elytra. Connected with the scutellum 
is the frenum, a membrane designed to regulate the quantity of movement belonging to the 
elytra : in the Fulgura it consists of cartilaginous elastic rings, which admit of tension and 

relaxation. The mesothorax has another important division, called the scapule : they assist 
in forming the articulating socket of the elytra; they pass down the sides of the second 
thoracic segment. The mesothorax has also its spiracle : on the under side of this segment 
is placed the mesosternum; it contains the sockets of the middle legs, The metathorax is 
the posterior segment of the thorax, which supports the hind-legs and the inferior wings : 
it is well developed in the Coleoptera and Orthoptera. The best authorities regard it as 
admitting of a division into seven pieces ; the dorsal portion is the metanotum ; it is 
quadrangular, and notched in front. The metathorax is separated from the abdomen by a 
parietal wall called the metaphragma, and from the mesothorax by the mescphragma. The 
lateral portions of the metathorax are provided with horny plates, termed by Krrey and 
{ AcricuttuRAL Report— Vot. v.] 2 : 


10° DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 


Spence pleura and peripleura; the latter supports the halieres or poisers in dipterous in- - 
sects. The thorax invariably supports six legs. The wings are sometimes wanting, when 
the insect is said to be apterous : those with two wings are dipterous; and those with four, 
tetrapterous. The superior wings are provided with an articulating socket, which is formed 
in part by the organ called the scapula : they lie close upon the sternum; they constitute 
the second principal portion of the mesothorax, lying one on each side in front. Another 
distinct portion of the mesothorax is the mesosternwm : it lies upon the under side, opposite 
the mesonotum ; in its area the middle legs are articulated. The mesosternum is not equal- 
ly developed in all orders of insects : it is most perfect in the Coleoptera and Orthoptera ; 
the dorsal portion has received the name of metanotum, quadrangular in form, and emargi- 
nate in front. 

The parts supported by the thorax are the wings and legs; and, as has been observed 
already, the latter are invariably six in number, and never wanting. The wings are variable 
in number, in form and in substance ; and upon the variability in form and substance, the 
orders are composed. Thus those with four wings are termed tetrapterous; those with two, 
dipterous; and those with none, apterous. The anterior pair in Tetraptera is attached to the 
mesothorax : this pair is also sometimes called the superior pair, while the pair attached 
to the metathorax is called the posterior or inferior pair. The pair which is wanting in the 
Diptera, is the posterior pair. 

It has been said that the wings differ in form and substance. Nature, however, preserves 
rigorously the symmetry of parts. In Coleoptera, the anterior wings differ from the posterior 
both in substance and form. The substance of the first is leathery, more or less rigid, and 
horny : their form is various, but adapted to the dorsum or back of the insect ; while the 
posterior are membranous, flexible and elastic, and capable of being folded beneath the 
anterior wings. In another order of Tetraptera the wings are similar in form and substance, 
and of equal size : these insects have received the name of Weuroptera. Where, however, 
in tetrapterous insects, the posterior wings differ in size, but preserve the form and sub- 
stance of the anterior, the order is called Hymenoptera, Examples of Neuroptera are the 
dragon-flies ; of Hymenoptera, the common honey-bee, wasp, etc. In flight, the rigid an- 
terior wing of the Coleoptera is of little use : it serves to protect the membranous wing 
and abdomen when at rest. Hence it is that the flight of beetles is short, and sustained 
evidently with much more labor than that of dragon-flies or honey-bees. The insects whose 
wings are four,and covered with scales, are called from this last circumstance. Lepidoptera. ‘ 

It is proper here to remark, that while there is a great dissimilarity between the anterior 
wing of a beetle and that of a dragon-fly, yet we are not to suppose that the difference is 
effected by a sudden leap : there is really a gradation in substance. We have insects whose 
anterior wings are intermediate in this respect, both in substance and form. Thus the com- 
mon grasshopper has an anterior wing which is between leathery and membranous, and is 


DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 11 


elongated very frequently beyond the body. This is the characteristic of the order Ortho- 
ptera of systematic writers ; and in this order, the wing grows with the body of the insect. 
There is another modification of the anterior wing, which seems to arise from an arrest of 
development,,.as the organ acquires scarcely half its usual length : this modification has 
served to establish the order Hemiptera of authors. . 

A still more beautiful modification of the wing of the insect is found in butterflies and 
moths. In these the membrane and network, constituting the frame and foundation-work 
of the organ, are covered with a mealy substance, or what appears to the unassisted-eye as 
such. This substance, however, is a scale of a beautiful workmanship, of a variable form 
and size in different insects, and in different parts of the wing of the same insect : they 
are beautiful objects for the microscope. Rude handling immediately destroys the beauty 
of the wing, by detaching these scales, and leaving the membrane beneath naked and 
broken.. . 

The wing, anatomically considered, is composed of two parts : the nervures, and mem- 
_ brane. The former are likened unto ribs, which start from the anterior angle, and branch 
in various ways as they pass to the posterior margin. They give strength to the organ, and 
serve an important purpose in supporting and staying the outstretched membrane. The 
nervures are not, as might at first be supposed, solid ribs : they are traversed internally by 
a spiral vessel and nerve. The membrane is double, although extremely delicate : this 
delicacy, however, is no obstacle to the growth of appendages, such as hairs, etc., inasmuch 
as it is frequently densely covered with them. The wing, divided by the branching and 
anastomosing of the nervures, forms a network more or less fine. The spaces enclosed by 
the branches are called cells or areolets; and being quite constant in form and place, they 
are employed in the determination of groups. Three ‘areas are particularly noticed, namely, 
the costal, intermediate, and anal areas. The wing has a base, and anterior and_ posterior 
margins : the first is the part attached to the sternum ; the two others define themselves. 
The apex of the wing is the part opposite to the base. 

Various views have been expressed by different authors on the analogical relations of the 
wings, many of which are certainly very fanciful. M. Avpovrn takes a rational common 
sense view of these relations, and regards the wings as organs sui generis, intended for the 
exercise of special functions. 

Tur tees. Each segment of the thorax supports a pair of legs. The joint which unites 
them with the body is called the cova or hip : it is held in its socket by a ligament. The 
motions of the leg are controlled more or less by the form of the coxa. The thigh is the 
largest portion of the leg : its form is various; it is cylindrical or flattened, it is straight 
or arched. If the insect leaps, the posterior thighs are thick and strong. The legs are also 


more or less spinous. 
The tibia is the next part of the leg, and forms an angle with the thigh. It is more 


12 - DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 


slender than the thigh, and is connected with it by a joint similar to a knee-joint, called 
ginglimus (articulation) : it is so formed that it may be closely applied to thé'thigh. Spines 
and spurs are also found upon the tibia or shank : when the spines are short, they are 
regarded as teeth. The spurs are articulated with the part, and possess some motion : they 
are commonly arranged in pairs at the extremity of each tibia. 

The tibia terminates below in the tarsus, or foot : this consists of a series of pieces, more 
or less heart-shaped, and never exceeding five in number. The combined motion of these 
pieces is considerable, though it is such as belongs to the ginglimus articulation : they are 
never of equal length, and the first one is the longest of all. The terminal piece bears a 
bifid claw, often dentate or serrate on the edges ; and a spurious claw is frequently found 
between the branches. In addition to the forenamed parts, we often find cushions placed 
upon the bottom of the foot, which serve as sucking cups, enabling the insect to support 
itself in a pendant position. Hairs also clothe the sole. 

The forelegs often exhibit a form more or less divergent from the others, and hence serve 
an additional purpose in the economy of the insect : they are employed in prehension. 
So it is sometimes the case that the hindlegs have a form specially adapted to a particular 
purpose, such as the rolling of the ball in which the eggs are enclosed, ete. 

The third part ef the body of an insect, which calls for our attention, is the abdomen : 
it has no appendage, and in this respect differs from the parts already noticed. Its external 
structure is not peculiar ; for, like the other parts, it is composed of a series of horny rings 
or segments, which are closely connected together. The rings do not exceed nine in num- 
ber : if they appear to be fewer than nine, it may arise from the overlapping of adjacent 
ones. A section of the abdomen exhibits a triangular outline. The abdomen itself is united 
to the thorax, but not always in the same way : the area of junction is sometimes broad, 
or equal to that of the first segment ; in other cases the union is by a short stem, or petiole, 
consisting of a trumpet-shaped tube : the abdomen is sessile in the former case, and pe- 
tiolated in the latter. The rings or segments are united to each other in two ways : by the 
first, the inferior and middle parts are joined or soldered together, leaving the sides and 
dorsal portions only free ; by the second way, there is no soldering of parts, but the rings 
are supported by overlapping each other, and may slide into each other like the pieces of 
a telescope. In the former mode, motion is restricted, while the greatest freedom exists in 
the latter. The segments are lined by a membrane, but it is scarcely visible except in the 
ease of a gravid female, when it is seen distended like a bag. 

The abdomen, being comparatively free, is well fitted to sustain the function of respira- 
tion. To this end, each segmentgor ring is furnished with an opening for the transmission 
of air, which penetrates thence in appropriate vessels throughout the whole body. These 
openings are surrounded by rings, and are usually denominated spiracles. As the abdomen 
is devoted to digestion, and is also the cavity in which the generative organs are lodged, it 


DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 13 


is necessary that it should be well supplied with air or oxygen : hence each segment has 
a pair of spiracles, which are capable of inhaling a large amount of this essential element. 
The external orifices are often protected by hairs, which shut over them, and thus serve to 
exclude foreign matters, while the air permeates freely into the interior of the body. 

Besides the digestive organs, and a portion of the respiratory apparatus, the abdomen 
contains the genital organs, the piercer and sting of females. The piercer is a fiexible jointed 
tube, and is used to puncture trees or other bodies for the purpose of depositing the eggs. 
It varies in length and form, and is fitted to perform its office according to the instinct of 
the animal to which it belongs. 

‘I have now described, in as few words as possible, the most essential external parts of 
insects ; those parts which are particularly employed in the description of genera and 
species, as well as those used in general classification. From these parts the student will 
be able to form a correct notion of the extent of this class of animals; but there are yet 
other portions, occupying the interior of the insect’s body, which are important for us to 
study, inasmuch as they will yield information in regard to the economy of this interesting 
class which will be of essential service. I refer to the digestive, circulatory, and nervous 
systems. If the external forms of insects are curious and interesting, the student will find 
that the apparatus for carrying on the foregoing functions is still more so. There is espe- 
cially one curious fact particularly worthy of notice in relation to the digestive apparatus : 
it is this, that the secretory organs are reduced to the simplest form, that of tubes; from 
which we learn that nature requires no special form of instrument for the performance of. 
a given function. 

All the essentials of a digestive apparatus, which belong to the higher classes of animals, 
are found in the insect. Some interesting differences, it is true, exist ; still when it is con- 
sidered that the food of insects does not really differ from that of other animals, we may 
of course expect to find the digestive organs essentially the same in kind. As insects subsist 
upon various kinds of food, some upon vegetables, others upon. the elaborated juices of 
animals or upon flesh, so we find similar variations in the form and proportion of the organs 
as exist among the higher animals. The vegetable feeder has a larger and more capacious 
digestive apparatus than the carnivorous insect, nature always adapting her means to the 
end. 

The function of digestion in insects, as in all other animals, is performed through the 
instrumentality of an alimentary canal. Our first object will be to describe this apparatus. 
The function itself involves the existence of two kinds of apparatus : the parts through 
which the food must pass; and the parts which supply the special fluids essential to effect 
certain changes in the food before it can become aliment.or nutrient matter. Beginning 
with the description of the first kind of apparatus, namely, the organ or organs through 
which the food passes during the process of digestion, we may regard this.apparatus as a 


14 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 


canal open at each extremity, with an enlargement or dilatation more or less in its central 
portion ; whence it is diminished, and becomes tubular and folded repeatedly upon itself, 
increasing thereby in length until in some instances it is many times the length of the bedy. 
Different portions of this canal have received different appellations, as is highly proper, 
from the fact that certain of its parts perform functions of a modified character, although 
all contributing to one general result. In this division of parts, comparative anatomists © 
have employed the same names that have long been in use in the anatomy of the higher 
animals, as the following enumeration will show, to wit : the pharynx, esophagus, crop, 
gizzard, stomach or chylific ventricle, small intestines, cecum and rectum. 

The pharynx is the anterior portion or beginning of the canal. The cavity of the mouth 
opens into it, and it is an aperture more or less enlarged : it is, however, better developed 
in those insects which masticate their food, the mandibulated class. Indeed it is regarded 
as having no existence except in this class; for in the suctorial insect, the next part, or 
esophagus, is in direct continuity with the haustella or sucking tube, which is connected 
with it by two distinct tubes. 

The esophagus, commonly known as the gullet, is a tube connecting the pharynx with 
the crop, or first enlargement of the intestinal canal. It passes directly through the thorax 
and constricted part of the insect, terminating in the abdomen in the crop. It is variable 
in length : it may form one-half the length of the canal, while in other instances it is less 
than one-sixth of such length. It has a peculiarity which has already been alluded to : its 
bifurcation anteriorly in the lepidoptera, each spiral sucking tube extending its branch to 
it just behind the head. 

The esophagus is connected in the first place with the crop, an enlargement having a 
close analogy in position and form with the crop of a bird. It is also called a stomach by 
some writers on entomology. It is sometimes placed on a line with the esophagus, when it 
appears as a simple enlargement of the tube; in other instances it is placed on one side, 
and then appears more like a sac connected with the esophagus by a short canal, and 
serving as a kind of reservoir; or, in other words, more analogous to the crop of birds*. 
In certain beetles, as the Cicindela, the organ is provided with a glandular apparatus, which 
secretes an abundant and active juice to soften and otherwise change the food deposited in 
it. In the hemiptera it is remarkably modified in function : it loses its importance as a 
depository of food,and becomes a part of a pumping apparatus ; whence it has been called 
a sucking stomach. The insect in this case has the power of distending the sac, and thereby 


*Tt is proper in this place to notice the fact, that while there are numerous variations in the form and length of 
the alimentary canal of insects, there are two modifications that should be particularly spoken of, namely : the 
bot-fly has no opening at all answering to the mouth and pharynx, and hence can take no nourishment; and in the 
larva of the wasp and bee, the rectum is closed, and hence their economy does not require the evacuation of ex- 
erementitious matter. 


DESCRIPTION OF PARTS. 15 


rarifying the air in its interior ; in consequence of which, fluids rise in it as in a pump. 
We have in this case an instance of a modification of an organ of the simplest kind, by 
which, however, the entire function is changed ; passing from a digestive function to a 
transferring one, or one more immediately subservient to the mouth. 

The gizzard is the next organ, and may be distinguished from the crop by its peculiar 
apparatus for mastication : its internal surface is studded “with teeth or spines, or horny 
ridges ;” the organ, therefore, is eminently fitted for performing a perfect comminution of 
the matters received into it. It completes, in this respect, what has been performed but 
imperfectly. It performs a function somewhat analogous to that of rumination in the 
herbivora. All the insects which feed upon hard substances, those which might be regarded 
as nearly indigestible, are provided with a strong muscular gizzard, furnished with a 
masticating apparatus. 

The stomach, or that part in which we first observe the food reduced to a pulpy mass, 
and first exhibiting a chylous appearance, is bounded above by the gizzard, and below by 
a constricted portion of the canal, which receives a bundle of vessels that give it an ana- 
logy to the liver of vertebrated animals, and in fact it is strictly the hepatic organ of in- 
sects. The stomach is of an oval shape, or an elongated oval : it has been denominated the 
chylific ventricle by M. Leon Dvurour. Its capacity is considerable : its surface is lined by 
a mucous membrane, and it is sometimes studded over with little mucous cysts or bags, 
which secrete a solvent fluid similar in composition and use to the gastric fluid of the 
higher animals. The organ, in order to increase the extent of surface, is frequently con- 
stricted, and also twisted upon itself, so as to form many circumvolutions, and hence it is 
quite variable in shape in the different orders of insects : its inner surface, however, is 
always villous. 

From the stomach outwards or downward, the canal becomes narrower, or passes along 
with a diminished calibre ; but as there are still enlargements or dilatations in its course, , 
anatomists speak of a duodenum, ileum, ceecum, colon and rectum. But this is regarded by 
many aS an unnecessary multiplication of names, inasmuch as it is extremely difficult to 
recognize the parts which are thus designated. The beginning of this part of the canal, 
however, is indicated by a constriction and the existence of a sphincter muscle, as well as 
by the junction below of the hepatic vessels. The tube is generally short, rarely exceeding 
the length of the body : sometimes it is inflated into an ovoid sac rather abruptly. 

In following out the distinction of parts in the intestinal canal, we may recognize the 
existence of a colon, or what corresponds to the large intestines of the higher animals, by 
the character of the alimentary ball; for the food, after having passed the stomach and 
through the narrowed part of the canal posterior to the stomach, loses its viscidity, and 
becomes more or less dry and compacted into the form of an excrement, showing by its 
condition that the nutrient matter has been extracted from it. Here is also’a valve to guard 


16 FUNCTION OF DIGESTION. 


the passage of the canal, which it closes to prevent the backward movement of the digested 
mass. The segment recognized as the cecum is short, and in direct communication with 
the anterior tube ; but in some cases it seems as if joined laterally to it, and then it has the 
appearance of a pouch. Fluids are supposed to be secreted by warty excrescences situated 
upon the mucous face of this intestine, designed to aid in the digestive process. 

The rectum is that part of the large intestines which terminates the alimentary canal 
below : it is always short, and is furnished with a sphincter at its extremity. It is mus- 
cular, has thicker walls than the cecum, and gives shape and form to the excrements. 

The function of digestion requires, in addition to the formal tube through which the 
parent matter must pass, a supply of certain fluids which shall possess a solvent power 
upon the contained mass ; and more than one kind of fluid seems to be necessary. Though 
these different fluids agree in use and effect with analogous ones found in the higher ani- 
mals, the organs which secrete them have a very different form : indeed, the difference is 
so great, that a student whose views of the function of digestion have been obtained’ solely 
from the observation of the organs of a vertebrate animal would not at first recognize the 
parts which perform similar functions in insects. 

The secretory organs, and those which are subservient to dieestioty) are always tubular 
in insects : the gland or parenchyma present in quadrupeds being entirely absent in in- 
sects, these organs are reduced to their simplest form. The kinds of tubes taking their 
names according to the nature of the fluid secreted, are the salivary, biliary, and urinary.’ 
The salivary apparatus is quite complicated : it consists of tubes, single and double, and 
even triple, situated arownd the esophagus and mouth, and provided with bags that serve 
as reservoirs. The tubes open into the mouth or esophagus by two or more excretory orifices. 
The salivary apparatus is most perfect in the haustellata or sucking insects; the tubes 
ascending into the abovenamed cavities in a meandering course, whereby the extent of 
secreting surface is much increased. 

The operation of salivation is an important preliminary to digestion : mixed with the 
food, the saliva serves to soften its consistence, while it also carries along with it much air 
which appears to be necessary for some purpose in the economy. The bile is a still more 
important fluid than the saliva : it is secreted in long capillary tubes, more or less flexuose 
and folded upon themselves, which connect with the alimentary tube below the stomach, 
or just behind the pylorus; though they sometimes continue farther down, and enter near 
the cecum. These tubes vary in number : there are usually two, especially in coleoptera, 
hemiptera and diptera ; but in these orders they are not absolutely uniform, as in the 
cerambycide there are three, and four in some diptera, while in neuroptera there are six, 
and in certain neuropterous groups as many as eight. Where the number of the tubes 
varies, however, it operates as a compensation for their length : for example, if the simple 
tubes are each five or six times the length of the body, their number is less; but when 


FUNCTION OF DIGESTION. a7 


they are short, their number is proportionally increased. Although these hepatic tubes are 
generally quite uniform in diameter, there are some deviations from the rule; but it is 
perhaps unnecessary to describe particularly the few modifications that are known to occur. 
The function of these tubes, as has been intimated, is to secrete or preparé a fluid analogous 
to bile. They may be recognized in the caterpillar, when the abdomen is opened, by their 
position, and by their white vermiform appearance : they float apparently loosely in the 
cavity of the abdomen. 

Among the secretions mentioned is the urinary, which seems to be far less constant than 
those already described. When the urinary organs are present, they terminate in the rec- 
tum : they have been found in certain carnivorous coleoptera. The fluid which has been 
called the wrine in insects, is caustic and odorous : it is often discharged by the carabici, 
on handling them, in jets, which, when falling upon the skin, occasion a transitory burning. 
In connection with this secretion, may be noticed that peculiar to the bombardiers, which 
is discharged in explosive jets, and is supposed to be intended as a means of defence. The 
name of the genus possessing the power of producing explosive jets of fluid, is Brachinus. 
I am not aware of the fact, if it has been ascertained, that this fluid is similar in composi- 
tion to that of the higher animals, or that it contains urea. 

In concluding our remarks on digestion in insects, we may observe that the function is 
performed in ways quite as numerous as in the higher orders of animals, though there is 
no departure from the general principles which prevail in the vertebrate and molluscous 
types. There is always an apparatus for trituration, or mechanical separation of the food 
into fine parts : it is thereby prepared for the action of the several fluids which coneur in 
the digestive process, and which exercise some peculiar chemical influence that serves to 
separate the nutrient matter from the useless portion of the food. These fluids are more 
or less acrid in their nature : thus the saliva injected into the wound made by a flea or a 
fly, for example, by the ¢abanus, occasions inflammation and itching ; and this irritation 
is designed to favor the insect, inasmuch as it produces a flow of blood to the wounded 
part. An effect of saliva is seen upon leaves attacked by the caterpillar, which very soon 
suffer a loss of color; and as the morsel swallowed passes along from one receptacle to. 
another, it is constantly undergoing changes : it is softened in the crop; in the gizzard, 
it becomes pulpy ; and in the true stomach the chyle is formed, and is at once recognized 
by the globules it contains. 

A controversy has been long maintained respecting the office of those tubes which have 
been called hepatic or biliary. Some eminent physiologists have regarded them as wrinary,. 
inasmuch as uric acid is sometimes found in them; but as this is not always the case, a 
compromise seems to have been made by regarding them as both biliary and urinary, and 
giving them a corresponding denomination wrino-biliary. The circumstance that the same 
tubes which have since been found sometimes to contain urine were regarded as biliary 

{ AcricuLtuRAL Report — Vot. v.] 3 


18 ; CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 


tubes by the older anatomists and physiologists, is accordant with known facts in the 
economy of the lower animals, among which it is common for an organ to perform a double 
function. 

The food in the alimentary canal of insects is moved along by a peristaltic motion : the 
canal, therefore, is supplied with a muscular apparatus. Indeed, from the phenomena 
exhibited, we might infer that the apparatus has a construction and parts such as have 
place in quadrupeds : thus the coats of the alimentary canal are three, a mucous, a cellu- 
lar, and a muscular coat. the first being the internal one, the muscular the outside, and 
the cellular in the middle. The mucous coat is thin, often transparent, and difficult to 
detect. The muscular coat is perfectly developed : its fibres are both longitudinal and 
circular ; and where the constrictions peculiar to the tube exist, there it is more perfectly 
developed, or in greater force. These muscles serve partly as sphincters, and also to keep 
up a continual movement. 


Crrcunation. Insects are furnished with a circulatory apparatus : it consists of a dorsal 
vessel, which, as its name indicates, is a tube running beneath the dorsal face of the ex- 
ternal covering. This is the central organ, and is equivalent to the heart in the higher 
orders of animals; and the circulation is continued from the dorsal vessel, in channels 
excavated in the tissues. The structure of the dorsal vessel permits the blood to flow from 
the posterior to the anterior part of the animal, by means of a series of valves opening 
forwards. The blood is transmitted to the thorax and head, the wings and legs, and returns 
through certain channels denominated veins, which open into the dorsal at different points 
through the valves; but the larger portion of the returned fluid collects in the posterior 
chamber, and passes the whole length of the vessel. The vessel has been, and still is, re- 
garded by some physiologists as analogous to the heart : others, however, consider it as 
more analogous to the aorta of quadrupeds. 

It does not seem to be a matter of much importance whether we regard the so-called 
dorsal vessel a heart, an aorta, or an organ compounded of both, the posterior segment 
taking more especially the form and function of an aortic vessel. Its visible contractions, 
as seen through the transparent covering of many insects, furnish ostensibly valid reasons 
for regarding it a heart. 

The fluids which circulate in the vascular system of insects are usually white, carrying 
along distinct corpuscules having forms like those which are found in the higher and more 
perfect animals. 

In connection with the foregoing facts, it should also be stated that the circulation in 
insects is carried on in vessels having close proximity with those of another kind, namely, 
the air-vessels, or trachea. The two classes are easily distinguished from each other by the 
structure of the latter; for in order that air may traverse the insect system, it is necessary 


CIRCULATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS. . 19 


that its conducting vessels be maintained in a tubular form : this is effected by means of 
a spiral elastic thread wound closely upon itself. By this means the vessels are prevented 
from collapsing, the air enters freely at the sides of the insect, and permeates perfectly the 
whole system. The air, then, is constantly in contact with the thin membrane intervening 
between the trachea and those vessels which transmit the blood to the different parts of 
the insect’s body and extremities. Recent observations prove, in regard to the relations of 
blood and air, that the- former moves through the space between the outer and inner 
membranes, in which a spiral filament winds, so as to bathe the exterior of the air-tubes 
themselves*. - 

It would therefore seem that there is in insects amost complex system of spiral vessels 
or air-tubes, in connection and close relation with the vascular system, both being dis- 
tributed with the greatest minuteness throughout the whole body. There is still another 
provision for keeping up a supply of air especially in those insects whose flight is rapid, 
and requires to be long sustained : it is found in the air-sacs that are distributed in dif- 
ferent parts of the body; they serve not only to retain a due supply of air, but also to 
buoy up the body and render it lighter. The pulmonary system, by a combination of elastic 
tubes and saes, receives an extraordinary development, so as to compensate in the most 
perfect manner for the deficiencies resulting from a Jess perfect form of circulation ; for 
powerful muscular motion requires a rich supply of oxygen, rather than food, in order to 
give energy and activity to the muscular system. 

From these facts, it appears that insects occupy no mean place in the scale of being, 
when they are ranked according to the development of their circulatory apparatus and 
the accompanying tracheal system. This combination, so far as the power of muscular 
motion is concerned im the estimate, serves to elevate the insect to a rank but little below 
that of the vertebrate class. 


Nervous systEM.. The nervous system consists of a pair of chords extending through 
the insect, upon the interior abdominal face,and connected at each segment by a ganglion. 
Thus disposed along the ventral face of the body, the nervous system forms a symmetrical 
whole. The ganglionic masses of the head, however, are more largely developed than those 
of the trunk : this is necessary, from the condition of the eyes and the perfection of the 
masticating apparatus.. The cephalic centres are placed also above the esophagus. So the 
nervous centres which supply the wings and legs are larger than those of the abdomen. 
We see here again a provision for the locomotive apparatus, by which a due supply of 
nervous power or force is secured. - . 

There are probably but few instances in the animal kingdom, that exhibit such minute 


* See Carpenter,. p. 882 of his General and Comparative Physiology. 


20 NERVOUS SYSTEM; SENSE OF TOUCH. 


subdivisions of matter as certain portions of the nervous system do. Thus when it is stated 
for the first time in our hearing, that the eye of the common house-fly is compounded of 
no less than 4000 single eyes, it seems impossible that a nerve, originally microscopic, can 
be subdivided into threads or fibres sufficiently fine to furnish a nerve to each simple eye; 
and when we are further informed that the eye of the dragon-fly has (24,000) six times 
as many subdivisions as that of the house-fly, our faith is still more severely taxed ; but 
to suppose that a filament is wanting in an eye, is to suppose that the eye is made in vain; 
for the eye depends upon its nervous filament, however slender that may be, for its power 
of vision. 

The sympathetic system of nerves ,in insects has been known from the days of Swam- 
MERDAM, who first discovered it in the rhinoceros beetle. While this system is found more 
or less perfect in all articulated animals, it is specially perfected in insects. The imperfec- 
tion of the nervous apparatus consists in the absence of the cerebral masses, or of all that 
portion concerned in the formation of ideas. Nothing appears in the nervous system of 
the articulata, higher or above the ganglionic centres which connect together the double 
ventral chord. The ganglia of this system which are more particularly devoted to the 
purely animal functions, undergo a slight change during the passage from the larval state 
to that of the perfect insect; the change consisting chiefiy in a concentration of nervous 
matter upon those ganglia which are subservient to the function of locomotion. The sym- 
pathetic system, however, undergoes no change : it is equally perfect in the larva as in 
the mature animal, and reaches its full development in this early stage of existence, there- 
by showing that it presides over the functions of vegetative life. 

It is scarcely necessary to speak more particularly of the functions of the nervous 
system. It may, however, be observed, that it is upon this system that sensation depends, 
and the nervous fibrils are the channels through which the properties of external bodies 
become known to the individual. If we may judge of causes by effects, we are warranted 
in believing that impressions are received by insects from without, in the same manner as 
is the case with the higher animals; and that they possess all those special senses which 
belong to the latter, and some of them in much greater perfection. 


Tovcn. The sense of touch in insects, in consequence of the hard covering of their 
bodies, must be confined to certain parts. Those who have watched their motions are fully 
convinced that the palpi are the organs in which this sense is concentrated, or in which it 
exists in its greatest perfection. These organs are constantly applied by the insect, after 
the manner of feelers, to the external bodies with which it comes in proximity ; and they 
are well adapted by their structure to fulfil such a purpose, being flexible, and furnished 
with a soft and delicate integument. 


FUNCTIONS OF HEARING, TASTING, SMELLING, AND SEEING. 21 


Hearinc. The phenomena which indicate the existence of the sense of hearing are 
perhaps more equivocal than those of touch. Still attentive observers have noticed that 
insects seem to place themselves in an attitude of listening, when loud sounds are emitted 
from any quarter in their vicinity : they erect their antenne, and remain motionless for 
the time being ; and when the disturbance has ceased to excite them, they resume their 
ordinary movements. From. the position of the antenns, then, under the circumstances 
alluded to, it is inferred that they are connected directly with the function of hearing. 
Beneath them is a nerve connected witli a soft membrane, which seems to be adapted to 
this special end. The antenne in themselves extending outwardly, must become sensible’ 
of the vibrations in the air, and transmit them to this delicate auditory apparatus lying 
immediately beneath. The organs are often long-branched, or plumose, so as to increase 
the extent of surface. This view of the office of the antenne does not conflict with the one 
often entertained, namely, that they may also be useful and employed as organs of touch. 


Taste. ‘The existence of this sense rests more upon analogy, than upon well determined 
facts to support and prove its existence. 


Smett. Insects are attracted to odorous bodies from a distance : hence there can be no 
doubt that they are possessed of the sense of smell in great perfection, although its precise 
location is a matter of great uncertainty. Several different parts of the insect’s body have 
been conjecturally assumed as the seat of this sense; and it has often been assigned to 
parts that are variable, evanescent, or of occasional existence only. If analogical reasoning 
were to be our guide in this case, we should point to certain inward parts of the body that 
are in direct relation with the external air. In the mammalia, though the organ of smelk 
is located in the head, yet its distinguishing characteristic is its immediate communication 
with the atmosphere, and the sense itself is exercised only when the air is inhaled. It is 
not necessary to infer, that because in the higher animal it holds this intimate relation to 
the head, that it must occupy the same place in the insect : it is more consistent to suppose 
that its closest relation is with the respiratory organs. It is highly probable, therefore, that 
the trachea and spiral vessels, which conduct the air inwards, constitute the channels by 
which this sense is furnished with the odorous particles on which the sensuous nerve is to 
operate. Accordingly this view is looked upon with favor by Cuvier and many other dis- 

_tinguished physiologists. 


Sicut. Of all the senses, that of sight seems to be the most perfect in insects. The 
organ is compound, or, in other words, consists of many eyes comparted together, each of 
which is perfect in itself, being furnished with the proper humors and lenses essential to 
the exercise of vision.’ In addition to the compound eye, which often occupies the largest 
portion of the head, they are often furnished with simple eyes upon the forehead : these 


a 


22 FUNCTION OF VISION. 


have received the names of ocelli and stemmata, and are generally three in number, and 
arranged in the form of a triangle ; but there may be but two, or only one. Their structure 
qualifies them for viewing such objects only as are close at hand. 

The compound eye presents a reticulated appearance under the microscope : the surface 
is convex or globular; but the organ is immovable, except by the motion of the head. 
The reticulated appearance is produced by the lines that mark the boundary of each eye 
or lens : these are hexagonal, and their number is almost incredibly great in some species. 
They vary in this respect from 50 in the ant, to 25,000 in a species of Mordella : the 
butterfly has 17,000, and the dragonfly 12,544. Each eye is furnished with an apparatus 
sufficiently perfect for the exercise of vision in its sphere : it has its lens for refraction, 
its choroid for the correction of aberration, and its retina for the reception of the images 
of external objects. Each single eye, however, must embrace an extremely limited field of 
vision, and there is no doubt that it requires the use of many of these eyes to see a single 
object ; for only those rays of light that fall perpendicularly upon the eye can reach the 
optic nerve. 

The eyes of predaceous insects, such as the dragonfly, are large, prominent and globular : 
hence they enjoy, altogether, a large field of vision. In those insects, on the other hand, 
which are confined in their range, or are parasitic, the field of view is diminished by a 
reverse of circumstances. 

The nerve of each eye terminates in a common nerve : this must be regarded as the 
sensorium commune, the nervous plane upon which the image of an object is spread. Some- 
times the eye is pedunculated, or placed upon a footstalk : sometimes it is semicircular, 
in consequence of the implantation of the antenne, and indeed this implantation may be 
such as to give the semblance of four eyes. In other instances the size of the eye is a sexual 
mark. 

We are too much in the habit of looking vaguely upon the inseet tribes. While we 
recognize the movements of the vertebrated class as resulting from distinct acts of the will, 
and as controlled by internal feelings, we are little disposed to entertain the view that the 
apparatus of a fly or a beetle indicates similar internal motives for action ; or, in other 
words, we do not possess so lively a sense of the perfection of the being of the insect, as 
of the being of the higher order. We see, however, that insects have eyes to see, ears to 
hear, and organs of smell ; a highly developed nervous apparatus, and an active circula- 
tion : in fine, the insect moves in a world of its own, which takes no parf in the sphere 
belonging to the mollusca or vertebrata. Its senses and organs of animal life, however, give 
it a wide sphere of activity, and have prepared it for fulfilling important functions, and 
furnished it with a capability to affect very materially the interests of man. Being widely 
diffused, and their life overflowing with activity, always moving asif impelled forward by 
important business or engaged in errands of the most momentous character, they seem to 


FUNCTION OF MOTION. 23 


make the most of their brief and uncertain existence. Witness the energy of the dung- 
beetle in finishing the ball in which it has deposited its egg : it often dies in the act of 
providing for the continuance of the life of its kind. To some these actions may seem less 
interesting, because instinctive ; but surely the faculty of instinct affords matter for deep 
thought to the ordinary observer, and to the philosopher it must possess an interest next to 
that of reason itself. Instinct urges the individual forward to the fulfilment of its destiny, 
but it makes no inquiry as to the cost. 


Muscuiar motion. The insect enjoys a full development of the power of motion, 
especially in its,perfect state : the two kinds of muscle, striated and non-striated, are al- 
ways present. Every part of the system is supplied with muscular fibres ; not only are the 
legs and wings largely supplied with them, but also the abdomen and various parts of the 
trunk, head, and thorax. The most interesting fact which appears in this connexion, is the 
power of the insect to sustain a long and vigorous flight : thus the dragonfly darts for- 
wards, backwards, or sideways, and is able to outstrip the swallow in its most rapid course ; 
and this it can do for hours together. Taking into consideration the diminutive size of 
insects, we readily see, that in proportionate locomotive power, they far excel the verte- 
brate animal. We have already observed that their joints usually admit of but two kinds 
of motion, forwards and backwards, or the ginglimus movement : when, however, this 
motion is exerted in extension and flexion, as in the leaping of the grasshopper or flea, we 
cannot fail to perceive that their powers in this respect, also as in flying, are far superior 
to those possessed by any other class of animals. 

Though the larval state of insects is generally sluggish, we are not without many 
examples where there is a great degree of activity. We often see the caterpillar hurrying 
along as if it were in great haste, though the space it is able to traverse is quite limited. 
We observe, in all these movements, an aim to preserve life : the life of self, however, is 
subordinate to that of kind or progeny. 


Propagation. Insects propagate their kinds from eggs laid by the female, subsequent 
to the act of congress with the male : the sexes are therefore distinct. Their power of 
‘ multiplication is immense, especially in those insects which produce several broods in a 
season. But there is a remarkable exception to the foregoing rule : the aphis increases by 
a process of gemmation ; females being cast off at once for several generations, of which 
each possesses the power of multiplying its kind in the same way. Carpenter likens it to 
the gemmation of the polypi, “the individuals being budded off from internal stolons, 
instead of being developed from ova provided by the female and fertilized by the male.” 
It has long been known, that in the aphis, this method of propagation is repeated to the 
seventh or ninth generation. At the end of the season, the perfect individuals, both male 


24 FUNCTION OF PROPAGATION. 


and female in a winged state, are produced, by the congress of which ova are fertilized : 
these are preserved through the winter. 

It would seem from this, that although in the articulated class budding is resorted to to 
multiply the number of individuals, yet it is not adequate to continue the existence of the 
species. Calculations have been made of the numbers which an aphis may produce in a 
single season, provided the individuals are not destroyed by accident. According then to 
calculation, based upon observed facts, the whole brood in a season from a single aphis 
will amount to the inconceivable number of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000! From such an 
ability to increase, we should at first thought be disposed to expect a result approaching 
the calculated numbers ; but it is gratifying to observe, that where the powers of increase 
are extended and multiplied as in the case of the aphis, the destructive powers are equally 
multiplied and active : there is therefore but little reason to fear an excessively injurious 
multiplication in the midst of so many enemies. The aphis is extremely feeble : the touch 
destroys it; the winds, rains, and cold sweep off its numbers by hundreds of thousands. 
The excessive multiplication of individuals is only a means of supplying an increased 
number of consumers : hence instead of an approach to the enormous number indicated 
by calculation, their actual numbers will fall infinitely short of it. The balance of nature 
is always preserved ; and wherever danger seems to point, there checks are provided, which 
put an effectual restraint upon inordinate increase. We may conceive of what is possible; 
but the actual just suffices to keep up a suitable equilibrium : at most the threatening is 
transient, and recurs only at wide intervals. 


EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. 25 


APPENDIX TO CHAPTER Il 


DESCRIPTION AND REPRESENTATION OF PARTS OF SUCH INSECTS AS ARE 


REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING TREATISE. 
( Copied mostly from the Naturalist’s Library.) 


I. PARTS OF THE HEAD, MOUTH, &.— PLATE A. 


Fig. 1. Head, upper side : a, forehead ; 4, vertex ; ¢, occiput; dd, temples ; ee, eyes; f, torulus, the 


cavity for the insertion of the antennse; g, clypeus; ’, labrum. 


Fig. 2. Under side of the head : &, posterior orifice; 7, neck; m, mentum; o, eyes; p, mandibles ; 


s, labial palpi. 


Kos. 3, 4, 5. Forms of the labrum. 
Fig. 5. Mandible of Hydrus piceus. ‘ 
. 7. Mandible of Gerius. 


F 
Fig. 8. Mandible of Calosoma sycophanta. 
F 


ig. 9. Maxilla of Necrophorus germanicus : a, maxillary palpus; 6, external lobe of the maxilla ; 


10. 
PGE 
12. 
13. 
14. 


ig. 15. 


. 16. 
mae 


ig. 18. 


- 19, 


c, internal lobe. 

Maxilla of Cicéndela : a, external maxillary palpus; 0, internal ditto ; c, interior lobe, with 
an articulated hook at the apex d. 

Form of the maxilla of Hydrus picews : a, insertion or hinge ; , dorsal piece ; c, squame- 
palpifers of Srrauss : bcd form the stalk (stipes) ; e, external lobe ; f, internal ditto. 

Labium of Cychrus rostratus : a, mentum ; 2, ligula; e¢, labial palpi. 

Labium of Carubus, inside : a, mentum ; 3, lingua; c, paraglossee. 

Thorax of Scolia flavifrons, showing in succession the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax, 
also the coxee : A, pronotum; ©, mesonotum ; F, metanotum; HH, parapleura; c, scutel- 
lum ; dd, patagia. 

Side view of the thorax of Scolia favifrons : E, mesosternum; B, prosternum; G, meta- 
sternum ; d, patagium ; ¢. scutellum; a, first spiracle ; 6, second ditto. 

View of the same from beneath : BB, prosternum ; EE, mesosternum ; GG, metasternum. 

Thorax of Cicada frazini : A, pronotum; c, mesonotum; FF, metanotum ; c¢, scutellum ; 
dd, frenum. 

Hindleg of Melolontha vulgaris : ab, coxa; d, trochanter; e, thigh; f, tibia; h, tarsus ; 
Zz, claws. 

Pectinated claws. 


[ AcricuLTuRAL Report — VoL. v.] 4 


26 EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. 


Fig. 20. Claws of Asélus : 0, central filaments; ss, membranous expansion of the terminal joint, ad- 
vanced beneath the claws. 

Figs. 25, 26 : showing the upper and under side of the domestic cricket (Acheta arachnotdea). 

Fig. 27. Maxillary palpi (dc) of the cricket; 3, galea. 

Fig. 28. Lower lip of the cricket : a, mentum; d, labium; e, additional articulations, divided into 
two, three, or more lobes ; cc, apparently 3-jointed palpi, yet the basal joint enveloped or 
concealed in the lip. 

Fig. 29. Mandibles of the grasshopper (Acrydiuwm) : b, molar plate. 

Fig. 30. Mandibles of the cricket. 

Figs. 31, 32. Forms of antennze. 

Fig. 83. Serrated antennz. 

Fig. 34. Lamelliform antennee. 

Fig. 35. Pectinated antenne ; bipectinated, if it produces two long teeth, instead of one ; and flabel- 
late, when the branches are very long, and flattened like the rays of a fan. 

Fig. 41. Setaceous antennee : filiform, when the antenna are of unequal thickness ; moniliform, as in 
fig. 42; ensiform, when tapering, and angulated at the sides ; subulate, when short, and 
pointed at the tip; fusiform, when narrowed at the two extremities and thickened in the 
centre, as in fig.43; clavate, when they gradually thicken at the top, as in 387 and 35; 
geniculate, when bent as in 389 abc; capitate, when terminated in a knob or head, as 36, 
plumose, when the lateral filaments go off from a shaft, like those of a feather ; nodose, 
when the joints are thickened in various parts like knobs ; verticillate, when whorls of hairs 
are placed at equal distances upon the joints ; fasciculate, when the hairs are gathered in 
bundles upon each joint; scopiferous, when a single bundle is placed upon one joint; 
palmate, when the antennze are short, broad, and divided by deep divisions ; auriculate, 
when one of the basal joints is dilated into a shield or ear partially covering the rest ; 
fissile, when they are terminated by a cleft knob ; ramose, when several of the joints throw 
out branches ; furcate, when there are two branches like a fork ; aristate, when the antennze 
are terminated by a fine bristle, as in the order Musca ; dentate, when the joints are armed 
with short spines; cylindrical, when they are of equal diameter throughout ; prismatic, 
when they resemble a prism, or are formed of three sides. 


II. PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.— PLATE B. 


Figs. 2, 3. a shows the esophagus, beginning in fig. 3 just behind the head, and terminating in an en- 
largement which is the crop; or, if the crop is absent, it terminates in the gizzard d. The 
esophagus is a simple tube, except in the lepidoptera. 

Fig. 4 c represents the position and relation uf what has been denominated a sucking stomach. The 
gizzard is shown in position, fig. 2 c. The true stomach, or, as called by some entomologists, 
the chylific ventricle, is seen in figs. 2 & 3 d : in this organ the food becomes semifluid or 
pulpy, and remains until chylification takes place. The intestine begins as represented in 
fig. 3, where the lateral tubes are inserted : it preserves a course more or less contorted, as 
is seen at f; and in some instances it is enlarged or inflated, as at g. The caecum is seen 
at g fig. 2. 


EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. a7 


Fig. 3 A exhibits the termination of the intestinal canal in the rectum. 

Fig. 5 ga exhibits the salivary apparatus, having fleshy organs at the base of the head, and tubes that 
pour saliva into the mouth during mastication. 

Fig. 4 aa. General arrangement of the urinary organs, the secreting vessels disposed on the tops of 
small tranches ; cd, the bladder; 6, deferential canal. 

Fig. 1 represents an arrangement that exists among the bombardiers : a, accessory bladder ; c, principal 
bladder. 

Fig. 6 exhibits the biliary organs cc, fringed as in the cockchafer. 


III. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.— PLATE B. e 


Fig. 13 : aaa, dorsal vessel; b, wings; cd, diminution in diameter towards the head. 
_ Fig. 14 shows the interior walls of the dorsal vessel, circular fibres, arrangement of its walls, and the 
valves. 


IV. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.— PLATE B 

Fig. 12. Spiracles or stigmata. 

Fig. 9. Another form of stigmata. 

Fig. 16. Stigmata of Dytzscus marginalis, edges of which are beset with hairs. 

Fig. 15. Stigmata of the cockchafer, where there is a membrane drilled with holes. 

Fig. 8. A circular membrane stretched over the valves, and ornamented with colors. 

Fig. 17 shows the rows of stigmata along the sides. 

Fig. 10 exhibits the system of the trachea or air-yessels : aa, stigmata; bd, ventral spiracles ; cc, 
trunks closed at their extremities ; ee, bladder-like bag, receiving the longitudinal trachea ; 
Sff, trachea for the wings; gg & hh, bags for air ;. k, trachea for the thorax ; 7/, trachea 
for the head ; 0, base of the tegmina. 


V. NERVOUS SYSTEM.— PLATES B & E. 


Fig. 2 ( Pl. B), ghziil, exhibits the principal ventral chord, with its ganglia. 

Fig. 2( Pl. E). Nervous chord of the cockchafer : 11, lobes of the anterior cephalic ganglion; aa, 
optic nerves ; 5b, eyes; 2, posterior cephalic ganglion ; 3, prothoracic ganglion ; 4, meso- 
thoracic ganglion; 5, metathoracic ganglion; 6, ganglion of the abdominal series; dd, 
mandibular nerves ; cc, antenne. ‘ 

Fig. 1. Nervous system of the caterpillar of the Sphinx ligustrz, a few days before it becomes a chry- 
salis : 1, cerebral ganglion ; 2, posterior ditto ; 3, 4, 5, 6, thoracic ganglia ; 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11, 12, abdominal ganglia; 000, system of transverse nerves, more distinct in fig. 3, im 
which 3 4 5 represent the three thoracic ganglia ; aa, central nervous fillet ; 545, nerves. 
furnished by the fillet ; eeee, nervous threads separating from the preceding nerves, and 
which, by uniting when they reach the ganglion, constitute the central thread, 

Fig. 3. Nervous system of Sphinx ligustri thirty days after its change, showing a greater condensation 
of the nervous masses : the posterior thoracic ganglia are now united into one mass.. 


28 


EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL PLATES. 


VI. GENERATIVE APPARATUS-—PLATE E. 


. Generative organs of Athalia centifolia : aa, ovarial tubes; cc, uterine cavities ; d, separate 


oviducts ; e, ejaculatory oviduct ; f, spermatheca; g, poison gland; 2, its vessel; 10,11, 
terminal ganglia. 


. Generative organs of Ranatra linearis : the letters correspond to the same parts as in fig. 8 ; 


g, supposed swimming bladder, with part of the intestine. 


. Male organs of Athalia centifolia : aa, smaller testes; 0b, ducts; c, larger testis ; dd, vasa 


deferentia; e, vesicula seminales; h, ejaculatory duct; 2, exterior valves. 


. Hydrus piceus : aa, testes; bb, vasa deferentia ; cc, principal seminal vessels ; eeee, various 


accessory vessels; f, ejaculatory duct; g, copulative armature of the vagina. 


. Testicles of SiZpha obscura, greatly magnified. a 


CHAPTER. Il. 


REMARKS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 


Tue multiplication of species renders it necessary to resort to some kind of arrangement, 
by which they may be gathered into groups under one or more common characteristics. 
It matters not which of the kingdoms of nature we enter, if the individuals are dispersed 
singly or unarranged into families or groups, no one can hope to possess himself of an idea 
of their relations. Memory would be too much burthened in the attempt to comprehend 
the relations, or retain the characteristics of the species which belong to a single district 

of the globe. Hence the necessity for devising some scheme by which we may group to- 
; gether those which are alike, and to which we may apply a positive expression indicative 
of that likeness. 

There is perhaps nothing easier than to say on what general principle such a scheme 
should be based ; for it is plain enough that resemblance must be the basis of all schemes, 
and indeed ever has been since attempts at classification have been made. Classification is 
founded on resemblance ; and yet there are so many points of resemblance, that it becomes 
necessary to make a choice. It is evident that the resemblances in the mineral kingdom 
are not those of the vegetable or animal, and those of the vegetable kingdom are yet in- 
applicable to the animal. This, however, is not the difficulty : taking each kingdom by 
itself, and selecting from among its individual members certain characters which belong 
to the many, they fail us in attempting to make a general application of them ; they either 
cease to exist, or else possess an importance so variable or inconsiderable that they become 
uncertain as marks suitable to be employed in classification. 

There are two kinds of resemblances in the natural world : there are morphological 
and teleological resemblances. In the first we seek for external forms; in the second, we 
look for ends. The wings of a bird, of a bat, and of an insect, possess a teleological re- 
semblance, but not a morphological one : the end, or final cause, is the same; but the 
form, arising from structure, is quite different. It can be scarcely possible that final causes 
or teleological resemblances should be available in classification, although they may be 
useful in many other respects ; and we may remark here that it is only by an attentive 
study of morphology that a true basis for classification can be found, and all the schemes 
that have been successfully applied belong to this kind. Availing ourselves of the principles 


30 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 


found in forms, we may proceed with a degree of certainty ; and when forms are correctly 
defined, we may escape most of the graver errors in the formation of groups. 

I do not propose to enter into the details of the principles of classification in this place, 
but shall proceed at once to the modes which have been proposed and followed by the 
principal English entomologists. 

The first classification is that of SrerHens, in which the first grand division of the insect 
kingdom is into two subclasses : 


FIRST SUBCLASS : MANDIBULATA. SECOND SUBCLASS : HAUSTELLATA. 
Order 1. SrrepsipTEra. Order 1. Hemiptera. 

2. ORTHOPTERA. 2. Homoprera. 

3. NEUROPTERA. 3. LEPIDOPTERA. 

4, DERMAPTERA. 4, Diptera. 

5. TrIcHoPTERa. 5. HoMaorTera. 

6. HymenorrErA. 6. APHANIPTERA. 

7. APTERA. 


Insects are classed by Westwoop in the following manner : 


FIRST SUBCLASS : DACNOSTOMATA. SECOND SUBCLASS : ANTHOSTOMATA. 
{Mouth with jaws.) 3 (Mouth with a sucker.) 

Order 1. HyMenorrera. Order 1. Diprera. 
2 Osculant Order STREPSIPTERA. Osculant Order HoMALorTera. 

Order 2. CoLEoprERA. 
Osculant Order EvpLExXopTERA. Osculant Order APHANIPTERA. 

Order 3. OnTHOPTERA. Order 2. HeTEropTera (including the water- 
? STREPSIPTERA? bugs). 

Order 4. NEvRoPTERA. Order 8. Homoptera. 


2 


Order 5. TrichopTera ( Phryganea alone). Order 4. LEpIpDoPTER A. 


CHAPTER IV. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 


Tue CoLnoprera is the order which has usually been first described, and Westwoop has 
followed the common practice in this respect in his Genera of British Insects. This order 
is thus characterized : 


Anterior wings horny or leathery, concealing the posterior when at rest, placed parallel and 
joined by a straight suture. Posterior or inferior wings membranous, longitudinally and transverse- 
ly folded. Mouth furnished with transverse jaws. Pupa incomplete. 


The insects of this order are denominated beetles : they constitute the most beautiful of 
the class, and occupy the foremost rank among the tribes. They are grouped as follows by 
Mr. M‘Lray : 


1. GEODEPHAGA : containing those beetles which have setaceous antenne, with the 
outer processes of the maxille palpiform. 


2. HYDRADEPHAGA. 


In the first division the following families are included, being the old genus Carazus 
subdivided into 
CIcINDELIDZ. 
CaARABIDE. 
GEODEPHAGA : HarpaLipz. 
ScaRITIDz. 
BRACHINIDE. 


HYDRADEPHAGA : { GyniniD2. 


Dyticipz. 


The above is regarded as a normal group, and is followed by an aberrant one, character- 
ized by clavate antenne, or such as become gradually thickened towards the apex, and the 
external lobe of the maxilla losing its palpiform character. This constitutes the RypopHaca 
of STEPHENS. 


89 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


( HETEROCERID HE? 
| PARNIDE. 
PHILHYDRIDA : HELOPHORIDZ. 
HyprorHILipz. 
SpHARIDIID A? 
( 


ScAPHIDIID. 
SILPHID. 
NITIDULID A. 
ENGID2. 
DERMESTID &. 


NECROPHAGA : 


STAPHYLINID&. 
STENIDZ. 
BRACHELYTRA : OmALIDz&. 
PsELAPHID &. 
TACHYPORIDE. 


Westwoop, however, in his work on the British genera, adopts, in preference to the 
foregoing, the tarsal system, and hence recognizes the following subdivision : 


1. PenTamera : tarsi with five joints ; 
2. Hereromera : the four anterior tarsi 5-jointed, and the two posterior 4-jointed ; 
3. PsEUDOTETRAMERA : tarsi 5-jointed, the fourth exceedingly minute ; 

4, Psevpotrimera : tarsi 4-jointed, the third joint very diminutive and concealed. 


Cicindelide. 


Tue family of beetles, which are known under this name, are among the most beautiful of 
the insect tribes : their colors are brilliant, and their markings add to the beauty and 
elegance of the colors by contrast. In size they occupy a middle ground : the largest 
scarcely exceed an inch in length, and the smallest are at least one-third of an inch long. 
Their habits are as interesting as their colors are beautiful : their watchfulness is untiring ; 
and though their flight is short, it is difficult to capture them. In the nature of their in- 
stincts they agree with the carnivora among the vertebrate class of animals : they are 
fiesh-eaters ; but in order that they may capture and secure the living insect as their prey, 
they are qualified to give chase either on the wing or on foot, and they make war upon all 
insects that are not too strong for them. The cicindelide hunt upon sandy and arid plains, 
and seem to delight in the heating rays of the sun; for in hot days they appear far more 
numerous, flying and alighting upon the ground before us in dry paths, and turning their 
heads watchfully towards us when they rest for a moment. 


o 
& 


FAMILY CICINDELIDA. 33 


As the cicindele subsist solely upon other insects, or, in other words, are carnivorous, 
they cannot be regarded as injurious to the farmer : they are rather beneficial than de- 
trimental to his interests. Their markings, together with their predacious habits, have 
given them the name of tiger beetles. It is evident, from the prominenee and size of their 
eyes, that they are well provided with one essential power to enable them to pursue sue- 
cessfully the means of subsistence, namely, keenness of vision. So too their jaws or man- 
dibles are powerful : their legs, however, are long and slender, and are adapted rather for 
quick movements than for the performance of feats of strength. 

The larve of the cicindele are no less predacious than the perfect animal. They are 
represented by Westwoop and others as having a large head armed with powerful jaws, 
and capable of burrowing in the earth to the depth of a foot. At the mouth of this burrow. 
they lie in wait for their prey, which they seize and drag to the bottom to devour at their 
leisure. To aid in ascending and descending these burrows, they are provided with two 
hooks on the back : some observers, however, suppose these hooks may assist in holding 
their prey, when bent in a suitable manner ; for, on entering the mouth of the burrow with 
their prey, they suddenly slide to the bottom. 

These insects, then, in all their stages, are predacious ; and inasmuch as their numbers 
are less than those of many allied families, and their instincts are such as require a higher 
development of locomotive apparatus, they may well be regarded as occupying the highest 
rank in the articulated class. 

The CicrndELip& are in general easily distinguished : their colors are usually green or 
gray combined with a brassy or bronzed tint, with whitish spots for ornament in combina- 
tion with brindle spots or angulated lines, which give them all a pleasing and indeed an 
elegant appearance. From their powers of flight, the cicindele have sometimes received 
the name of Eupterinea. 

The family Cictnpetipm has been divided by Mr. Hanns into the following groups : 


1. Labrum with three teeth ; thorax contracted behind. 
2. Labrum 1-toothed ; thorax quadrangular, flattened above and dilated behind. 
3. Labrum one toothed ; thorax nearly cylindrical. 


1. Labrum provided with three teeth; thorax contracted behind. 
CICINDELA. 


The genus Cictnveva, as defined by Westwoop, is described as follows : The males have 
their anterior tarsi elongated and dilated. The elytra are oblong-ovate and depressed.. 
Thorax subquadrate. Internal maxillary palpi with joints nearly equal in length ; the two 
basal joints of the labial palpi short, the third is elongate and ciliate,and the fourth 
clavate and naked. Antenne are inserted into the anterior margin of the eyes. The head 

[ AcricutturaL Rerorr — Volt. v.] 5. 


34 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


is broader than the thorax, and the forehead is excavated : the eyes are large and promi- 
nent; elytra flat; wings two. 
_ The larve of the cicindele have nearly the same habits as the perfect insect : they 
construct their habitations in the ground, penetrating it to the depth of eighteen inches, 
which labor is performed by means of their mandibles and legs. The hooks upon their 
backs aid them efficiently in ascending and descending their burrows : by means of these 
hooks or appendages, they suspend themselves at the mouths of their holes, and await for 
their prey. 

The larve are long, cylindric, soft, whitish grubs, and furnished with six feet. The head 
- and first joint of the body are described as metallic green above and brown beneath. The 
head is quite large, armed with two long, sharp, and nearly vertical mandibles. Upon the © 
back there are fleshy tubereles clothed with hairs : each of these tubercles is armed with 
a recurved horny spine. (See Plate xvii, figs. 9, 10, 11 : copied from Rarzserc, Forst. 
Insecten.) 


CIcINDELA VULGARIS. | { Plate xvii, fig. 10.) 


Labrum and base of the mandibles yellowish white. Elytra marked with three oblique 
lines, yellowish white and angulated : these lines are in the form of lunules; the 
one past the middle is double. 

Length of the male 34, of the female 33 of an inch. . 
Say in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, I, 409; Pl. xiii, fig. 1. 


This species appears early in the spring, continuing until about the first of June : It 
reappears in August, and continues two months, and perhaps longer if the weather is 
favorable. 

“ 
CIcINDELA GENEROSA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 2.) 
Color obscurely cupreous above. Elytra bright ‘purplish or subviolaceous ; lateral margin 
entire; humeral and terminal lunule broad and white ; intermediate band bent at a 
right angle, and occupying nearly the centre of the elytron : at its extremity it is 
widened, and extends nearly to the suture. 
Length varying but little from 3 of an inch. 


Head is varied with cupreous and violet : the front is supplied with prostrate ashy hair. 
Labrum white ; anterior edge furnished with three teeth. Antenne, or their anterior 
margins, cupreous. Mandibles with about 3 of the anterior and lateral portions white, 
the rest black. 

Trunk. cupreous, varied with violet; sides hairy ; thorax quadrate, and somewhat nar- 
rowed behind. Elytra bright subviolaceous, deeply punctured with green. Feet and 
thighs bright green, above brassy. Abdomen greenish blue, hairy ; tail purplish. 


FAMILY CICINDELID. 35 


This species, like the vulgaris, has two broods in the year ; the first appearing in May, 
the second in August. It lives in sandy districts, frequenting the sea-beaches, and is one 
of our largest species. 


CIcINDELA REPANDIS. 


The markings of the repandis resemble those of the vulgaris : the cream or yellowish 
white of the labrum extends to half of the mandibles, and the insert is smaller; the 
lunules are wider and more dilated, the middle one extending to near the suture behind. 


CIcINDELA PURPUREA. 


Purple. Head, thorax ae elytra bordered with green combined with steel-blue and _ bril- 
liant green. Thorax margined with brilliant purple; legs purple. Lunule upon the 
elytra obsolete. There is a cream-colored dot upon the outer angle of the shoulder, an 
obsolete lunule behind the middle, a spot upon the outer and posterior angle, and a 

_ bar upon the margin inside of the green edge. 


Length half of an inch. 
Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, II, 55; Pl. xiii, fig. 8. 


CICINDELA PATRUELA (Jj.). 


Bottle-green above, steel-blue and green beneath. Outer angle of the elytra marked with 
two ovoidal spots, nearly united by narrow and pointed elongations ; middle marked 
transversely by an oblique bar, posterior by a large round dot, and margin by a line 
inside of the purple edge. The lunules may be described as broken. 

It is rather more than half an inch in length, and nearly a quarter of an inch wide. 

Head is bright green with bluish, naked, and finely granulated ; labrum dingy white ;. 
teeth three, with six marginal punctures. Mandibles have a white spot at base : the 
four basal joints of the antenne green ; terminal one rufous. 

Thorax convex, narrowed behind, granulated. Beneath bluish green; legs green; ein: 
chanters purple. 

It has a wide range, according to Goutp ;, being found in North-Carolina, and in Ver- 
mont as far north as Burlington. 


CICINDELA GUTTATA.. 
Brilliant steel-blue and green. Labrum light buff rather than cream-color. Outer edge or 
surface of the mandible buff; middle and outer angle of the elytra dotted : posterior 
margin has a short transverse bar inside of the green edge. 


Length rather Jess than half an inch, and } in width. 
Say: in Trans:.Am. Phil. Society, New series, Pl. xiii, fig. 4.. 


36 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CicINDELA ALBILABRIS ( White-lipped Cicindela). 


Labrum white, obsoletely tridentate, rather prominent in the middle. Elytra broadly 
punctured, with three marginal spots and a broken discoidal band, all white. 


Kirpy : figured on Plate I in Richardson’s N. A. Fauna. 


Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a purplish 
tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral 
ones obtuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a 
powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable minute granules, and also with nu- 
merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the 
angular white discoidal band reaches neither the suture nor the lateral margin. 
There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the 
band, and one between the latter and the apex. 

Length of the body, 6 — 63 inches. 

Kirsy remarks, that though this species is common in this country, it is not noticed by 
Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. sylvatica (Linn.), “of which it may be regarded as the 
American representative, and with which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the 
shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color; but it is 
smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and 
not an acute one, terminating in three almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one, 
and likewise by the want of the silky lustre produced by granulations much more visible.” 


~~ 


3. Labrum with one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical, sometimes elongated. 


CICINDELA HIRTICOLLIS. 


insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra 
marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule, 
followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a 
Junule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis. 
Length rather less than half an inch ; female, half an inch. 


CicINDELA ALBOHIRTA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 1.) 


Insect, head and thorax brassy green ; hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous. 


Elytra subviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurved band. 
Govutp : Cicindele of Massachusetts, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. i, p. 49; pl. iii, fig. 1. 


‘The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary 
‘hairs except behind the eyes; labrum white; marginal punctures ten ; mandible 


FAMILY CICINDELIDA. 37 


“long and dark green; tips and teeth black, with a white spot at base; palpi yel- 
‘ lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax 


‘ quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.’ 
* Goutp, Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society. 
Abdomen greenish blue; tail purple. 


According to Gouxp, it is closely allied to the hirticollis, with which it has been con- 
founded. ° 


CicINDELA PUNCTULATA. 


Color obscure cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue; beneath varied with blue and 
purple. An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of 
the elytra; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color. 

According to Goutp, it has but a single brood in a season, which appears about the 
middle of July and remains till September. 
Common in dry places, paths in fields, ete. 


‘CicinDELA puovEcIMGUTTATA ( Dejean). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.) 


Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture 
replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze; front pu- 
bescent with cinereous hairs; labrum white; mandibles dark green, with a white 
spot at base; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short; feet green ; thighs 
cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous. 


It is a common species, and appears early. 
Goutp in Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society, Pl. iii, fig. 3. 


CicINDELA HEMORRHOIDALIs ( Hentz). ( Plate xvii, fig. 5.) 


Hentz, Trans, Am. Phil. Society, New series, III, 254; pl. ii, fig. 2. 
Harris, New-England Farmer, VII, 91. 
C. hentzii, Dnsean, Spec. des Coléopteres, V. 1. 


Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Small humeral Iunule entire ; posterior 
one subentire; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white. 
Abdomen ferruginous. 

Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species. 

Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, with 
fine striz around them ; basal joints of the antenne bronzed green, the others obscure 
brown ; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures 
bearing hairs; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorax 
quadrate, as long as broad, obscure cupreous ; marginal impressed lines greenish blue; 


38 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


sides hairy. Elytra bluish black or obscure cupreous ; humeral lunule nearly inter- 
rupted in the middle, and dilated at the extremities ; intermediate band composed 
of two imperfect semicircles, or two crescents united at their tips ; legs long, bluish 
green ; trochanters purple. Head and thorax metallic blue beneath; breast green ; 
sides hairy. : Goutp, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, p. 52-3. 


Discovered by Dr. T. W. Harris on the summit of Blue hill in Milton (Massachusetts), 
occupying the naked rock and the patches of mosses growing thereon. Its name is derived 
from the fact, that in flying, its abdomen appears like a drop of blood suspended to its 
tail. : 


APPENDIX TO CICINDELA. 


CicinDELA cAMPEsTRIs ( Linn.). ( Plate xvii, fig. 6.) 


Above dull green, sometimes richly resplendent with coppery and golden reflections. 
Elytra very finely shagreened, green, with from three to six pale spots on each, dis- 
posed one externally on the shoulder, three on the outer edge of the elytra, one on the 
tip and one in the disk. Beneath green, with rich coppery red hues ; legs bright copper 
glossed with green, especially on the tarsi; labrum whitish. 

Sreruens, p. 11, illustrations, ete. 
This is a common European species, introduced here for the purpose of comparison with 
ours. 


Carabide. 


TueE insects embraced in this natural family, or group, possess several characters in com- 
mon, by which they are distinguished from the cicindelide, and from those which are to 
follow. The distinguishing characters, as given by systematic writers, are as follows : 


‘ Anterior tibi without emargination on the inner side. Head narrower than the thorax : 
‘eyes rather prominent ; palpi with the terminal joints often compressed, large, and 
‘ somewhat triangular in shape ; mandibles simple, moderately long and rather thick.’ 


This family is divided by Westwoop into five sub-families, each embracing several allied 
genera. With the intention of giving these sub-families a natural arrangement, Westwoop 
places first upon the list the Brachinides, which stand near the head of the GropErHaga ; 
and ends with the Bembidiides, the sub-aquatics, or the sub-family which links the Gxro- 
DEPHAGA With the HyproprepHaea. The order, then,.in which the several sub-families stand 
to each other, is as follows : 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 39 


1, Antertor tibia notched on the inside. 
1. Bracninipes : Bombardiers. Elytra truncated behind. Tarsi of the males seldom dilated at 
the base. 
2. Scaritipes : Burrowers. Elytra rounded at the extremity. Abdomen pedunculated. 
3. Harvauives : Blackclocks. Elytra rounded behind. Abdomen sessile. 


11. Anterdor tihia without a notch near the tip. 


4, Carasipes : Dischargers. 

5. Bemsipupes : Subaquatics. This sub-family is distinguished from the four preceding by its 
palpi being terminated by a minute conical joint, while the same organ in the former is 
terminated by a joint equally large with the.others. 


The habits of these sub-families differ from each other in many respects. The most 
important fact, however, which should be stated respecting the numerous species belonging 
to this family, is that they are friendly to the farmer. Many of them live upon refuse mat- 
ter : some devour those insects that -are injurious to the farmer : hence they should not 
be destroyed ; and not only so, but it seems even possible to employ some species of them 
for the very purpose of extirpating injurious insects. To exhibit the mode in which this 
may be accomplished, I copy the following communication from Prof. Hatpeman, which 
he had translated from the fifth volume of the Revue Zoologique. The facts and remarks 
are quite important, and should be generally known, and therefore no apology is required 
for introducing them in this ‘place. 

«« There is,” says M. Boisciraup, “a numerous family, composed of carnivorous species, 
most of them robust and very voracious, which may be multiplied with impunity, and 
without fear, in our gardens. They do not, indeed, feed upon plants, which they are called 
to protect : on the contrary, they and their larve make great havoc of the herbivorous 
insects, and at the same time of the limaces and helices,” or land-snails, with and without 
shells ; which, in Europe, are destructive to vegetation, but cannot be considered in the 
light of noxious animals in America. Nevertheless we are occasionally put in possession of 
the means to destroy them, taken from English horticultural works ; just as we are told 
how to protect ourselves from insects which are not found upon our side of the Atlantic. 
This is principally owing to the fact that the same vulgar name is applied to distinct objects 
in Europe and America. 

‘The insects alluded to are the carabide. “ Well, who would believe it,” continues the 
author, “ the greater part of the cultivators crush these powerful auxiliaries with a kind 
of avidity; whilst the butterfly, which is to give birth to numerous caterpillars, which 
afterwards devour their plants, is the object of their admiration, and frequently even of 
their protection. A multitude of noxious insects, after having for several years committed 
ravages upon our property, disappeared suddenly, without our being made acquainted with 


40 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the cause. In looking more closely into these matters, one might be assured, that in most 
cases, an enemy of the insect which has disappeared, has produced the happy result. I can 
furnish some proofs in support of this opinion. 

‘“ The thick foliage of'a fine avenue of poplars was all at once attacked by an immense 
quantity of the caterpillars of Bombyx dispar. I thought of giving them the Calosoma 
sycophanta for company ; as, like them, it passes its life upon the trees, feeding upon the 
caterpillars which it meets, and even deposits its eggs in their nest, that its voracious 
progeny may procure nourishment more easily and in greater abundance. Well! this insect 
multiplied itself with a rapidity truly astonishing ; and the caterpillars disappeared, with- 
out those who were witnesses to the destruction having the least idea of the causes which 
produced it.” The author then gives it as his opinion that the neighborhood of the city of 
Toulouse is so little ravaged by the Melolontha vulgaris, which is so destructive in other 
parts of France, because the Carabus auratus is very common in the fields, meadows and 
gardens. It is known, he remarks, that the Carabus auratus seizes and devours the Melo- 
lontha previous to the deposition of its eggs ; and that it is more fond of these, than of any 
part of the insect. 

¢“< One would be much deceived,” he continues, “in believing that it is always easy to 
make an advantageous use of this means of destruction, a profound study of the manners of 
insects being often indispensable to arrive at the end proposed.” Here is an example : “The 
most robust of our carabi, the Procrustes coriaceus (Linneus), had served me admirably in 
the centre of France to destroy the little insects which attack the plants in gardens : here 
(in the south) this insect does not destroy the same species; and although very common, it 
is unknown, or hardly every met with. The reason is, that in the centre, the west, and 
probably the north of France, this procrustes is diurnal, requiring only cool and shady 
places : with us (in the south, under a warmer climate) it is, on the contrary, essentially 
noeturnal, and therefore destroys only such insects as are, like itself, nocturnal, or which 
remain within its reach during the obscurity of night.” 

‘“Jn transporting into my garden twenty of the Carabus auratus, ¥ had thought to 
destroy the collections of Forficula (no destructive species found in America) which had 
chosen it for the theatre of their ravages.” To his great astonishment, the carabi, which 
will actually destroy the forficula, were either found starved to death, or left the place; 
and the latter continued their devastations! The reason given is, that the forficule are 
essentially nocturnal, and, during the day, keep themselves hidden in crevices into which 
the carabi cannot follow them : these latter, too, are only active during the middle of the 
day, and in the heat of the sun. But the resources of our persevering entomologist were 
not yet exhausted; his next expedient being to introduce a smaller carnivorous insect 
common in France, the Stuphylinus olens, which, he remarks, “filled all the necessary 
conditions for the destruction of the /orficule.” 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 41 


‘« You see, then, gentlemen,” says M. Boiserravup, in conclusion, “ that it is indispen- 
sable to study the manners and habits of destructive insects, that their instinct and address 
may be successfully employed for the destruction of the species able to do us injury. Then 
in place of barbarously crushing the useful species which have the misfortune to be not 
always ornamented with the rich colors of the butterfly or the buprestis, we will endeavor 
to protect them and propagate their race. We will find auxiliaries in them the more 
valuable, as they increase with our adversaries, and as they alone are able to’ rival the 
cunning of these ingenious enemies.” ’ ‘ 


Brachinides, 


Tue sub-family Bracuinipes may be known by the shortness of the wing-covers, which 
are not sufficiently prolonged to cover the extremity of the abdomen. In addition to this 
character, the head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The labium is often oval 
or square, and is occasionally furnished with two small lateral linear lobes. The penulti- 
mate joint of the tarsi is bilobed in many of the small species : the anterior tarsi of the 
males are, very rarely, dilated at the base. Some species are destitute of wings ( West- 
Woop). 

The most curious fact connected with the natural history of this sub-family is the 
means by which they defend themselves against the attack of an enemy. When pursued, 
they suddenly discharge from behind a highly volatile and elastic fluid, possessing con- 
siderable pungency : this sudden discharge, which is accompanied with an explosion, 
both irritates and confuses the pursuer, so that the intended victim has opportunity to 
escape. From this singular mode of defence, these insects have received the name of 
bombardiers. The fluid discharged is caustic, and stains the skin yellowish brown. They 
live under stones, logs or boards in fields. Several individuals are often found in the 
spring together, as if their habits were of a social nature. 


Genus BRACHINUS ( WeEseEr). 


‘ Body oval, convex; thorax narrow ; labrum transverse ; tarsi simple ; palpi filiform ; 
‘ claws simple.’ Wrestwoop. 


Bracuinus PERPLEXuS ( Dj.). ( Plate xvii, fig. 7.) 
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra bluish black, faintly grooved. 


Bracuinus cepuaortes (Dj.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 4.) 
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra blue-green, or with a reflexion 
of green ; the metallic hues stronger than in the perplexus : body also proportionally 
shorter, and more obtuse behind. Length about three-tenths of an inch. 
[ Acricutturat Report — Vot. v.] 6 


42 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


BRaAcCHINUS CONFORMIS. ( Plate xviii, fig. 5.) 
Head, thorax and legs brick-red. Elytra blue lustrous, or semi-metallic. Abdomen dark 
brown. Length one-fourth of an inch. | 


BRACHINUS FUMANS. (Plate xviii, fig. 6.) 

Head, thorax, under and anterior part of the abdomen, and legs brick-red. Elytra pur- 

plish. Sides of the abdomen brown. Length about half an inch. 
Found under stones, rails, etc. in June, July and August. Not uncommon in New- 

England and New-York. 


Genus CIMINDIS (Larremzez). Tarus (Clairville). 


‘Body depressed ; thorax cordate truncate; claws denticulated; tarsi simple; labial 
‘ palpi of the males with the basal joint securiform’ (Wrstwoop). 


CIMINDIS PILOSUS. ( Plate xviii, fig. 13.) 
Insect dark brown, pilose ; legs light brown. Head and thorax about two-thirds the length 
of the abdomen, which is rounded, and nearly covered by the elytra. 


Genus GALERITA (Faz.). Potysticuus (Bar.). 


‘Body depressed ; head triangular; thorax subcordate; palpi long; tarsi simple; men- 
‘ tum tooth triangular’ (WxEstwoop). 


GALERITA AMERICANA (L.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 12.) 
Head elongate, small and black or brownish black; thorax and legs bright red. Elytra 


blue-black, submetallic with cupreous reflexions. Length from six- to seven-tenths 
. of an inch. 


Genus LEBIA (Larr.). 


‘ Body depressed, broad ; thorax transverse, lobed behind ; penultimate joints of the tarsi 
‘ bilobed’? (Westwoop). 


LEBIA ATRIVENTRIs (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 2.) 
Head, thorax and legs brick-red ; elytra and abdomen glossy black. The lower and an- 
terior part of the abdomen is of the same color as the thorax, and the upper surface 

of the tarsi is black. Length one-fourth of an inch. 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 438 


LEBIA SMARAGDULA (D)j.). (Plate xviii, fig. 3.) 

Head, thorax and elytra brilliant metallic blue-green ; lower side glossy black. Length? 
@ 

Leia vrripis (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 


Brilliant green above, glossy black below ; legs black. Length from three- to four-tenths 
of an inch. 
L, smaragdula and viridis scarcely differ either in color or size. 


Scaritides. 


Tue most remarkable peculiarity in this sub-family is the wide space between the thorax 
and abdomen, by which the latter appears pedunculated : the posterior angles of the 
former are also so rounded, that its form is lunate. The antenne are short, moniliform, 
and the first joint is the longest; the head is large; the tibie of the anterior legs are 
broad and dentated, having the appearance of being palmated. The mandibles are large 
and powerful, and armed with broad teeth ; labrum short, entire or dentate, sometimes 
trilobate ; mentum tridentate, with the middle tooth strong ; labial palpi two- and four- 
jointed. 

The searitides are carnivorous, and in this respect bear a close resemblance to the allied 
subfamilies : some living in the ground, upon other insects or their larve ; and some 
frequenting the seacoast, burrowing in the sand, and living upon the dead carcases of 
shrimps. In this State, they burrow in the ground, or live under stones. A large species 
is found in decaying logs in North-Carolina, some ten or fifteen being frequently found 
together in one situation. 


Genus SCARITES (Fas.). Trnesrio (Linn.). 


‘Oblong, subdepressed ; antenne elbowed ; mandibles with strong teeth internally ; 
‘ external maxillary palpi and terminal joint of the labia nearly cylindric ; mentum 
‘trilobate. Antenne with the basal joint subconic; thorax broad, lunate; body 
‘depressed ; anterior tibiee strongly palmated, the rest simple’ (Strruerns). 


ScARITES SUBTERRANEUS (Fab.). (Plate xviii, fig. 14.) 

Color black ; thorax marked with a fine central line. Thorax and head equal the abdomen 
in length, the latter supported on a short peduncle. Length eight-tenths of an inch. 

The insect, in consequence of its pedunculated abdomen, appears as if bisected. It is a 
nocturnal feeder, and is found quite abundantly in Central New-York. Its singular form 
renders it easy to be distinguished. 


s 


44 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus CLIVINA (Latr.). 


‘Labrum quadrate, transverse ; mandibles short, denticulated from the base to the apex ; 
‘ terminal joint of the labial palpi nearly cylindric ; basal joint of the antenne stout, 
‘the second long; body elongated, subdepressed ; thorax quadrate ; anterior tibie 
‘palmated externally and at the tip’ (STEpHEns). 


CLIVINA LINEOLATA (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 11.) 
Color light glossy brown ; thorax rounded behind and narrowed before, marked by three 
distinct lines ; elytra marked by distinctly punctate lines, of which there are about 
five to each elytrum. Length two- to three-tenths of a line. 
Found under stones. 


Genus DYSCHIRIUS ( Panzer). 


Body elongated, subcylindrie at the tip; thorax globular or globose; tibie rarely pal- 
mated. 


Dyscurrivs GLoBuLosus (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 15.) 
Insect brown, glossy ; thorax globose, smooth ; elytra punctated. Length scarcely two- 
tenths of a line. 


‘Harpalides. 


Tue elytra of this sub-family cover the abdomen; the extremity is rounded : they are 
also sessile, and not pedunculated. The anterior tibiee are deeply notched near their tips, 
and, in the males, the basal joints are dilated. The mentum is emarginate, though it is 
occasionally entire : the centre of the emargination has generally a spine. The antenne 
are filiform ; labrum quadrate, rarely bilobate, but sometimes emarginate in front; man- 
dibles generally with one or more denticulations ; mentum deeply emarginate anteriorly, 
the emargination simple or sometimes toothed ; body elongate. 

These insects are not so voracious as those of the sueceeding family, the Carapipgs. 
The predominant colors are black, while a few of them are adorned with brilliant metal- 
lic hues. Some are apterous, and run remarkably well. The larva, like the perfect insect, 
lives beneath stones, and feeds upon other insects or their larve. They are cylindric and 
elongate, but slightly flattened or depressed ; and they have twelve rings, which are more 
or less scaly : the last ring is armed with two small processes. 

The sub-family contains many genera, which, though related to each other, are not 
readily separable into groups. Srepnens divides them into three groups, viz : 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 46 


A. Mertum emarginate, and without a tooth. 
B. Mentum emarginate : emargination furnished with a bifid tooth. 
C. Mentum emarginate, and furnished with a simple tooth. 


Genus AGONUM. Carasus ( Lin.). 


‘ Anterior tarsi with elongated joints ; mentum tooth simple ; thorax rounded’ ( Wesr- 
woop). 


AGONUM OCTOPUNCTATUM. ( Plate xviii, fig. 8.) 

Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, and traversed through the middle by a 

bronze belt ; greenish bronze below. Elytra marked with four punctures each towards 
their inner margins. 


AGONUM CUPRIPENNE. ( Plate xviii, fig. 9.) 


Body and thorax brilliant green; elytra brilliant bronze or green, as the light favors the 
reflexions. Elytra faintly lined, and punctured upon the marginal line. 


: _Genus HARPALUS (Larr.). 

‘ Palpi, external maxillary and labial with the terminal joint fusiform and truncate, and 
‘ of equal length with the preceding, which is clavate ; labrum subquadrate, slightly 
‘emarginate; mandibles short; mentum deeply notched, with an obtuse simple 
‘ lobe in the centre; antennze with two basal joints, naked ; thorax transverse, sub- 
‘ quadrate. Anterior and intermediate tarsi of the males with three dilated joints’ 
(STEPHENs). 


Harpatus pLeuriticus (Raf.). ( Plate xix, fig. 16.) 
Chestnut- brown; sides, both of the elytra and thorax, nearly straight, obtuse behind. 
Length half an inch. The thorax is smooth, and without punctures upon the angles, 

and the male is darker than the female. 


HARPALUS BICOLOR. ( Plate xix, fig. 15.) 
Color dark chestnut-brown. Sides rather curved, and posterior angles of the abdomen and 
elytra rounded. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
The thorax is marked by a central line, which extends to the posterior margin : pos- 
teriorly it is indented by two impressions, and sculptured like the faunus. 


HarpaLus Fraunvs (Say). ( Plate xix, fig. 14.) 
Color reddish brown, nearly uniform. The thorax is longer than in the plewriticus, and 


46 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


“ 


the bases of the elytra touch the sternum. The head is smaller than in the preceding 
species. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
The head is without punctures, except on the posterior and lateral angles, and the 
thoracic line does not extend to either margin. Color beneath of a light fawn. 


HaARpALUS ERRATICUS. ( Plate xix, fig. 13.) 
Color light brown or rufous, narrow, elongate ; thorax wider in front than posteriorly ; 
elytra slightly truncate, exposing the point of the abdomen. Length six-tenths of 
an inch. 
The male is furnished with strong mandibles, and, in both sexes, the brown elytra are 
darker than the glossy head and thorax. 


Genus PANGUS (Zeieu.). Hanrparus (Stephens). 


‘ Palpi with the terminal joint subcylindric : thorax narrowed behind ; angles rounded ; 
‘antenne rather short’ (Westwoop). 


PANGUS CALIGINOSUS. ( Plate x, fig. 7.) 
Color black and rather dull, rather glossy beneath : the thorax has a broad_ transverse 
elevation. Elytra marked by about eight impunctate lines; outer border obscurely 
punctate : legs furnished with rows of reddish spines and cilia. Length eight-tenths 
of an inch. 

Pangus caliginosus is found sometimes upon the seedbearing tops of tall grass; but it 
is not apparent whether the vegetable, or an insect inhabitant, was the object of pursuit. 
This insect is about an inch long, robust, broad, of a black color, with a large head and 

quadrate prothorax which is wider than long ; the elytra with eight impressed strie. 


Genus AMARA (By.). 


‘Oblong oval, broad, subdepressed ; head ovate; thorax as broad as the elytra; wings 
‘two; mentum-tooth bifid ; last joint of the palpi ovate ; labrum quadrate, slightly 
‘ emarginate ; mandibles short, denticulated at base ; elytra somewhat emarginate at 
‘ the tip. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated joints’ (Strpuens). 


AMARA IMPUNCTICOLLIs (Say). ( Plate xix, fig. 11.) 
Color black with a strong purplish hue, or a cupreous lustre nearly uniform in tint. Length 
about four-tenths of an inch. 
The genus Amara is said to have been observed in Europe eating the seeds of immature 
grain; but the damage that insects of carnivorous families are likely to do, are trifling in 
comparison to the benefits they confer. 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 47 


Genus AGONODERUS (Dsz.). 


Head subquadrate ; thorax subquadrate, slightly narrowed behind, elongate : the thorax 
equals in width the base of the elytra. 


AGONODERUS PALLIPES. (Plate xix, fig. 5.) 
Head black or very dark brown; thorax, elytra and legs brown : middle of the thorax 
darker. Inner margins of the elytra darker than the outer and posterior margins. 


Genus ANISODACTYLUS (Ds.). Harpatus (Steph?). 


‘First tarsal joint of the male small, the fourth largest ; mentum-tooth obsolete ; thorax 
‘ subquadrate or trapezoid’? (Wrstwoop). 


ANISODACTYLUS AGRICOLLIS. ( Plate xix, fig. 9.) 
Color dark brown or black ; thorax about as wide as the base of the elytra ; sides slightly 
eurved. Length five-tenths of an inch. 


ANISODACTYLUS RUSTICUS. (Plate xix, fig. 10.) 
Color brown; the thorax rather wider than the base of the elytra. Length nearly half 
an inch. 


ANISODACTYLUS BALTIMORIUS. 
Head and thorax dark brown; elytra, legs and antenne much lighter, or light chestnut- 
color. Length rather less than half an inch. 


Genus CHLCENIUS (Bon.). Carasus (Lin.). 


‘Palpi with the last joint ovate truncate; mentum-tooth bifid : thorax, in the centre, 
‘ truncate subcordate, broadest behind or subquadrate’ ( Westwoop). 


CHLENIUS EMARGINATUS. ( Plate xx, fig. 6.) 

Head black, with green submetallic hues ; thorax bronze, submetallic ; elytra blue-black, 

brilliant : beneath black, punctate, sculptured, but confined mostly to the thorax and 

anterior of the abdomen; thorax and head above finely punctate; legs, palpi and 
feelers light reddish brown. Length half an inch. 


48 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CHLENIUS NEMORALIS. . ( Plate xx, fig. 5.) 
Head and thorax metallic green; elytra blue-black, rather brilliant ; legs, palpi and an- 
tenne brown. Length half an inch. 
This species is rather broader than the foregoing. 


CHLENIUS SERICEUS. (Plate xx, fig. 7.) 
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, glossy black below, punctate; legs, palpi 
and antenne brown. Length from six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 


CHLENIUS TOMENTOSUS. (Plate xx, fig. 2.) 

Head black, dark bronze, punctate ; elytra dark, bronzed and faint greenish hue, tomen- 
tose. 

CHLENIUS LITHOPHILUS. ( Plate xx, fig. 8.) 


Head, thorax and elytra green, brilliant black beneath ; legs, palpi and antenne brown. 
Length four-tenths of an inch. 


Genus TRECHUS (Cratrv.). 


Mentum transverse, tridentate anteriorly ; central tooth shortest; head ovate; thorax 
cordate truncate ; angles mostly rounded. 


TRECHUS CINCTUS. (Plate xix, fig. 8.) 
Small, shining brown; head darker; elytra rather lighter on the outer than the inner 
margin. Length two-tenths of an inch. 


TRECHUS CONJUNCTUS. ( Plate xix, fig. '7.) 
Small, shining brown ; head black or dark brown. Length rather more than two-tenths 
of an inch. 


Genus CALATHUS (Bon). Canrasus (Lin.). 


Tarsal claws toothed ; palpi simple and rather long ; labial nearly filiform, the terminal 
joint truncate ; labrum transverse, a little emarginate ; mandibles denticulated at the 
base ; mentum with a bifid tooth in the centre of the notch ; elytra elliptic; thorax 
subquadrate or trapeziform ; head angular. 


CALATHUS GREGARIUS. ( Plate xviii, fig. 16.) 
Form ovate; antenne long filiform : head, thorax and elytra of a glessy brown color ; 
margin lighter; legs brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch. 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 49 


Genus ANCHOMENUS (Bon.). Carasus (Fab.). 


‘Mentum-tooth entire ; thorax cordate, posterior angles acute ; elytra oblong, subconvex ; 
‘ head as broad as the thorax ; third joint of the antenne twice as long as the second. 
‘ Elytra rather sinuate at the apex. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated 
‘joints’ (West. & Srepu.* ). 


ANCHOMENUS EXTENSICOLLIs (Steph.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 10.) | 


Head and thorax green, submetallic; elytra purplish bronze, submetallic; legs light 
brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch. 


Diceius pitatTatus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 13.) 


Insect large ; thorax nearly as wide as the abdomen. Head black, smooth ; thorax purple, 
indented before and behind. Elytra purple, strongly marked by eight plain lines : 
one begins in the acute upper and outer angle, running rather obliquely, and joins the 
fifth from the inner margin, the two enclosing one line : outer line next the margin 
depressed, and imperfectly punctured. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 


Dicaius ELoneatus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 9.) 

Insect narrowed ; margin of the thorax and elytra nearly upon the same line, black ; head 
and thorax smooth, Elytra marked with plain lines : line commencing at the outer 
and anterior angle, rather oblique, and becoming more so at the posterior extremity, 
where it coalesces with the other lines, and all together terminate in the posterior and 


inner angle ; the dotted line of the margin obsolete. Length about seven-tenths of 
an inch. 


SPHARODFRUS STENOsTOMUS (Dj.). ( Plate xxi, fig. 10.) 

Insect dilated behind; narrowed before; head smooth, shining black ; thorax smooth, 

brilliant steel-blue, punctured behind. Elytra dark purplish upon their disks, bordered 

by rich steel-blue, punctured and lined; lines interrupted posteriorly. Glossy black 
and punctured laterally beneath. Length from five- to six-tenths of an inch. 


* Mr. Sreruens remarks that the ANcuomunus may be distinguished from Caxuisrus by the elongate form of the 
thorax, and its not being punctate throughout; and from Pratinus, by its acute simple notch iu the centre of the 
mentum. 


[ AcricutruraL Report — Vor. v.] i 


50 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Carabides 


Constiture the fourth sub-family of the Carazipm. They are distinguished from the other 


subfamilies by the absence of the notch, which, in the allied species, is situated near the 
extremity of the anterior tibia : the only approach made to it, is by the presenee of a 
slight groove in the place of the notch at the extremity of the tibia. The elytra are entire, 
and cover the extremity of the abdomen : antenne setaceous; labrum may be simple, 
bilobate or trilobate; mandibles simple or merely one-toothed, rarely tridentate ; maxille 
ciliated internally, and furnished with a claw at the tip ; labial palpi four-jointed; men- 
tum large, broad, and generally produced in the centre ; anterior tarsi greatly dilated in 
the males. 

This subfamily contains many large showy insects : they are mostly apterous, and their 
elytra are often elegantly marked with metallic spots, or set off with splendid metallic 
hues. . 

The carabides run fast, and are very carnivorous in their habits : hence they should be 
preserved, as they are friendly to the farmer. Some of them discharge a powerful odor 
when taken, which is exhaled from a fluid ejected from the abdomen, and remains a long 
time. 

The Genus Carazvs, the typical one of the family, contains, according to Mr. Wrst- 


woop, notwithstanding the restrictions to which it has been subjected, nearly 200 species.: 


By far the greater number of these species are confined to northern climes. 


Genus CYCHRUS (Fas.). Trnesrio (Lin.). 


Head long and narrow ; palpi with the last joint large and spoonshaped ; labrum strongly 
bilobate ; mandibles bidentate at the tip; antenne setaceous; mentum quadrate, 
toothless ; thorax truncate ; wings none. 


~ 


Cycurus vipuus (Dj.). ( Plate xxi, fig. 14.) 


Insect large, dilated behind and narrowed before : head and thorax bluish purple, sculp- 
tured on the borders. Elytra purple, marked by about fifteen strong dotted lines each, 
which are somewhat interrupted behind and partially broken, giving them an ap- 
proach to a zigzag form ; beneath, purplish, inclining to brown or cupreous. Length 
from one to one and a quarter inches. 

This insect may be known by its remarkable elongation of the head and thorax, and its 
dilated elytra and abdomen, the former of which are reflected over the latter. 


FAMILY CARABID. 51 


Genus CARABUS. 


Labrum bilobate ; mandibles furnished with a tooth in the middle ; mentum-tooth entire ; 
thorax subcordate, emarginate behind ; palpi with the last joint securiform ; antenne 
linear, second joint shortest, third cylindric ; wings rudimentary or none. Anterior 
tarsi of males dilated. 


Carasus vinctus ( Weber); C. interruptus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 11.) 

Head and thorax smooth, blue-black. Elytra black, faintly bronzed, and marked. with 
; punctured lines : the three interrupted lines are sharply elevated, and the metallic 
points are reflected from these interruptions. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. 


Carasus sERRATUS (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 12.) 

Color black, with blue and purplish hnes which are reflected from the margins of the 

elytra and thorax : head and thorax plain and glossy black; margins of the thorax 

elevated and punctured. Elytra thickly punctured in about twelve rows : if taken in 

threes, there are three rows of ovoidal parallel impressions without punctures. Length 
seven- to eight-tenths of an inch. 


Carazbus LimBAtus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 16.) 
Color black : head and thorax smooth and glossy black. Elytra purplish black, bordered 
with blue and purplish hues, and marked by seventeen or eighteen punctured lines : 
three of these lines are broken by stellate or cruciform markings. Length nine-tenths 

of an inch. 


Genus CALOSOMA (Wes.). Carasus (Lin.). 


Labrum bilobed ; thorax transverse, shorter than wide; abdomen subquadrate, wider 
behind than before ; wings large; palpi with the last joint ovate, truncate; labium 
short broad, the upper margin setose acuminated ; mentum sublinear, rounded late- 
rally, unidentate in the middle. Antenne, second joint shortest ; third longest, com- 
pressed. 


CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR. ( Plate x, fig. 8.) 
Head blue-black : thorax blue-black, surrounded with golden green. Elytra green with 
purplish refiexion and bordered with cupreous, marked with punctured lines : the 
ridges between are transversely marked with numerous lines ; each elytrum is also 
ornamented with three rows of distant green dots, which are not very conspicuous. 
The whole-body beneath is green, with steel-blue reflections : legs steel-blue, and the 
thighs are punctured with four or five rows of dots; tarsi and tibie dusky. Length 
exceeds an inch : about 1} inches. 


62 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CALOSOMA CALIDUM. -( Plate xxi, fig. 15.) 
Head and thorax black, finely punctured. Elytra ornamented by three rows of metallic 
spots placed upon thick lines, crossed by obseure punctures. Length nine-tenths of 

an inch. 

Both species of Catosoma are abundant in the United States; both feed upon other in- 
sects, and are useful by diminishing the number of insects injurious to the farmer. They 
are furnished with wings, are found upon trees, and feed upon the larve of lepidopterous 
insects : their larve also have the habits of the perfect insect. 


Genus NOTIOPHILUS (Dun.). Exarnrus ( Fabr.). 


Head as broad as the thorax; eyes large; thorax quadrate, flattened ; labrum large, 
rounded ; palpi robust. 


NorioPHILUS PORRECTUs. ( Plate xx, fig. 13.) 
{nsect brown, with a uniform bronze hue. Length from two to three lines. 
This inseet is wider in front than posteriorly : the great size of the eyes makes the head 
as prominent as the thorax. . 


Genus ELAPHRUS (Fasr.). Crcinpea ( Lin.). 


‘ Antenne short; eyes very prominent; thorax convex ; labrum slightly trilobed ; palpi 
‘ slender’ ( Wrestwoop). 


ELapurus Ruscartus (Lin.). (Plate xx, fig. 1.) 
Head, thorax and elytra bronze tinted with green, and singularly marked by dark round 
spots encircled with green, which give the insect a tuberculate appearance ; beneath 
green and metallic. 
The insect’s body is short, but it has the general appearance of a CicinDELA. 


OmopHron LABIATUM ( Fab.). ( Plate xx, figs. 11, 12.) 

Head with a deeply notched patch of green at the base, and partially surrounding the 

~ eyes : thorax black, with green metallic hues bordered with light brown. Elytra 

variegated with black-green metallic hues, and bordered with light brown, traversed 
with many punctate lines; beneath brown. 


Var. tessellatus, Say (fig 12). Obseurely banded; the elytra traversed on their inner 
margins with black : the brown is more conspicuous, and oecupies a larger portion 
of the elytra. ; 

Length about one-fourth of an inch. 


y @ 


‘ 


FAMILY CARABID.E. Fa | 


Bem bidiides. 


Tur maxillary and labial palpi in this subfamily are terminated by a very minute joint. 
The anterior tibie are always notched on their insides, near their tips. The insects are 
small, and run with considerable speed ; they are adorned with metallic colors. They 
live under stones in damp places, or in crevices in the ground ; and they are carnivorous, 
feeding upon the larve of other insects, and also upon dead animal matter. 


Genus BEMBIDIUM (Iuiicer). Crcrnpexa ( Lin.). 


Thorax truncate cordate; elytra tubercled ; eyes very prominent. 


BeMBIDIUM SIGILLARE. ( Plate xx, fig. 3.) 


Head, eyes, thorax and elytra above metallic gray, bronzed with a faint purplish in some 
lights ; beneath, brilliant green : legs darker above. Length rather more than one- 
fourth of an inch. ; 

Sometimes very abundant on the-leaves of water plants. 


BEMBIDIUM HONESTUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 


Head and elytra gray bronze, duller than the preceding ; thorax blue-black ; beneath, 
black with a greenish hue. Length about a quarter of an inch. 


BEMBIDIUM INEQUALE (Say). 


Byes very large; head, thorax and abdomen gray, metallic and bronze, uniform. 


BeMBIDIUM INORNATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 9.) 


Head, thorax and elytra brown. Length about one-tenth of an inch. 


BeMBIDIUM TRIPUNCTATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 10.) 


Head, thorax and elytra brown; metallic hues absent. Length one-tenth of an inch. 


BEMBIDIUM VARIEGATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 14.) 


Head, thorax and elytra metallic green above, when seen in some directions ; below, 
black and brownish : legs brown. The elytra are variegated with paler patches of 
brown, and they appear of e glossy brown when seen by direct light. Length two- 
tenths of an inch. é 


o4 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


HY DRADEPHAGA. 


Tue insects included: in this section reside in water, and hence their legs are transformed 
into organs suitable for moving in this element. In addition to the transformation of the 
legs into swimming organs, the body undergoes a change of form, becoming oval or boat- 
shaped : in fine they are thoroughly fitted for the element in which they are to move, 
being endowed with the means of pursuing their prey, and. furnished with all the con- 
veniences which their congeners upon the land possess. Although they subsist in water, 
yet they are not provided in their perfect state for obtaining a supply of air from the 
element in which they move : they are air-consumers, and are obliged to rise occasionally 
to the surface to obtain a supply of air for respiration.. 

The Hyprapepuaca are predacious beetles; and although it is not important to the 
farmer to know them in an economical point of view, still some of the larger kinds prey 
upon the ova of fish, and even upon their young; and in this respect, they are not entirely 
destitute of interest to the owners of fish-ponds. Regarded as animals which live by the 
chase, they are truly more greedy and gluttonous than the predacious land beetles : they 
are pre-eminently voracious and destructive. Their larve, of course, are aquatic ; and 
they too feed voraciously upon other aquatic insects. The perfect animal, though fitted for 
the water, is not confined to it : it may take wing at evening, and enter dwellings, like 
moths, being allured by the dazzling light of lamps near a window. They obtain air by 
resting upon the surface, and raising their elytra : this brings the air more immediately 
into contact with the spiracles of the insect. 

Sreruens divides the HyprapepHaca into two families, viz : 


long, setaceous : embracing the Dyticipz ; 


ANTENN ; 
short, clavate : embracing the GyRinipz. 


1. The Dyricipm are furnished with rather long setaceous antenne ; their bodies are 
oval, being rounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; their thorax is short and transverse, and 
their legs are formed for swimming : the posterior ones, however, are especially adapted 
to this end, by their great length, and by being furnished with two rows of dense cilia 
arranged along the edges, with the view of increasing the width of the oar; the tarsi are 
also flat in the males, and the anterior ones are more dilated than in the females. The 
mandibles of the larva are much bent, and are pierced for the purpose of extracting the 
juices from the animals upon which they subsist. Their respiratory organs are situated 
behind, and consist of two segments fringed with hairs and terminating in two conical 
appendages, between which are two cylindric perforated tubes : these communicate with 
the respiratory organs.. The larva, as well as the imago, is obliged to rise to the surface to 


obtain a supply of air. 


FAMILY DYTICID. 5d 


2. The Gyrinip are provided with short clavate antenne : body oval and convex, as 
in the Dyricipz, but more glossy. The legs are unequal in this family : the anterior ones 
are long, and the four posterior are short, compressed, and formed for swimming. The 
larve differ also from those of the Dyticinm, by having on each side of the fourth and 
. seven following segments a membranous conical appendage, which is flexible and bearded 
at the sides : these appendages are subordinate to the respiratory organs, with which they 
communicate by a small tube. 


Dyticide. 


Halipides. 


Antenne ten-jointed ; posterior coxe dilated into a large shield, covering the base of the 
legs. 


Genus HALIPLUS (Cuarrv.). Cyemiportus (TIll.). 


Maxillary palpi with the last joint very minute and subulate. 


Hauretus 12-puncratus. ( Plate xx, fig. 15.) 

Head, thorax and elytra buff-colored. Elytra with twelve black spots, some of which are 

confluent ; inner margin and anal extremely black; thorax with a lunate black or 
brown spot on its anterior margin ; eyes black. 


HALIPLUS ‘IMMACULATICOLLIS. (Plate xx, fig. 16.) 
Insect buff-color : elytra with ten black spots, the central comparatively large, and com- 
mon to both elytra; thorax brown, immaculate. 


Genus DYTICUS. Dvyriscus ( Linn.) 


“Anterior male tarsi patellated ; claws didactyle; maxillary palpi with the second and 
third joints equal’ (Westwoop). 


Dyrticus HARRISII. ( Plate v, fig. 10.) 
Color black softened into olive; front or forehead luteous ; lateral margins of the thorax 
luteous : upon the latter it diminishes posteriorly, and extends to the under side of 
the same ; beneath, the thorax and first pair of legs are luteous : posterior legs long, 

and furnished with two dense rows of brown cilia. Length one inch. 
This species is rather common in small ponds of water, where the bottom is clear and 
sandy : a locality where it may always be found, is at the head springs which supply the 

city of Albany with water. 


06 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Parnides. 


Tuts subfamily is composed of insects which frequent water : their tibize are unarmed 
and narrow, and their legs are formed for walking. They have an oval body, more or less 
convex, and the posterior part of the thorax is as wide as the abdomen or base of the elytra. 
The antenne are short ; mandibles robust and notched at the tip, with their inner surface 
ciliated. As they frequent the water, their entire surface, as in Parnus, is covered with 
cilia to retain air; or, as in Exits, in part ciliated, for the same object..This arrangement 
gives them oxygen when immersed in water. 

The two genera Parnus and Exmis are regarded as belonging to two subfamilies ; but 
being closely related, it is sufficient for our purpose to place them in juxtaposition. 


PARNUS FASTIGIATUS. (Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 
Body oval convex ; head retracted : color a drab brown; thorax and elytra covered with 
a coat of fine appressed hair; legs reddish on their outer sides. 


Eumis CRENATIS ? ( Plate xxiii, fig. 9.) 
Body convex, angulated, punctate, acute behind ; thorax and elytra marked with four 
black dots, and a faint reddish stripe upon each ; legs reddish. 


Silphides, 


Tue wide depressed or flat form of body is a reliable characteristic of a part of this group. 
They are always present in putrescent animal matter : wherever a carcase of an animal is 
decaying, or even a bone not perfectly bleached, there we find numbers of the silphides. 
The Necropuorvus, however, is much less depressed or flattened than the genus SitpHa, 
and seems at first sight to constitute a distinct group by itself. The latter are sometimes 
called sexton beetles, from their habit of burying all the small dead animals which they 
meet with. In this labor, they exhibit a great amount of industry and perseverance, as well! 
as a high grade of instinct in seemingly devising means to accomplish an end. 

The anatomical characters of these beetles, as given by Werstrwoop and others, are : 
Antenne thickened at the tips; palpi filiform and slender; labrum transverse and 
emarginate ; maxille bilobed, the inner armed with a hook ; mandibles strong and exsert, 
especially in Necrornorus ; thorax orbicular or semicircular, forming a kind of shield for 
the head ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourth nearly equalling the others. 


Genus NECROPHORUS (Fas., Leacn, Onty.). 
‘ Body oblong ; elytra truncate ; club of the antenne large, round, four-jointed, perfoliate ; 
‘maxille unarmed’ ( Westwoop). 


FAMILY DYTICID2. o7 


NeEcROPHORUS AMERICANUs (O1.). ( Plate xxii, fig. 8.) 

Head, thorax and elytra black, shining ; forehead marked with a cordate yellowish brown 

spot ; thorax brown, except a black dentate border : elytra marked with four ir- 

regular yellowish brown spots, the anterior prolonged upon the anterior margin ; 

margin grooved, and of the same color as the spots : club of the antenne yellowish 
brown, black beneath : anterior tarsi ciliate ; cilia yellowish brown. 

This large conspicuous beetle presents certain variations of color and marking, which 
indicate a difference either in sex or species. The yellowish brown spots described above 
are much darker in some individuals, while the forehead mark is rounded behind, square 
in front, and behind and between the eyes there is a rufous spot which does not exist in 
all. The thorax is curiously indented upon its border. Length 1} inch. 


NECROPHORUS TOMENTOsus ( Wb.). ( Plate x, fig. 2.) 
Black : elytra crossed by two rufous bands, black beneath ; thorax and sides pilose ; club 
of the antenne black. Length about three-fourths of an inch. 
This species is quite hairy, especially upon the thoracic plate : hairs greenish. 
Common in July in New-England and New-York. 


NEcRopHORUS PYGMEUS ( Rich. ). ( Plate xxii, fig. 5.) 
Black : elytra marked with four angular bright red spots. Length rather more than half 
an inch. 


The Necropuaca perform the part of scavengers in destroying and burying carrion. WV. 
tomentosus takes its trivial name from the yellow hair upon the prothorax. The family 
Dermistip# is also destructive to animal matter : they deposit their eggs in it; and when 
they are hatched, they feed upon it; but the dermestes attack and devour any animal 
food, whether in a state of decay or not. It is supposed that the perfect animal, however, 
prefers flowers to meat, though we always find it busy in the latter. 


Genus SILPHA ( Liny.). 


* Broadly oval, slightly convex; antenne gradually thickened, club four-jointed ; thorax 
‘ often truncate anteriorly’ ( WEstwoop). 


SirpHa caupara (Say). ( Plate xxii, figs. 3, 7 ) 

Black. Elytra subquadrate, papillated ; papille in about four rows, placed between sharp 

ridges ; inner and posterior angle slightly prolonged ; outer angle rounded : thorax 
tomentose. Length half an inch. 


SILPHA INEQUALIS. {Plate xxii, fig. 6.) 
Insect depressed, black : elytra finely punctured, and traversed by three or four sharp 
slightly raised ridges. Length half an inch. 
[ AcricutturaL Rerorr— Vot. v.] 8 


58 ORDER COLEOPTERA.. " 


SILPHA NOVEBORACENSIS. (Plate xxii, fig. 9.) 
Body depressed : elytra rufous; outer margin of the thorax light and rather bright red, 
black beneath. 


SILPHA AMERICANA, ( Plate xx, fig. 3.) 

Depressed, black : thorax yellow, with a subquadrangular black spot in the centre ; elytra 

knobby, black or brownish black tipped with yellowish ; outer angles truncate, or 

rounded from the middle, and slightly notched at their inner and posterior angles, 
forming a notch when at rest : they are marked by four rather irregular ridges. 


Genus NECRODES ( Wizxry). Sitpna ( Linn.). 


‘Body oblong; elytra truncate; club of the antenne gradually thickened; maxille 
‘ without a claw’ ( Westwoop). 


NECRODES SURINAMENSIS. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 
Depressed, black : thorax smooth and shining; elytra marked posteriorly with a short 
rufous band, and traversed by three strongly marked sharp ridges, black beneath. 


Nitidulidee. 


Tuts family has the habits in part of the silphide, as some of them are found in putrid 
animal matter, or feeding upon mushrooms ; others, however, frequent flowers. They are 
oval, broad, and much depressed ; and they have filiform antennz, terminating in a short 
club of two or three joints. The thorax is transverse and emarginate : in some, the elytra 
are short, leaving the abdomen exposed. They are small insects. 


e 


Genus NITIDULA. 


¢ Body oval, subdepressed ; thorax margined ; tibia compressed ; fourth tarsal joint bi- 
‘lobed ; third joint of antenna longer than the fourth’ (Werstwoop). 


NITIDULA BIPUSTULATA. ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 
©olor of the body and thorax dull brown : central part of the elytra marked by a patch 
of lighter: brown ; margin light brown. Length about two-tenths of an inch. - 


FAMILY ENGIDA, 59 


Engide. 
Tue insects of this family are allied to the Nariputipmand Drermestip2 : from the former, 
they differ by their elongate form and simple tarsi; and from the latter, by their highly 
polished bodies, and more developed form of their mandibles ( Wesrwoop). 

The Eneipm subsist upon wood in a state of decay, or upon fungi, in some species of 
which many individuals may be found. I procured a large number of individuals belonging 
to this family, in the gelatinous sap which was slowly oozing from a wound in the trunk 
of a yellow birch : they are also found under the bark of trees, and never feed upon living 
or dead animal matters. 

The anatomical characters, as given for the Enarpm™ proper, are : Antenne short, cla- 
vate, ten- or eleven-jointed ; maxillary palpi equalling the lobes of the maxille ; labium 
advanced in front of the mentum ; labrum transverse ; mandibles bifid at the tip ; tarsi 
in some four-jointed, in others five. 


Genus ENGIS ( Larr.). 


‘ Body long ovate, subconvex ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourth joint short ; maxille bilobed ; 
‘club of the antenne short, broad, flattened, three-jointed’’ ( Westwoop). 


ENGIS FASUIATA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 2.) 
Thorax black : elytra brick-red, traversed by a broad black belt; posterior extremity 
black ; inner angles of the elytra black, terminating in a partial crossbar. The pro- 
portion of black and red upon the.elytra is nearly equal. 
These insects inhabit fungi, or decaying wood under the bark of trees : they are not, 
however, specially injurious to trees. 


Genus IPS ( Hersst). 


The body is oblong and subdepressed ; tibia broad and serrated ; tarsi five-jointed ; lobe 
of the maxilla broad. 


Ips FASCIATUS. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 4.) 

Body oblong, subdepressed ; thorax and head black ; elytra black, with two yellow an- 

cular spots upon each ; legs short; tibia broad, subserrated ; tarsi pilose. Length 
two-tenths of an inch. 


Ips SANGUINOLENTA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 3.) 


Head and thorax black : elytra yellow, with a single round black spot near the middle ; 
terminal extremity black ; outer and anterior angles black. Insect shining. 


60 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Ips QUADRISIGNATA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 6.) 
Head and thorax black : elytra black, with two yellow spots on each elytrum, shining ; 
the posterior spot is somewhat oval ; upper and outer angles black. 


Ips BIPUSTULATUS. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 8.) 
Color brown, dull : elytra marked with two large yellow dots. Length about two and a 
half lines. 


Cucujides. 


Genus CUCUJUS. Coxryprum ( Herbst). 


Antenne short, moniliform or clavate ; basal joint short. 


Cucusus CLAVIPES. ( Plate xxii, fig. 2.} 
Depressed, flat or compressed : color uniform, inclining to brick-red ; abdomen below 
dark, and nearly black upen the margins. Length about half an inch. 


DeRMESTES LARDARIUS. ( Plate xxii, fig. 5.)- 
Body oval, subconvex, black, with a gray bar passing across the anterior part of the elytra, 
in which are three dots on each elytrum. , 


The genus Dermestes is named from derma, a skin, with which the larve make great 
ravages, eating the surface so as to cause the hair to fall off. The Dermestes lardarius com- 
mits its depredations in houses, usually in furs, meat, pork, bacon (whence it is sometimes 
called bacon bug), collections of insects, etc. when stored away without protection. It is 
about one-fourth of an inch long, nearly black; the base of the elytra ash-color, with 
three small black spots. 

This species is active in attacking all animal collections of natural history : from this 
depredator, they are best protected by arsenic. Articles of domestic consumption should 
be preserved by preventative measures, such as enclosing hams in canvass and white- 
washing them. 

The Dermestes vulpinus is distinguished from the lardarius, by having the elytra entirely 
black, and the under sides and under parts covered with white scales. It is very destruc- 
tive to hides, in which it is imported. In Franee, it has been observed to perforate walls 
built of stone soft enough to be broken by the nail. It is found in America, Europe and 
Asia. 

There are several other insects which are destructive to skins, and to anatomical and 
‘nutural history collections : one of them is the Anthrenus museorum (Byrr. museorum, 
Linn.). It is not a native of this country : it is, however, replaced by the .4. destructor, 


FAMILY STAPHYLINIDA. 61 


o 
Melsh., which is a short oval insect about one-eighth of an inch in len&th, of a fuscous color, 
and marked by several waved whitish fascie. The larva of another small and much nar- 
rower insect, Dermophagus tarsale of Mrusueimer, is also very destructive to entomological 
collections. 


Staphylinide. 


Tue characteristics of the insects belonging to this family are, their long, narrow, and 
depressed form; the shortness of their elytra, and hence the great exposure of the ab- 
dominal segments. Their true wings are closely folded beneath the curtailed elytra, al- 
though they are large when expanded. Their heads too are remarkably large; and when 
set out by their projecting mandibles, it is no easy matter to persuade oneself that it is 
safe to catch them. Their antenne are not very conspicuous, but are sometimes enlarged 
towards the extremity. The thorax is strong, and as wide as the first segment of the ab- 
domen. From the shortness of the wing-covers, the abdomen is equally hard above as 
beneath, and is not confined by them : it therefore admits of free motion, and is employed 
as an instrument to assist in folding and unfolding the wings. When the insect is captured, 
a curious organ protrudes from the extremity of the abdomen, consisting of two vesicles, 
which are extruded at the will of the insect, and from which it is not uncommon to per- 
eeive that a peculiar vapor escapes that is by no means pleasant. 

Westwoop regards this family equal in rank to the Carasipm, and susceptible of sub- 
divisions of the same value : the name Bracuyetytrra has been generally employed in 
denoting it. 


Genus STAPHYLINUS (Liny.). 


‘ Body nearly glabrous ; antenne subfiliform, with the fourth and tenth joints subequal ; 
‘ thorax subquadrate’ ( Wuxstwoop). 


STAPHYLINUS VILLOSUs. 
Head and thorax black and glossy : back, sides, and abdomen beneath villose, or covered 
with a dense coat of hair; abdomen banded with greenish buff. Length six-tenths 
of an inch. 4 


STAPHYLINUS CYANIPENNIS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 6.) 
Head and thorax black and glossy ; elytra steel-blue ; abdomen hairy and black. 


STAPHYLINUS CHRYSURUS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 3.) 
Above an olive brown, clothed with short yellow hair ; sides and extremity of the abdo- 
men golden yellow; thighs black, except at their tips, and a dorsal line. 


CHAPTER V. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


PENTAMERA. ah 


DistineutsHed entomologists have made two grand divisions of the pentamerous insects. 
Some of the families of the first division have been noticed : the second is equally im- 
portant with the first, and admits of subdivision into natural groups or families ; but there 
is some diversity of opinion where the lines bounding these families shall be drawn, and 
also respecting the best terms for designating them. : 

A plain and comprehensive subdivision into groups has been made by StrErHens : 1, 
the Ciavicornes, which are characterized by the antenne terminating in a solid ball, or 
a perforated one; 2, the Lametiicornes, with the antenne terminating in a leafy or 
lamellated mass; and, 3, the Serricornes, having the antenne constructed so that their 
whole length is toothed somewhat like a saw. The Cravicoryes are divided into two 
families : the first contains those insects which resemble the Linnean Genus Byrruvs, 
having straight claviform antenne, and called the Family Byrrum#, Leach. The second 
family have also claviform antenne, but each with a distinct elbow or angle. 

The Byrruipz are small beetles with short oval convex bodies, and generally pilose or 
hairy : the elytra cover the body, and the legs can be folded up; when alarmed, it folds 
them together under its body, and then remains motionless, appearing like a seed, until 
the danger is past. In this family the antenne become gradually clavate, and the club is 
not solid. 

The second family of clavicornes takes its name from the Genus Hister : hence the 
family name HistErtpm, Leach. In these, the antenne, instead of being straight, have a 
sudden or short angle in them, or are said to be elbowed. They are small insects, hard and 
shining or highly polished, and usually black : their forms are somewhat square, but still 
possess considerable convexity ; their legs are more or less dentate, and the two hind ones 
are set widely apart; the elytra are short, and hence leave a portion of the abdomen 
exposed. Their elbowed antenne, their polished surface and short elytra, clearly distin- 
guish them from the byrrhide. 


GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 63 


The Lametiicoryes received their name from the structure of their antenne; the 
extremity being a laminated knob, composed of three or more leaflike laminee, which open 
and shut somewhat like the leaves of a book. The first division of this group consists of 
the Scaranipes, the first section of which are named Coprophagi, from the kind of food on 
which they subsist : they feed upon and live in ordure, or excrements of all kinds. The 
ancients gave the name pillularia to certain species which have the curious instinct of 
rolling the excrement into balls with their hind feet, and in which they have deposited 
their eggs : when the ball has acquired a sufficient degree of solidity, it is pushed into a 
hole previously prepared for its reception. 

A foreign species, the Ateuchus sacer, was an object of religious veneration and worship 
among the ancient Egyptians. With them it was symbolical of the world, the sun, and the 

_warrior ; of the world, from the globular shape of its balls, and perhaps also from the 
_ progeny they contained ; of the sun, from the angular projections from its head in the 
form of rays : the six legs have five tarsi each, and hence they represented the days of 
the month. The idea of the courageous warrior was imbibed from the supposition that the 
species were all males. The Roman soldiers wore its image on their signets ; and it is said 
that it is still a custom with the Egyptian women to eat them, to render themselves pro- 
lific : as the sun is the source of all fertility, so the eating of this symbol would impart 
to them the same desirable quality. When we reflect a moment upon the attention which 
these curious insects pay to their offspring, and the intense emotion they exhibit in rolling 
their balls, a work which they prosecute until overcome by exhaustion, it is not at all 
surprising that the ancients should have made them symbolical of the highest order of 
qualities. 

The Copris carolina closely resembles the symbolical beetle of the ancients, just referred 
to. The Genus Copris makes its abode beneath the fresh excrement of the cow ; and hence 
its hills of dirt are common in pastures, by roadsides, and other places where the cow is 
kept. This insect, however, never rolls a regular ball, but collects a quantity into an ir- 
regularly shaped mass. The true pillularia belong to the Genus Grotrupes, and a few 
other allied genera. . 

The larva of the Georrures resembles that of the Me.otonrua, being of a dirty white 
color, soft, and, when not engaged in feeding, it lies coiled in a semicircle : they have 
six scaly feet and a scaly head. Subsisting at first upon the magazine of food which the 
mother has provided in the offal in which they are enveloped, they afterwards penetrate 
into the earth, and feed upon roots. It requires a year or two for their perfection : they 
are then transformed into nymphs; and another year passes, before they are ready to 
become perfect insects. 

The Lametticornes consist of ten families, each presenting some peculiarity in the 
antenne, mandibles or maxille, by due attention to which the student will be able to 
determine the position an unknown insect may occupy. The first of these ten families is 


64 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the Lucanip®, taking the family name as usual from one of the most important genera it 
contains : in this instance it is the Lwcanus dama, an elongated stout insect, and furnished 
with strong and projecting mandibles, especially in the males. Their antenne are elbowed, 
and the terminal knob is constructed after the fashion of the teeth of a comb, or is pectinate : 
they consist of only three terminal teeth, somewhat separated from each other, but near 
enough to come within the definition of Jamellicorn beetles (See Plate xii, fig. 7, , 0). 

The second division of the LameLticornes embraces all those beetles whose antenne 
terminate in leaves or lamelle, consisting usually of three pieces, which fold together or 
lie in contact like the leaves of a book. This division received the name of Petalocera from 
Dumerit : it contains many insects which belonged to the genus Scarabeus of Lixnets. 
The antenne differ from those of the insects of the Family Lucantpx, inasmuch as they 
are not elbowed ; and the number of joints is variable, eight, nine or ten. In some groups, ~ 
the males are remarkable for their appendages upon the head or-thorax, either in the form 
of horns or protuberances. Some of the largest insects belong to this division. 

The habits of the insects of this division are various : some, and probably the majority, 
feed upon refuse matter, some upon excrement, some upon leaves, and others upon flowers. 
Their larve are conspicuous for their size : they are of a soft consistence, of a whitish 
color, and furnished with strong mandibles. We find them in the vegetable mould, usually 
coiled, or in decaying logs. They have fourteen rings, including the head, and the rings or 
segments are transversely grooved. 

From the diversity of character which exists in this great division, it has been subdivided 
into ten families. The first is the Grorrupipm : their maxillary lobes are membranous, the 
mandibles are porrected, and the elytra cover the abdomen ( Plate xii, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8). 
Their antenne have ten or eleven joints ; and their bodies are globose, or thick and more 
or less. rounded and full. Their habits are peculiar : they feed upon excrement, though 
some are said to feed upon roots. 

The Scarapmipe constitute the second family of this great division. They are furnished 
with a shieldlike extension in front, the elypeus, which extends over the mouth ; and their 
antenne are eight- or nine-jointed, with the end terminating in a three-leaved club. The 
middle legs are inserted more widely apart than the others : the posterior legs are far 
behind ; the scutellum is not present; and the elytra are shortened behind, leaving the 
abdomen exposed. The claws are minute, and the anterior tibie are expanded and tri- 
dentate externally, armed with a single spur. The insects feed upon excrement, and the 
the greater proportion of the family reside in warm climates. They are many of them ball- 
rollers; and to aid them in this work, their hindlegs are long and inserted far behind, 
which gives them a grotesque appearance when walking. They fly mostly by day. ( Plate 
xii, figs. 5, '7.)- 

The third family of Macteay is called ApHopup». They too are excrement-eaters : they 
are oval and rounded at the posterior extremity. In this family we find the minnte instead 


GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 65 


of the large beetles, and they belong to temperate climates : the legs are placed at equal 
distances apart; the scutellum is distinct; the clypeus is entire, and the antenne are 
nine-jointed. The body is more elongated than in the former family. 

The fourth family is small, or of a moderate extent : it is the Trocinm of Macieay. 
The insects are of a medium size, ovate or gibbous, and the elytra are inflexed at their 
sides. The scutellum is distinct, and the anterior tibiz are imperfectly toothed. The head 
is deflexed ; thorax short, posteriorly situated, and the anterior angles are advanced : the 
elytra are rugose. (Plate xxiv, figs. 1 & 3.) 

The fifth family is the Dynastipm of Macieay. The insects of the family are gigantic, 
and the males are very strongly identified by prominences:and horns upon their heads or 
thoraces. The jaws are powerful, horny and prominent, and furnished with two teeth ; the 
scutellum is distinct; the antenne are ten-jointed, and the elytra are shortened behind, 
leaving the abdomen exposed : the color is a rich chestnut-brown. The insects reside in 
rich vegetable matter and in putrid offal, and the family belongs to tropical regions. 

The Rutitiwx constitute the sixth family, which, for the most part, are brilliantly 
colored. The males are destitute of horns, in which respect they-differ from the preceding 
family. The antenne are ten-jointed, club three-jointed : the mandibles are short, but 
project more or less from beneath the coriaceous labrum ; they are also notched on the 
outside near the tip. The elytra do not cover the abdomen. 

The seventh family is allied to the preceding : it ‘has received the name of ANopxo- 
GNATHIDE, and is composed, like the Dynastina, of foreign species. 

The eighth family, the MELoLonruips, constitute a well-known group, which contains 
numerous indigenous species, with forms as delineated on Plate x, figs. 4 - 6, -9. They are 
ovate thin beetles, sometimes scarcely thicker behind than before. The labrum is divided 
into two lobes transversely ; the mandibles are strong and horny, the internal margin acute 
at the apex. The clypeus is separated by a transverse suture, which runs just before the 
eyes : antenne 9 — 10-jointed, terminated by a knob compesed of a variable number of 
laminz (from 3 — 7), variable also in form. The anterior margin of the mentum is notched 
or emarginate. Some of the species are large ; but the colors.are not ‘brilliant, the surface 
being often pubescent and dull. The common horn beetle, or the goldsmith beetle, which 
fly about in the evening in the months of June and July, may well represent this family : 
they feed upon flowers or leaves, and are sometimes injurious in this way. 

Passing the Guaruyrip®, fhe ninth family, which are all foreign to us, we reach the 
tenth and last family, the Ceronipm, a group which holds about the same place in the 
scale of importance as the MeLotonrnipz. The antenne are ten-jointed : the labrum is 
concealed beneath an emarginate clypeus ; the mandibles are comparatively slender, lan- 
eeolate ; the mentum is pitcher-shaped, and conceals the labium ; the scutellum distinct: 
the elytra do not cover all the dbdomen. The insects feed upon flowers, and hence .do 
considerable mischief : their forms are delineated on Plate xii, figs. 4 - 6. 

[{AericutruraL Rerort— Vo. v.] 9 


66 ORDER COLEOPTERA.. 
CLAVICORNES. 


Byrrhide. 


No species of this family have been found in this State. 


Histeride. 
HisTER CONFORMIS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 8.) 
Color black : thorax bluish black, smooth, polished ; elytra without punctures, striate ; 
strie obsolete. Length one-tenth of an inch. 


LAMELLICORNES. 


Lucanide. 
Genus LUCANUS ( Liny.). 


‘Depressed mandibles of the male very large; female moderate : club of the antenne 
‘ four-jointed, pectinated’ (Wxstwoop).. 


Lucanus pAMA (Fab.). JL. capriolus ( Linn.). ¢ Plate xii, fig. 7.) 
The insect is large, dark chestnut-brown, smooth and plain; thighs lighter : mandibles 
of the male long and powerful ; female less powerful than the male. Length about 

11 or 1} inch. 

The male Lucanus may be recognized by its large and toothed mandibles, which stand 
out so prominently in front. The female differs from the male in the smallness of its head, 
which is partially concealed beneath the labrum and the oblique truncation of the lateral 
margin of the thorax. There is a considerable variation in the size of the individuals. It 

“4g not an uncommon species in New-York and New-England. The larve inhabit the trunks 
of decaying trees, or in wood.. ; 


PLATYCERAS PICEUS. ( Plate xii, figs. 10, 11.) 
The Genus Piatyceras belongs to this group..The mandibles are shorter than those of 
the Lucanus, in both sexes :. it is also a much smaller insect. 

Color brown; elytra distinctly punctate ; mandibles exsert, and each shows a strong 
curved subcentral tooth : in the female, the mandibles are shorter and less con- 
spicuous. Length from one-half to six-tenths of an inch. 

Fig.10, male ;. 11, female, with mandibles, antenne and an elytrum. 


FAMILY GEOTRUPIDE. ; 67 


Geotrupide. 


GEOTRUPES ( Plate xii, fig. 2.) 
Color brilliant steel-blue ; beneath, clothed with yellowish brown hairs. Clypeus rough, 
with a central pointed tubercle (the thin edge of the clypeus is turned up in front) ; 
thorax smooth and shining upon its top, but confluently punctured at the margins ; 
elytra marked with numerous punctate ridges. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
This species I have been unable to refer to its proper name. “The G. midrophagus is 


dark piceous above and beneath, and the legs are violaceous.” 


GEOTRUPES SPLENDIDUS. ( Plate xii, fig. 3.) 

Splendent green; purplish beneath. Thorax rather thickly punctured, and confluent on 

the sides ; scutellum smooth, or with two or more punctures; elytra subtuberculated 

near the outer basal angle, angle somewhat rounded, and their surfaces are marked 

by rounded ridges punctate in the grooves : body beneath clothed with brown hairs. 
Length six-tenths of an inch. 


Genus COPROBIUS ( Larr.). 


Body ovoid ; thorax dilated in the middle; scutellum none; abdomen nearly square ; 
elypeus bidenticulated. 


CopRoBIUs LEVIS. 

Medium size : color dull black, finely punctured ; elytral lines obsolete. The insect has a 
submetallic hue in some lights, but is generally dull. There are about eight obscure 
lines upon each elytrum : beneath, the body is naked, or destitute of hairs. 

This insect is more common here than the Geotrupes. Common in June and July, when 
they may be seen engaged in rolling a ball of dung containing their ova, and which they 
finally bury. 


Arrucuus sAcer is a much larger insect, belonging to an allied genus, and is the sacred 
Scarabeus which entered so largely into the mythology of Egypt. 

All these species fulfil an important place in the economy of creation ; a fact which is 
more obvious in tropical regions than in the north. 


68 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Scarabeide. 


Genus ONTHOPHAGUS (Latr.). Copris (Ill.). 


Body broadly ovate, short, depressed : last joint of labial palpi evanescent; clypeus wider 
than long, emarginate ; scutellum none.. 


ONTHOPHAGUS HECATE. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 4.) 
Small : dark brown, covered with white hairs, which give it a hoary.appearance. Shield 
rather pointed and turned up; thorax terminated in a prominent plate, turned up at 

the angles ; legs ciliated.. 


ONTHOPHAGUS OVATUS.. . 
Rather small, ovoid, brown, smooth above ; hairs sparse upon the legs and beneath..Shield 
marked with two parallel sharp transverse ridges. 


Genus PHAN AUS ( Mc.). 


Basal articulation of the labial palpi larger than the others, and dilated at its internal 
edge : scutellum none, but its place is occupied by a small triangular extension of 
the thorax. Males furnished with-tubercles or horns upon the clypeus,.and prominences 
upon the thorax.. 


PHANMUS CARNIFEX. ( Plate xii, fig. 5.) 

Rather short, wide : elytra shorter than the head and thorax; shield with a single or 

double prominence behind ; thorax rich purple green, and strongly sculptured ; elytra 

rich purple-green, punctated and ridged ; beneath green; upper surface of the legs 
purple.. 

The males are smaller than the females, and the clypeus is armed with a long and strong 
horn pointing backwards : in females, it is merely a tubercle, or may be two close together. 
The thorax of the male presents a broad, flat, nearly semilunar punctate disk. Length 
seven-tenths of an inch.. 

Occurs rarely in the vicinity of Albany : common in Maryland.. 


Genus APHODIUS (Itt.).. Copris (OF.); Scaraszus ( Linn.).. 


Terminal articulation of the palpi cylindrical ;, mandibles destitute of a corneous tooth or 
lobe ; form of the body gibbous. 

All the species of the genus Apnopius live in the excrements of animals, where they 

occur often in great numbers.. They are small insects, about one-fourth of an inch in length,. 


FAMILY SCARABAIDA. 69: 


of a cylindrical form : some of the species are spotted, or variously colored. During the 
days of autumn they take wing in great numbers, flying sluggishly through the air. In 
Europe, Lethrus cephalotus is said to devour the tender shoots of plants, particularly of 
vines ; but this seems to be an exception to the habits common to the family. 


APHODIUS BICOLOR (S.). 
Quite small, brown or black-brown ; legs and beneath light fuscous : head and thorax 
finely punctured ; edges of the elytral ridges finely notched ; clypeus widely emargi- 
nate. Length one-fifth of an inch. 


APHODIUS STRIGATUS. 
Small : head and thorax very finely punctured, black, smaller than the preceding, obtuse 
at both extremities ; clypeus convex ; feet dark piceous ; posterior angles of the thorax 
rounded. 


APpHODIUS TERMINALIS (S.). 
Small, brown or blackish brown, shining : forelegs hairy; tips of the elytra and feet 
rufous ; clypeus trituberculate and emarginate before ; thorax marked with subequal ~ 
punctures ; elytra marked with punctured strie. 


ApuHopius copronimus (M.). 
Quite small, light brown, shining : thorax rather mottled with darker brown, very finely 
punctured. 


Apyopius FEMoRALIs (S.). 
Blackish brown : edges of the thorax dilated and light brown ; elytra fuscous and lighter 
in front; thighs light and translucent. Scarcely one-fifth of an inch in length. 


Apuopivs aterrimus (M.). 
Small : thorax black ; elytra dark brown; brown beneath. 


APHODIUS SERVAL. © : 
Brown : head finely punctured ; thorax dark brown; elytra light brown and spotted,. 
three in front, banded in the middle. 


Genus COPRIS (Grorr.). Scarasazvus ( Linn.). 


Body ovate, thick and convex ; knob of the antenne terminating in three leaves ; four 
hindlegs dilated and truncated ; scutellum none ; articulations of the labial palpi 
three : the first joint is cylindrical, and not dilated at the internal side. 


7.0 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Copris CAROLINUS. ( Plate xii, fig. 8.) 
Body thick, obtuse behind : clypeus round and entire before, but furnished with a single 
notch in front of the eye, from which there is a depressed line running backwards, 
and terminating at the base of the tubercles, the middle of which is much the most 
prominent and pointed. The front of the thorax rises into a strong serrated ridge, and 
there are two lateral rounded depressions : the puncta are fine, and the posterior part 
is smooth, and marked with a slight central furrow which does not reach the elytra. 
Elytra strongly furrowed, and punctate. The abdomen appears as if truncated. The 
color is dark chestnut-brown : body beneath clothed with reddish brown hairs; the 
margin of the thorax is ciliate. The dilatations of the tibiee are similar to flattened 
funnels : the tibize of the forelegs are thick, and have four strong notches upon their 
outer edges. Length one inch. ? 
This beetle is common in Virginia ‘and Maryland, but I have not observed it in New- 
York, though Cetonia and Phaneus, which accompany it there, are not uncommon here. 
This insect does not roll up a ball, but makes a collection or heap of soft and fresh 
manure, in which the eggs are deposited. It penetrates quite deeply into the ground be- 
neath the droppings in pastures and by the roadsides. 


Trogidae. 


Tus is a family embracing but a few genera : they are ovate and gibbose, with inflex 
elytra. The head is deflexed, the thorax short and transverse, and the surface of the elytra 
rough. The antenne are nine- or ten-jointed, and the extremity is formed of three leaves 
somewhat distant from each other : the labrum is coriaceous and exserted ; the labium is 
concealed by the mentum ; the mandibles are horny, and sometimes toothed. 

This family is allied to the Grorrupipz. The most reliable information is that they feed 
upon carrion, or decaying animal matter, being found in the carcases of dead animals : 
they have also been found in rotten wood, and at the same time they are known to inhabit 
sandy places under ground. Some of the family are apterous. 


Genus TROX (Fasr.). Scarasaws ( Linn.) 


Antenne ten-jointed ; body subovate, convex ; thorax rugous. 


TROX PORCATUS. ( Plate xxiv, fig. iii.) 
Dull brown : clypeus rounded in front, and marked by a shallow transverse groove, 
angulated in the middle, with small pointed tubercles on the line of flexure ; thorax 
widely grooved in the middle ; elytra traversed by a series of reticulated lines, forming 

‘a species of network upon their surfaces and angles behind. Length half an inch. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID. 7i 


TROX CAPILLARIS. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 1.) 
Brown, dull : elytra traversed by several rows of pointed or sharpened tubercles, standing 
between the fine parallel lines. Length two-fifths of an inch. 


Dynastidae. 


Tuts family embraces the most gigantic beetles known : the genera are also numerous. 
The antenne are ten-jointed : the first is robust, conic and hairy ; the second, sub- 
globose ; the next five are short, and the head is composed of three laminz in contact. 
The clypeus is frequently horned, as well as the thorax : head subtrigonal; elytra 
truncate, leaving the end of the abdomen bare. The body is large and thick, the legs 
strong ; tibize broad and dentate. 

This singular family have some of the habits of the Grorrupipm : that of subsisting 
upon and in the excrement of animals, and decaying refuse matter from the vegetable 
kingdom. 


a Melolonthidae. 
Genus SERICA (Macteay). Scarasmus (Linn.). 


‘Form ovate. Antenne ten-jointed : basal joint the largest ; the second the next, and the 
‘ claws bifid : last joint of the palpi subacute’ ( Westwoop). 


SERICA VESPERTINA. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 9.) 
Color light chestnut-brown, uniform : body small ; wider behind. 


Tricuinus ( Tricutus) VIRIDANS. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 5.) 

Color of the head and thorax green : elytra obscurely striped ; margins marked with dark 

spots; disk ferruginous, truncate, exposing the abdomen, punctured and marked by 
longitudinal lines ; abdomen hairy. ; 


TRICHINUS ASSIMILIS. 

Color black, hairy and glossy. Elytra marked near their bases with a light brownish patch, 
from each outer angle of which proceed two white oblique lines that nearly reach the 
margins ; and from the inner angles, two other white lines arise, which run parallel 
with the suture, and do not quite reach the truncated extremity : there is also an 
obscure line parallel with the last, and about half as long, which may not be constant. 
Posterior sezment of the abdomen clothed with a dense coat of yellowish white hairs : 
abdomen. below shining, and less hairy than the breast. Length rather more than. 
one fourth of an inch. 

Found in Western Massachusetts. 


72 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


« Genus PHYLLOPHAGA ( Harris). 


First joint of the antennz largest and clavate ; the fifth aud sixth larger than the second, 
third and fourth ; terminal leaves three or seven : maxillary palpi four-jointed, the 
fourth long and ovate : clypeus divided by a transverse suture before the eyes : 
thorax subquadrate : tibize somewhat dilated ; claws equal, and armed with a nearly 
central tooth. 


PHYLLOPHAGA QUERCINA. ( Plate x, fig. 9.) 

Large : color chestnut brown, uniform ; beneath covered with brown hairs. Abdomen 

naked ; labrum rounded before, and punctured ; elytra punctured, and their tips 
separated behind. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 


PHYLLOPHAGA DRAKI. 
Large : color rather lighter brown than the preceding. Labrum traversed by a line 
dividing it into two unequal parts : rings of the abdomen finely punctured. 
This species is rather larger than the quercina : length about nine-tenths of an inch. 


PHYLLOPHAGA HIRTICULA, * * 

Noticed by Dr. Harzis, is of a bay brown color, with punctures larger and more distinet 
than those upon the quercina, and, on each wing-cover, the hairs are arranged in three 
lines. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 

Appears in June and July. 


PHYLLOPHAGA GEORGICANA. 
Surface covered with short grayish yellow hairs. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
It occurs in New-York. 


PHYLLOPHAGA PILOSICOLLIs. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 

Color pale reddish brown : hairs longest upon the thorax and base of the elytra. Anterior 

edge of the head entire, rounded and deflected, puncture dilated and shallow ; la- 

teral edge of the thorax dilated in the middle ; elytra pale, testaceous, densely and 

equally punctured, and covered with short procumbent hairs. Length half an inch. 
Say. * 


PuyitopHaca varrioLosa (Knoch.). Melolontha variolosa ( Hentz). 

This species differs essentially from the foregoing in the form and structure of the 
‘antenne, the knob consisting of seven curved elongate leaves. Its color is light brown, 
with irregular depressions upon the elytra, which appear like accidental flexures or in- 
dentations made by some external force : it is clothed with long yellow hairs upon the 
breast. The clypeus is extended and reflexed, and the sutural line is before its middle. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHIDA. 40 


The hairs, both upon the thorax and elytra, are arranged in four rather interrupted Jon- 
gitudinal belts. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. 

This species I had not observed in the vicinity of Albany till this year, 1853 : many 
individuals have been taken. 


It may be remarked that most of the species of this genus are much alike, although 
generally smaller than that figured. The color varies from yellowish brown to chestnut, 
according to the species. The breast is more or less hairy, and the elytra are in some cases 
sparsely furnished with erect hairs. In the larva state they feed upon the roots of grass, 
and probably of grain, and thus they commit great havoc upon pastures, whilst the adult 
insects live upon the foliage of various plants. 

These beetles are well known in the country by the name of hornbugs, and become 
troublesome by flying into the open windows where a lamp is burning. Their proper name ' 
is May beetle, a designation implying the time of their appearance among us. They are 
injurious both in their larva and perfect states : in the former, by their depredations upon 
the roots of grass and other herbage ; and in the latter, by the destruction of the young 
and tender leaves of fruit and other trees. They are supplied with strong jaws for cutting 
the leaves of plants, for which they are admirably fitted ; and their feet are strong, and 
fitted for digging in the soil after their transformations are effected. They were formerly 
included in the Genus MELotonrHa. 

Maybugs have rarely been sufficiently numerous to inflict serious injury upon the 
farmer : the Hon. Mr. Bartow, however, records an instance where they did much da- 
mage in Madison county, in 1849 and 50; they ate the leaves of the cherry, elm, apple, 
butternut, ete., showing that they are by no means restricted to our cultivated fruit trees. 
The most effectual method of destroying them was to kindle fires at night in the immediate 
neighborhood of the trees they were injuring : attracted by the light of the blaze, thou- 
sands were destroyed with little difficulty, or af a trifling cost. Shaking the trees to dis- 
lodge them, was an effectual means of turning their attention to the light. They appeared 
the last of May and first of June, and continued from eight to twelve days. 

Another instance is related by Dr. Firrcu in the Journal of the New-York State Agri- 
eultural Society, where the Phyllophaga quercina appeared in great numbers and suddenly. 
He states that on the farm of Mito Ineatsse, an orchard, consisting of about seventy plum 
together with many cherry trees, had their limbs stripped of leaves, buds, ete. while they 
were in bloom : the bugs were hatched out in the course of two nights, and completely 
destroyed all hopes of fruit for the season, even if the trees themselves survived defoliation. 

The duration of the individual life of this insect is short, a week or two being the term 
during which it lives : there is, however, a succession of individuals of the species, so 
that the period which they remain is more than a month. After the pairing of the sexes, 


[ Acricotturat Rerorr — Vot. v.] 10 


74 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the male soon dies, and the female perforates the soil to the depth of a foot, where she 
deposits her eggs : they are then abandoned, and she returns to the surface to remain a 
short time, when she also perishes. The eggs are said to hatch in about fourteen days. The 
grubs are whitish, and provided with six legs situated near the head, and a pair of strong 
jaws : their heads are brown. These are the grubs that are frequently ploughed up in old 
fields, of a grayish white color, an inch or more in length and a quarter of an inch thick : 
they lie flexed in the form of a circle. They live during the summer near the surface, 
subsisting upon the roots of plants, which they devour in large quantities : as winter 
approaches, they descend below the reach of frost, where they become torpid. Three or 
four seasons are spent in this way, till finally they form a ball of an oval shape, in which 
they enclose themselves and undergo their transformation. 

The ravages of this grub may be much diminished by allowing crows and jays to 
frequent the grounds infested by them : indeed it is the most feasible way of getting rid 
of them; and although most farmers and gardeners carry on an exterminating war with 
crows and blackbirds, yet these blackcoated vagabonds, as Wixson calls them, are by no 
means such great rascals as they are represented : they have redeeming qualities, and the 
‘destruction of grubs and wireworms are real benefits which they confer upon the farmer. 
The beetles themselves are devoured by skunks. 

The beetles of this genus have been very abundant at distant intervals : almost in- 
credible accounts are given of their numbers, especially of the European species. 

Among the numerous remedies recommended for destroying the larva, ploughing, no 
doubt, would have the effect of throwing many of them within the reach of frost ; buat if 
done too early, they would have time to bury themselves again. The larvee and perfect 
insects are frequently seen when the ground is broken up in the spring; and many are 
then destroyed by crows and blackbirds, which follow the ploughman to gather whatever 
may be exposed suitable for their sustenance : they are also destroyed by foxes, weasels, 
owls, and, according to Dr. Harris, the skunk. 

The following extracts are from Lovpon’s Magazine of Natural hiner Vol. vi, p. 
142 — 4 : the rook is a species of crow. 

‘A strong prejudice is felt by many persons against rooks, on account of their destroying 
grain and potatoes ; and so far is this carried, that I know persons who offer a reward for 
every rook that is killed on their land; yet so mistaken do I deem them, as to consider 
that no living creature is so servieeable to the farmer, except the live stock he keeps cn 
his farm, as the rook. In the neighborhood of my native place is a rookery in which it is 
estimated there are ten thousand rooks; that 1 Ib. of food a week is a very moderate al- 
lowance for each bird; and that nine-tenths of their food consist of worms, insects, and 

heir larve : for although they do considerable damage for a few weeks in seedtime and a 
few weeks in harvest, particularly in backward seasons, yet a very large proportion of 
their food, even, at these seasons, consists of insects and worms, which (if we except a few 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID. Vd 


acorns in autumn) form at all other times the whole of their subsistence. Here, then, if my 
data be correct, there is the enormous quantity of 480000 Ibs. or 209 tons of worms, insects 
and their larve, destroyed by the birds of a single rookery ; and to every one who knows 
how very destructive to vegetation are the larve of the tribes of insects (as well as worms) 
fed upon by rooks, some slight idea may be formed of the devastation which rooks are 
the means of preventing. I have understood that in Suffolk, and in some of the southern 
counties, the larvae [ of insects allied to Lachnosterna| are so exceedingly abundant that 
the crops [of grain] are almost destroyed by them, and that their ravages do not cease even 
when they have attained to a winged state. Various plans have been proposed to put a 
stop to their depredations ; but I have little doubt that their abundance is to be attributed 
to the scarcity of rooks, as I have somewhere seen an account that rooks in those counties 
- are not numerous. 

“A flight of grasshoppers visited Craven, and they were so numerous as to create con- 
siderable alarm among the farmers : they were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety ; 
for the rocks flocked in from all quarters by thousands and tens of thousands, and devoured 
them so greedily that they were destroyed in a short time. 

‘It was stated in a newspaper a year or two back, that there was such an enormous 
quantity of caterpillars upon Skiddaw, that they devoured all the vegetation on the 
mountain, and people were apprehensive that they would attack the crops in the enelosed 
lands ; but the rooks, having discovered them, in a very short time put a stop to their 
ravages. 

‘An extensive experiment appears to have been made, the result of which has been the 
opinion that farmers do wrong in destroying rooks, jays, sparrows, and indeed birds in 
general, on their farms, particularly where there are orchards. That birds do mischief 
occasionally, there can be no doubt; but the harm they do in autumn is amply com- 
pensated by the good they do in spring, by the destructive havoc they make among the 
insect tribes. The quantity of grubs destroyed by rooks, and of caterpillars and their grubs 
by the various small birds, must be annually immense. Other tribes of birds, which feed 
_on the wing, as swallows and martins, destroy millions of winged insects. Even some, 
usually supposed to be so mischievous in gardens, have actually been proved only to 
desiroy those buds which contain a destructive insect. Ornithologists have of late de- 
termined these facts to be true ; and officers would do well to consider them, before they 
waste the public money in paying rewards to idle boys and girls for the heads of dead 
birds, which only encourages children and other idle persons in the mischievous employ- 
ment of fowling. On some very large farms in Devonshire, the proprietors determincd, a 
few years ago, to try the result of offering a great reward for the heads of rooks; but the 
issue proved destructive to the farms, for nearly the whole of the crops failed for three 
succeeding years, and they have since been forced to import rooks and other birds to re-stock 
their farms uth? 


76 . ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


AREODA LANIGERA. ( Plate x, fig. 4.) 

Large, golden yellow and immaculate : scutellum and thorax give a green reflexion, 

brassy in certain lights. Elytra terminated by a rounded ridge, terminating in a pro- 
minence behind, densely haired beneath. 

It is one of the most common and beautiful beetles of this country. It takes its specifie 
name lanigera, wool-bearing, from the dense woolly coating with which its abdomen and 
parts beneath are supplied : it is also called the goldsmith beetle, from its beautiful color 
above ; though this name is likewise applied to the Gymnetis nitida, which is about the 
same size, and of a greenish color margined and varied with fulvous. It may be recognized 
by wanting the triangular scutellum at the inner base of the elytra, this portion having 
no apparent juncture with the prothorax. 

The reoda is about nine-tenths of an inch long, broad oval in shape, of a lemon-yellow 
color above, burnished like gold on the top of the head and thorax : the underside of the 
body is copper-colored, and thickly covered with whitish wool ; and the legs are browgish 
yellow, or brassy, shaded with green. 


‘These fine beetles begin to appear in Massachusetts about the middle of May, and 
continue generally till the twentieth of June. In the morning and evening twilight they 
come forth from their retreats, and fly about with a humming and rustling sound among 
the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which they devour. Pear-trees are particularly 
subject to their attacks ; but the elm, hickory, poplar, oak, and probably also other kinds 
of trees are frequented and injured by them. During the middle of the day they remain 
at rest upon the trees, clinging to the underside of the leaves ; and endeavor to conceal 
themselves by drawing two or three leaves together, and holding them in this~-position 
with their long unequal claws. In some seasons they occur in profusion, and then may be 
obtained in great quantities by shaking the young trees on which they are lodged in the 
daytime, as they do not attempt to fly when thus disturbed, but fall at once to the ground. 
The larvee of these insects are not known : probably they live in the ground, upon the 
roots of plants.’ Harrts’s Report, p. 22 - 3. 

This insect seems to be local in its distribution, as it oceurs plentifully in the publie — 
squares of Philadelphia, whilst it is rare in the interior of Pennsylvania. 


PELIDNOTA PUNCTATA. ( Plate x, fig. 6.) 

Large, fuscous brown and uniform : head greenish behind, extending along the sides. 
Sides of the insect marked with four black spots, one upon the thorax, and three 
upon the elytra and standing in a line; beneath, the color is green, glossy or sub- 
metallic.. The rings of the abdomen are marked each with a single row of punctures. 

The P. punctata is a fine beetle, with elytra of a pale brown or tile-color, and marked 
as described above : the thorax is darker than the elytra; beneath, the body is brassy 
ereen..They fly by day, and feed almost exclusively on the leaves of the grape,and hence 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID. 77 


may prove injurious to the vine : still their numbers are rarely such as to render them a 
formidable foe. The only mode of destroying them, which is recommended, is to pick them 
off and crush them under the foot. The larve are scarcely injurious, inasmuch as they 
live in rotten wood, as stumps of trees, and such trunks as are decaying upon the ground : 
they may be regarded rather as beneficial, by aiding the entire destruction of that which 
only cumbers the ground. 

The perfect insect prevails during the months of July and August. 


* 

P. macu.aTA, an allied species or variety, has the legs and extremity of the abdomen of 
the same color as the upper parts. ‘These beetles fly by day, but may also be seen at the 
same time on the leaves of the grape, which are their only food : they sometimes prove 
very injurious to the vine. The only method of destroying them, is to pick them off by 
hand, and crush them under foot. The larve live in rotten wood, such as the stumps and 
roots of dead trees, and do not differ essentially from those of other scarabeeans’ (Harris, 
p. 23). In the variety which Dr. Mrersnermer has designated impunctata, the spots are 
absent. 


Genus CREMASTOCHEILUS ( Kyocu). 


Thorax quadrangular, anterior angles prolonged; first joint of the antenne dilated : 
mandibles terminating in a strong curved or scythe-like tooth, and furnished with 
small spines in place of the internal lobe; last articulation of the palpi long and 
cylindrical : mentum a reversed heart in form; upper angles rounded, without 
emargination (Régne Animal). 


CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZII. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.) 

Color black ; form quadrate, sides parallel; upper surface punctured : elytra ridged and 

coarsely punctured. The whole surface is clothed with procumbent hairs ; beneath, 
they are stiff, or somewht spinous. Length one-half of an ineh. 


OsMopERMA scABER. Gymmnotus s. (Kirby); Trichius s. ( Palisot de Beauv.). 
( Plate xii, fig. 9; and plate xxv, fig. 5.) 
Color black, or very dark brown and brassy. Body ovate, flattened ; thorax round, dilated 
transversely, purplish, strongly punctured, and marked by two rounded ridges before ; 
elytra deflexed at the shoulders and behind; surface sculptured, and rather rough 
than punctured ; scutellum very acute : beneath dark brown, smooth and glossy ; 
- legs long, purplish; tibize trispinous upon their outer edges. 

The female is larger than the male, and measures an inch in length; the male, about 
eight-tenths of an inch. The name Osmoderma, given by the French naturalists, is indica- 
tive Of the odor the insect imparts to the hands when handled. They fly by night, and are 
common in New-England and New-York in the month of July. 


78 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Mr. Harris mentions another species, called the O. erenicola : its color is deep maho- 
gany brown, smooth, polished ; the male has a deeper tint before the middle of the thorax. 


Genus DICHELONYCHA ( Harris). 


Labrum transverse, lanceolate ; mandibles short, trigonal, incurved, acute and toothless ; 
maxille minute, linear, bidentate, teeth short ; first joint of the palpi minute, the 
second longer than the third : antenne nine-jointed. 

It is more quadrangular and elongated than the Genus Macropacrywus. 


DicHELONYCHA ELONGATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 1.) 

Color light brown : body quadrate, or with parallel sides, and the head extremity equal- 

ling the base ; elytra punctured, and marked with a greenish stripe. Length rather 
more than one-fourth of an inch. 


Genus EUCHLORA (Macriray). Awnomara ( Mergerle). 


Evcuiora ceers (Gr.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. 6.) 
Yellowish brown; back part of the head, and central part of the thorax, shaded with 
darker brown ; elytra bordered with brown. 
Var. atrata. Darker brown, nearly black (fig. 8). 


Genus HOPLIA ( Ix11e.). 


‘Antenne ten-jointed ; claws simple, but unequal’ ( Westwoop). 


Hopira tTrirascraTa (8.). ; ( Plate xxiv, fig. 4.) 

Rufous : surface thickly covered with scale-like grains, with downy hairs ; beneath silvery, 

or rather brassy. Elytra traversed transversely by three paler bars, confluent with 

the darker : post-abdomen covered with brassy granules, similar to the abdomen ; 
legs very long. Female darker than the male. Length one-fourth of an inch. 


MacropacryLus supsprnosa (Latr.). Melolontha s. (Fab.). (Pl. v, fig. 13.) 

Color yellow or ashen or drab, and clothed with a short dense down. It is slender before, 

but comparatively thick, full and obtuse behind, but tapers gently from the base of 

the elytra to the extremity of the abdomen, the point of which is exposed : labrum 
projecting over the mouth; thorax protuberant laterally, becoming spinous ; elytra 
covered closely with drab-colored hairs, nearly covering the extremity of the abdo- 
men : beneath, the abdomen protuberant and greenish; legs long, rufous, and but 
sparsely hairy ; joints of the tarsi dark brown, and surrounded with small spines : 
this is more conspicuous upon the hindlegs. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHIDA. 79 


_ The rosebug, or cherrybug, as it is called, is very destructive. Its generic name Macro- 
dactylus, is derived from the length of the feet ; and its specific or trivial name subspinosus,. 
from an incipient spine or swelling upon the sides of the prothorax. It is of a dull yellow 
color, about three-eighths of an inch long, and appears in great abundance in the spring, 
destroying roses and the blossoms of various plants, as well as the foliage of fruit trees, 
including the apple, cherry, plum, and that of the grape. 

Dr. Harris has the credit of being the first to give a satisfactory history of this insect, 
as published in his Report. 

I have been in the habit of destroying this insect, as well as the Evioscma mali, or the 
appletree blight, by hand-crushing. When there is little or no grass beneath the trees, they 
may be beaten down and crushed with the foot; the best time being the morning, when 
they are somewhat torpid. They may be collected upon sheets, or in vessels with a little 

-water to prevent their escape ; to be subsequently burned or scalded. Plants infested should 
be visited once or twice a day, and every effort made, by destruction of the present brood, 
to diminish that of the next season. 


Genus CETONIA ( Faz.).. 


Antenne short, the basal joint largest and robust, glabrous ; the head three-leaved, elon- 
gated : palpi short, last joint cylindric tapering ; mandibles short ; clypeus quadrate, 
entire in front ; thorax subtrigonal; elytra sinuate at the outer margin near the base ; 
scutellum elongate and acute ; sternum produced and rounded anteriorly. 


Crronra inpA. Scarabeus indus ( Lin.).. ( Plate xii, fig. 6.) 


Body ovate and rather depressed, pilose above and beneath. Clypeus deflexed and trun- 
cate : thorax subtriangular, sinuate before, centre of the sinus subdentate, broadly 
sinuate behind for the reception of the scutel; scutel an isosceles triangle; elytra 
light brown with black spots scattered over their disks and sides, margins sinuate, 
behind truncate, exposing the abdomen; legs hairy and brown; abdomen brown, 
glossy. 

The thorax is more densely clothed with hairs than the elytra ; the latter are sprinkled 
with spots and dots which are nearly black,.some angular, and others sinuate. Color of the 
abdomen and legs nearly uniform : the thorax is also spotted beneath the hairs; the 
sinuated base is naked and fuscous. Length six-tenths of an inch. 

This insect appears twice in the season ; first in March or April, and last in September : 
the latter, as Dr. Harris supposes, is a newly hatched brood, as at no time during the 
summer is an individual to be found. 

These insects appear upon various autumnal flowers, as the goldenrod, in search of 
pollen and honey, and are fond of the sap and sweet juices of trees and plants. 'lhey are 


80 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


charged, however, with frequenting orchards and feeding upon the ripening fruits : par- 
ticularly do they select the best peaches, which, if they do not entirely devour, they 
greatly injure by biting them. The distinguished naturalist last above named mentions that 
he has taken a dozen from a single peach. 

When cold weather approaches, they are supposed to secure themselves in some andl: 
tered place, and pass the winter. The March brood, as I have often observed, appear to 
issue directly from the ground ; and at numerous places they may be seen in numbers, 
flying low, and hovering over the ground like humblebees, upon which they alight and 
are lost in the dead grass and leaves, or penetrate again into the earth. 

The genera of this family are numerous, and are known as flower beetles. The European 
species Cetonia (Epicometis) hirta is said to destroy apricot blossoms in Malta; and another, 
Cetonia cardui, visits beehives, and destroys the wax and honey (Revue Zoologique, vii, 96). 
Plates of lead, with small perforations for the bees, were put over the place of ingress ; 
but the cetoniz soon enlarged them : zinc was then substituted, and found to answer as 
a protection. 


Creronta fFuLaIDA ( Fab.). ( Plate xii, fig. 4.) 
Body depressed, ovate. Head small, green above : thorax triangular and brilliant green, 
margined with luteous ; its sides are also slightly dilated ; base slightly sinuous for 
the reception of the scutel, which is an isosceles triangle and green. Elytra luteous, 
sometimes they show a greenish tint, truncate and deflexed behind : at the deflexure 
they are prominent ; the prominence terminates an obscure ridge which runs from the 
shoulders of the elytra; the suture is also elevated, so as to form a central ridge, 
Behind, the abdomen is marked with four triangular mouldy spots : spots similar to 
these extend along the sides of the abdomen ; legs luteous, glossy ; sides of the breast 
hairy ; tarsi and base of the cubits brown, nearly black. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
This insect, which is very common in Maryland, is not very numerous, as I have 
observed, in New-England and New-York : it is more common in the paths in groves than 
elsewhere. 


CHAPTER VI. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 


; PRIOCERATA. 

Tue next subtribe of pentamerous beetles is named Priocerata by Mr. Westwoop (Serri- 
cornes, Latr.). They comprise those families whose antenne are short, or only of a moderate 
length, with an equal thickness throughout, and generally attenuated at the tip rather 
than thickened : they are eleven-jointed, but their peculiar characteristic consists in being 
serrated upon their inside ; hence the name serricornes by LarrEiLtE : in the males, they 
are sometimes pectinated. The insect has two short robust maxillary and labial palpi : 
body elongate and narrow ; elytra narrowed behind, covering the abdomen. 

The Priocerata are divided into two sections, the Macrosterni and the Aprosterni, by 
Westwoop. The first comprises the old genera Buprestis and Exarer, the consistence of 
whose bodies is firm, and their forms elliptic and elongate, but narrowed behind : their 
legs are short, and either partially or wholly retractile ; and their heads are short, and are 
received into a cylindrical excavation in the prothorax, or in front up to their eyes. The 
pectus advances beneath the mouth, and is also produced behind to a point. 

These beetles, for beauty and splendor of coloring, are among the finest of the class of 
insects : they are rich in the metallic hues which ornament their bodies and elytra. They 
fly swiftly, but walk slowly, from the shortness of their legs. They make their escape, 
when in danger of being captured, by falling suddenly into the grass and weeds. 

The Buprestip#, or bupestrians, have an oval form, being widest behind the thorax and 
obtuse before, but narrower behind and frequently acute : their bodies are also wider than 
deep, with a thorax wider behind than before. The head, according to the typical character 
of the family, is sunk into the thorax up to the eyes : the antenne are short, and serrate 
on the inside. The thorax is widest behind, and fits very closely to the base of the elytra. 
The legs are set widely apart, and are short, and hence their stand is firm : the soles of 
the fourth joints of the feet are furnished with spongy cushions, and the foot terminated 
with two claws : the scutel is small. The insects are rarely seen, except in hot sunny days, 
when they may be found on fences, limbs of trees, or sides of houses, basking in the sun : 
they never fly in the night. 

[ AcricuLTURAL Report — Vot. v.] 11 ” 


82 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Although the buprestide are among the most elegant and beautiful of the coleoptera, 
yet their larvee are one and all more or less injurious to fruit and forest trees. The eggs of 
the female are deposited upon the trunks and limbs of trees, and, when hatched, the young 
grubs penetrate slowly through the bark ; and as they are often many years in coming to 
maturity, time and opportunity is given for extensive injury : it is here they undergo their 
transformation. 

The larve of this natural family of insects have a very close resemblance to each other, 
and hence a brief description of a single species will be sufficient to convey an idea of 
their general characteristics. These larvee, then, are white or yellowish white, rather long, 
narrow and somewhat flattened, and furnished each with a small brown head sunk into a 
suddenly and abruptly widened out thorax, conveying at first view the impression that the 
head is very large, whereas it is only two or three of the last rings that are thus suddenly 
widened out and enlarged : the upper jaws are supplied with three black teeth. There are 
no legs or other apparatus for locomotion, except two tubercles placed on the under side 
of the second from the thorax. When drawn out of its burrow, the larva progresses by a 
kind of wriggling motion, frequently rolling over, though not so often as the more cylin- 
drical larva of the boring coleoptera. They are found both beneath the bark and in the 
wood : under the bark, they lie partly coiled, or in the form of a semicircle. The pupa 
bears a very close resemblance to the perfect insect : it is found very near the outer 
surface of the bark, so that when the transformation is complete, the insect has only to 
perforate a thin scale of bark to escape from its prison into open day. 

The oaks, hickories and pines are the kinds of trees most usually infected with the 
bupestrian larve ; and, unfortunately, our knowledge of the ways and means by which 
these larvee may be destroyed are few and uncertain : the knife and wire are the only 
infallible means to remove them, when once they are in possession of the premises. Our 
preventive means, however, in the case of fruit, are more effectual ; such as scraping and 
washing the trunk and large limbs, at those seasons of the year when they are known to 
deposit their eggs. This kind of care and attention is rarely bestowed except in the spring, 
which, so far as the family of borers is concerned, is perfectly ineffectual, as their eggs are 
laid in the months of June, July and August. The perfect insect, though it may feed oh 
leaves, is comparatively harmless. There is, however, no provision which is so important 
to keep in check the ravages of these and all other insects, as the preservation and pro- 
tection of birds. The woodpecker in particular deserves the protection of the farmer, in- 
asmuch as it is eminently successful in detecting the presence of the larve of the borers, 
as well as very expert in dragging them from their burrows. 


FAMILY BUPRESTIDA. 83 


- Buprestidae. 


Genus BUPRESTIS ( Liyy.). 


Antenne subfiliform, serrated in both sexes ; basal joint elongate, subclavated ; terminal 
one small. Palpi, maxillary subfiliform, the terminal joint slightly tumid ; labial, 
minute, the labrum attenuated and slightly emarginated in front. Mandibles slightly 
bifid at the apex : maxille small, somewhat bilobed at the tip. Head deflexed, short, 
retuse : thorax with the posterior margin closely applied to the base of the elytra ; 
the latter elongated, trigonate, entire or serrated : legs slender; tarsi with the pe- 
nultimate joint bilobed (StrepHeEns). 


A. Elytra dentate, and serrate at the ape. 


Buprestis (CHALCOPHORA) virerNica ( Drury). ( Plate v, fig. 5.) 
Form oval : color dark brown and sometimes almost black, with brassy metallic reflec- 
tions, more distinct beneath. Surfaces, above and beneath punctured ; above, sculp- 
tured in interrupted parallel lines. Top of the head deeply indented longitudinally ; 
indentation linear, and extending to the front. Thorax marked by three distinct 
eminences, one of which is central. Elytra margined, sculptured or interruptedly 
ridged ; base coarsely plicated ; outer angle rounded and serrate; inner angle ter- 
minated by a very short spine : the under side is furnished with a short whitish down. 

It is nearly an inch in length, and quite robust. 
The larve inhabit pine trees, to which they are very injurious. The perfect insect ap- 

pears in June. 


Buprestis FuLvo-cuTtata (Harris). B. americana (Kirby). 

Above black bronze ; underneath metallic, glossy, punctured. Scutellum very small. 
Thorax marked by waving transverse lines. Elytra granulated and ornamented with 
six yellowish spots, but variable in number ; tops rounded : underside of the ab- 
domen, near the extremity, thickly punctured. Length 3- to 4-tenths of an inch. 

The forelegs in this species are without teeth. It is the B. drummondi of the fourth vo- 
lume of the Fauna Boreali Americane. 
Found upon trunks of the white pine in June. 


Burrestis (Anopiis) Frascrata ( Fab.). ( Plate v, fig. 1.) 

Flattened above. Color fine brilliant green, nearly of one uniform tint, punctured above 
and beneath. Mandibles stout and black : eyes black, ovate : thorax has four slight 
depressions : seutellum small and triangular. Elytra finely lined, and marked by 
transverse yellow bands : the first is a mere oblong transverse spot, near the middle ; 


z 


84 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the largest, is an undulating band extending nearly across the elytrum, and the last 
is a spot near the apex : the spots are surrounded with a black glossy border. The 
apex has a steel-blue reflexion, and is bidentate. 

This is one of the finest beetles belonging to this family : it varies in length from four 
to six-tenths of an inch. The bands are variable in number : they are found some with 
three, others with two, which is the most common, and still another variety has only one. 

[| I have observed, in some of the plates, the color of the figure is too black, and the 
green too indistinct. | 


BurreEstIs . ( Plate xxxi, fig. 11.) 
Slightly depressed, widened posteriorly and punctured. Mandibles narrow, black ; beneath 
purplish green : eyes black : antenne green : head and thorax green, cupreous and 
metallic. Elytra bordered with metallic purple; disk green, forming a middle lon- 
gitudinal band; also marked with four elevated lines, truncate, and terminated at 
the inner angle with a minute spine. 
- This beautiful species was found at Albany : its elytra are finely bordered with purple; 
the sutural line is divided into two near the base, and is dotted between. It appears to be 
rare, as it is the only one I have seen in any of our collections. 


Buprestis (CHRYSOBOTHRIS) DENTIPES (Germar). ( Plate v, fig. 2.) 

Depressed or flattened, oblong oval, purplish copper-color above ; beneath copper-colored, 

finely punctured. Surface covered in patches with a kind of shagréen. Thorax marked 
with two elevated lines : elytra rounded behind. 

This species is still less convex than the divaricata : its metallic hues are less distinct, 
it is destitute of denticles at the apex of the wing-covers, its eyes are much smaller, and 
its mouth differently constructed. It inhabits the different species of oaks, and is not found 
about our fruit orchards or gardens. It is the B. characteristica of Harris ( New-England 
Farmer, Vol. viii, p. 2). 


Buprestis (CHRYSOBOTHRIS) FEMORATA ( Fab.). . (Plate v, fig. 3.) 

Rather depressed. Color black and bronzed above, glossy and metallic beneath : upper 

side the abdomen is green, punctured above and underneath. Eyes gray. Head is 

marked with an elevated line, and covered with short whitish hairs in front. Elytra 
rounded ; the posterior edge subserrate, or scarcely serrated. 

This species is smaller than the dentipes. It has a well marked tooth inside of the thigh 
of the forelegs. The elytra are rather shorter than the abdomen, and have an approach to 
three pair of impressed gray transverse spots. It varies in size; not exceeding, however, 
half an inch in length. 

I took many individuals of this species in Canandaigua several years since, in June, 
upon a black oak. The foregoing species appear to be widely distributed. 


$ ’ 


FAMILY BUPRESTID. 85 


B. Margin without serratures. 


BupREsTIs DIVARICATA (Say). Cherrytree Buprestis. ( Plate v, fig 4.) 
Convex*; greenish cupreous above, purplish and metallic beneath, confluently punctured 
above and beneath. Elytra attenuate, divaricate or divergent at their tips : thorax 
indented before the scutel ; scutel small and indented : elytra marked with lines and 
with abbreviated elevations ; tips narrowed and prolonged beyond the abdomen, and 
truncate and submucronate on the inner side. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
According to Say, it resembles the /urida of Faxsricrus in general appearance. 


Buprestis Luripa ( Fab.). 

Above dull brassy ; beneath brassy with purplish hues and bright, confluently punctured 
above and beneath. Mandibles black : eyes dark brown or black : thorax dilated 
before its middle, coarsely sculptured, and impressed with grooves rather than lines. 
ilytra coarsely sculptured, marked with wider abbreviated lines, and connected by 
branching ridges; behind they are slightly attenuate, projecting just beyond the 
pointed abdomen, and terminated with two submucronate points. 

» This species differs from the former, in being destitute of lines, having fewer confluent 

punctures, coarseness of the markings, less attenuated tips of the elytra, and their ter- 

mination in two short spines instead of one. The larva is described by Mr. Harris as 
destructive to the pignut hickory : it is of a yellowish white; long, narrow, depressed 
in form, and abruptly widened at the anterior extremity : head brown, small, and deeply 
sunk in the forepart of the first segment ; jaws three-toothed, black : no legs, nor sub- 
stitutes except two small warts on the underside of the second segment of the thorax. 

These grubs exist in the wood and beneath the bark, sometimes in great numbers : the 
pupa resembles the perfect insect. 


AgriLus RUFIcOLLIs, a member of the Family Burrestipm, was described by Professor 
Havpeman in the American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. iv, p. 200, 
fig. 1, as follows : ‘This little insect, so hurtful to the raspberry, is about three lines long ; 
black, minutely punctured, thorax and front brassy ; front with a vertical impression : 
a wide shallow impression across the thorax posteriorly, and another at the base of the 
elytra. In this particular case, the knowledge of the appearance of the insect is not es- 
sential, as far as the means of preventing its depredations are concerned, although it is 
always interesting to know whence an injury proceeds. 

‘Tn its larva state, Agrilus ruficollis lives at the expense of the cultivated Rubus (rasp- 
berry), in the heart of which the pupa may be found in the month of May, the imago 
appearing in June. The larva bores between the wood and bark, injuring the plant, and 
causing a wide unsightly excrescence : it next penetrates to the pith, which it traverses 
for two or three feet, finally excavating a cavity in which it undergoes its transformations.’ _ 


86 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Hlateride. 


al 

Tue most distinct characters of this family are found in the form and structure of the 
posterior part of the thorax and sternum : the sides of the former are prolonged into a 
tooth, and the latter is produced into a spine which fits into a groove of the abdomen. 
This arrangement of parts enables the insect, when upon its back, to spring upwards and 
alight upon its feet : this is the only mode by which it can recover its standing, when 
accidentally upset ; and from this circumstance these insects are called spring beetles, or 
snapbugs. Their antenne are short and filiform, and either serrate or pectinate ; the palpi 
terminate with a triangular or reniform joint ; the mandibles are bifid at the apex : body 
linear and depressed : thorax with the hinder and lateral angles produced into a point ; 
the margin is also grooved for the reception of the short antenne. The sternum is produced. 
behind into a spine, which fits into a groove in the base of the abdomen. The females are 
furnished with a tripartite ovipositor. 

In this family, as in the preceding, the head is received into the thorax deeply, and the 
legs and antenne are short and slender. 

The larve live upon the roots of vegetables, wood, ete., and are very injurious to corn 
and herbaceous roots. They are known in New-York and New-England by the name of 
wireworms, from their form and hardness : they resemble, however, a species of Ivius, 
which belongs to the Class Myriapopa, and should therefore not be confounded with it ; 
a mistake which it is quite unnecessary to commit, as the myriapod has many feet, while 
the wireworm has only six. 

Although the elateride, in their perfect state, are closely allied to the buprestidée, yet 
their larve have feet, while the larve of the latter family are destitute of them : so the 
enlargement or dilatation near their heads is equally distinctive ; but there is one kind of 
resemblance common to both, for they both live several years in the larval state, and hence 
have abundance of time to do much injury. When a field becomes infested with wire- 
worms, the indian corn and other cultivated crops are often entirely destroyed, and many 
times require replanting. The larva eats either through the kernel after it is swollen, or 
else through the young shoot. I have seen two wireworms in the same swollen kernel. 
They attack grass, and all the cereals; and in consequence of their long continuance in 
this state, the soil becomes infested with them. > . 

Soils which are the most infested with these larve are usually poor; and one of the 
most effective modes that can be adopted in the cultivation of such land, is to enrich it. 


Another mode which aids very materially in the extirpation of the wireworm, is to plough ~ 


late in the fall : it is supposed that by exposing the ground freely to the action of frost, 
the larve must perish from cold. 


FAMILY ELATERID. 87 


Much has been said in the agreultural journals about the use of substances supposed to 
be noxious to this insect, still there is no proof that any such remedy has been effectual. 
Salt is usually relied on, but experience does not sustain its use. So far as salt contributes 
to the amount of fertilizing matter, it will prove useful : beyond that, it is useless. 

In gardens where these larvee are common, Mr. Harris recommends the English mode 
of extirpating them : this mode consists in baiting them with slices of potatoes or turnips, 
which are scattered over the ground at night. Early in the morning the larve are found 
above ground feeding upon the bait, when they are collected and destroyed. 


Genus ELATER. 


This genus is characterized by the shortness of the antenne, which have a short robust 
basal joint, the second and third joints small and subglobose, and with their margins 
serrate upon their outer sides. Head small and retracted ; eyes small : thorax gene- 
rally elongate, with the posterior angles produced : body only slightly convex, linear 
elongate, sometimes subovate : legs short; tarsi simple. 


Exater (Atavus) ocutatus ( Fab.). ( Plate v, fig. 6.) 

Form elongate, depressed. Color black, sprinkled with gray. Head small : thorax large, 
quadrangular, and marked by two ovate black velvety spots situated rather in ad- 
vance of the middle. Elytra are marked with slender lines ; posterior angles rounded. 

The underside of the body, and of the legs, is covered with a gray mealy substance. 

This singular beetle is found in midsummer upon walls and fences. It is one of our 
largest beetles ; varying, however, from 1} to 1} inches in length : the largest specimens 
are nearly half an inch wide. It is glossy black, powdered with white specks. The head 
has a deep wide impression ; the prothorax is an oblong parallelogram, and the eyelike 
spots are surrounded by a white ring. It is widely distributed, as I have found it south and 
north. It appears, therefore, at different times in different latitudes : in North-Carolina, 
the last of May; in Pennsylvania, in June; and in New-York and New-England, in July 
and August. : é 

Mr. Hatpeman has found the larva of this beetle in ash trees in an incipient decay : it 
is of various sizes. Mr. Harris has found the larva in old apple trees : it is not, therefore, 
confined to a single species of trees. In old trees infested with them, it is recommended 
to remove and burn them. 

The larve are of a yellowish white color, or reddish ; and, when fully grown, the largest 
individuals measure two and a half inches in length. The head is rough, brown and broad ; 
the mandibles are strong and curved : they have six legs, and the last segment of the body 
is furnished with a prop foot ; and the sides are armed with hooks and short spines. 


~ 


88 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Exater ( Pyropuorus) NocTitucus. 

This species is noticed merely to state the fact that someof the spines are phosphore- 
scent : they constitute the fire beetles of the West Indies, and feed upon the sugar cane. 
They resemble the oculatus in form and size, but the eyelike spots give out a strong light; 
so also it is emitted from the segments of the body. 


Evater (Metanotus) communts (Schénherr). 
Color light brown, hairy, subacute behind : thorax furrowed in the middle : elytra, at 
their bases, are marked with about five sulci. Length half an inch. 
It is common during the spring and summer months. 


Exater ( MELANoTUS) GLANDICOLOR. ( Plate v, fig. 9.) 
Color brown : head small; head, thorax, elytra and abdomen covered with white or ash 
gray hairs. Elytra narrowed behind; anterior margin or base marked with 3 short sulci. 


Eater ( MeLanorus) CINEREUS. 
Color brown; hairy. Thorax punctured, and marked by about ten obsolete cross lines : 
they give the appearance of a reticulated structure. Length about half an inch, and 
is found in April, May and June. 


Eater (Lupivs) appressrrrons (Say). 4 ‘ 

Color chestnut-brown, but hoary from being clothed with short yellow close-pressed hairs ; 
cylindrical, slender. Angles of the thorax prolonged : elytra finely punctured, and 
also marked by slender lines. Length about half an inch. 

According to Dr. Harris, the females are more robust and larger than the males, and 


the brevicornis of Say is identical with this species. The elytra are marked by about ten: 


distinct lines each : the legs are lighter colored than the elytra, and clothed with igs t 
and the prolonged outer angles of the thorax are excurved. 


Eater (Acrrores) opesus (Say). 
Color reddish brown : body somewhat dilated and short : seutel rounded and hairy. The 
elytra are punctured, and clothed in much the same manner as the foregoing. Length 
less than half an inch. The lines of the elytra are only about seven in number, and 
the hairs upon the upper side are arranged in lines or stripes. 
It is found in the spring among the roots of grass, and it is observed by Mr. Harris that 
its grub resembles the wireworm of Europe. 


ELATER ( Plate v, fig. 7.) 

This species was found dead : it is much larger than the appressifrons, and of a light 

brown color. I believe now that though it may not be a common species, still, as it is 

faded, it will probably be a matter of doubt to what species it really belongs, and there- 
fore I omit further allusion to it. 


oS ee 
PO ee 
es. ba ¥ 


FAMILY LAMPYRIDE. 89 


Lampyride. 


Tue glowworms and fireflies constitute a part of this interesting family of insects. Their 
bodies are elongated and greatly depressed, and soft : the elongation affects the abdomen, 
the thorax and head being very short, and the latter concealed in the former. The females 
are sometimes destitute of wings. Their colors are dull, though a considerable variety 
exists, and the markings of the thorax are very peculiar, the ornamental colors consisting 
of red and yellow combined with black. They are said to be voracious, and feeders upon 
flesh, subsisting upon snails, etc. When alarmed, they fold up their antenne and feet, and 
remain motionless : if disturbed, they fall into the grass or leaves. They are common on 
fences and walls during the summer and spring. Some species fly into the windows at 
night, being attracted by the light of the candle. 

The family is characterized anatomically by the different authors as having filiform or 
serrated antennz, with compressed joints ; the penultimate joint of the tarsi bilobed ; the 
parts of the mouth small : mandible small, acute and curved. 


Genus LAMPYRIS ( Liy.). 


‘Head not rostrated, covered by thorax : females apterous : mandibles entire’ ( Wexst- 
Woop). 


Lampyris nigricans (Knoch). ( Plate xxi, fig. 3.) 
_§ Brownish black : thorax with a rufous spot each side within the margin’ (Say). 
” ~ ‘The margin of the thorax appears wetted, and the thorax is edged with brownish. 


LAMPYRIS SCINTILLANS. ( Plate xxi, fig, 5.) 
Disk of the thorax rufous, with an angular brown spot in the centre ; border yellow : 
elytra brown, bordered with yellow. 


LAMPYRIS ANGULATA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 4.) 
Color pale fuscous, the darker indistinctly defined. Thorax marked with an angular and 
pointed patch of brown on its posterior part, and surrounded with rufous : sides of 
the brown anterior part furnished with a pair of oval yellowish spots. Elytra brown, 
bordered with yellow, 


- 


LAMPYRIS LATICORNIS. ( Plate xxi, fig. 2.) 
Antenne conspicuous and compressed. Thorax ornamented with an oval central black 
spot, pointed before, and bordered with rufous; margin pale yellow : beneath, the 
colors correspond to those above, Elytra plain dull black, black beneath. Length 
one-fourth of an inch. 
[ AcricuLtuRAL Report — VoL. v.] 12 


90 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


LAMPYRIS CORRUSCA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 1.) 

Thorax with a black spot, rounded at the sides, and prolonged to the anterior extremity 

of the thorax, bordered with rufous and yellowish ; margin with a black narrow 
border. Elytra black or dark brown. 


LAMPYRIS VERSICOLOR. | ( Plate xxi, fig. 6.) 

Body long. Thorax lined with, black in the centre and posteriorly, and with oval rufous 

spots on each side ; margin yellow. Elytra dark brown, margined with yellow, and 

with an acute band behind, running from the anterior and outer angle to the opposite 
interior angle. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch. 


Cake feLTror 
Genus DICTYOPTERA (Lr.). Lycus (Stph.}. “ 


‘Head short : females winged : mandibles entire’ (WrEstwoop). 


rd 
DicryopTERA TERMINALIS. (Plate xxi, fig. 8.) ~~ 
Thorax black in the middle, bordered with reddish yellow : antenne, legs and abdomen 
black : elytra pale orange, terminated with blue-black, and longitudinally veined ; 
inosculating transverse veinlets between and uniting them ; wings bordered with pale 
orange, shaded at their extremity. Length? ~ 


DicryopreRA RETICULATA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 7.) 
Thorax with a central black spot, bordered with orange : antenne, legs and abdomen 
black : elytra orange, with two large blue-black oval spots; veins six, alternately 
thick and thin : wings black at their tips, and shaded blackish. Length? 
Both species are furnished with conspicuous antenne. 


Telephoride. 


TELEPHORUS ? 


( Plate xxvi, fig. 1.) 

Body soft, elongate, linear : elytra covering the abdomen; terminal joint of the labial 
palpi securiform ; eyes prominent. Color of the body, head, and middle of the thorax 
black or dark brown ; middle of the elytra brown, edges rufous ; labrum and outer 
margins of the thorax thin and rufous. Length half an inch. 7 


Omauisus coccrnatus (Say). 
Thorax indented : elytra orange, reticulated with longitudinal veins and a transverse~ 
network of veinlets : antenne slightly rufous, and bordering upon brown or black. 


FAMILY CLERID. 91 


Cleride. 


Anrtenn= subclavate, the three or four last joints being thickened : the head is more or 
less retractile ; and the anterior parts, head and thorax, appear elongated, while the 
abdomen is short. The thorax and body are both subrotund ; the last joint but one of the 
tarsi, bifid. 

The family is composed of small but beautiful insects : they live in wood, and some- 
times in the dried remains of animals, in which respect they seem to resemble the der- 
mestide. Others frequent beehives, and feed upon the larve of the bee. 


Genus CLERUS (Gerorr.).. Tricuopes (Fab.). 


‘ Tarsi with the basal joints scarcely visible ; labial palpi terminated by a large hatchet- 
‘shaped joint; terminal joint of the antenne acutely produced within’ (Wrstwoop). 


CLERUS APIARIUS. ( Plate ii, fig. 8.) 
Color steel-blue, pubescent : elytra vermilion, with three transverse bands of deep violet. 


Genus THANASIMUS (Larr.). 


Antenne gradually clavate : maxillary palpi small; labial palpi terminated by a hatchet- 
shaped joint; basal tarsi joint small. 


THANASIMUS DUBIUs ( Latr.). ( Plate viii, fig. 7.) 

Color brown and fuscous, pubescent ; madibles aud eyes black ; head, thorax and base of 

the elytra fuscous. Neck surrounded with a collar : thorax emarginate before, deeply 

grooved transversely behind, and exserted. Elytra fuscous and strongly punctured at 

base, banded with rufous white and dark brown or black ; thighs fuscous ; tibia and 
first joints of the tarsi dark brown. 

One-third of the basal portion of the elytra is pubescent ; the remainder, or banded 
portion, is clothed with close-pressed short hairs : on the undulating whitish bands, the 
hair is dirty white. Length one-fourth of an inch. 

This species of Thanasimus is found upon the pine, both in the living and decayed state 
of the tree. 

The larva of one of the Fnglish species of Cervus, C. apiarius, is found in beehives, and 
is highly injurious to the community, as it feeds upon the grubs of the bees. It is an 
European insect, and is not known in this country ; but as other members of the family 
may have the same habits, it is important that they should be found out. 


92 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Ptinidae. 


Tue family Prixipm is eomposed of a number of small insects, which are sufficiently 
abundant at times to cause considerable damage : they are found in the woodwork of old 
houses ; in furniture and books, dried plants, ship biscuit, wafers, grain, etc. The Genus 
Awnosium is one of these, and has acquired the name of deathwatch, from the noise it makes. 


Genus PTINUS. 


‘Antenne long, slender and simple, inserted close together; eyes prominent; elytra 
‘ separated ; body oblong’ ( WEstwoop). 


Prinus FuR (Linn.). 

This is a small oval insect of a teddish brown color, one-eighth of an inch in length, 
with the head and prothorax small and the feet and antenne long and slender. The elytra 
are covered with hairs, and have a longitudinal stria filled with punctures. It is very 
destructive when numerous, and is common to Europe and America : in Europe, it de- 
stroys stored wheat. Dr. Hatpeman remarks that he has found it feeding upon the corn- 
stalks used to line cases of insects in an entomological collection, in the month of Fe- 
bruary. It seems to be a general feeder. 


Lymexylonidae. 


Tue destruction of ship-timber collected in dockyards, which so often happens, is fre- 
quently effected by the Lymeaylon navale, a species of insect belonging to this family, and 
found in Europe. The cause of the damage was investigated by Linyevus, at the request of 
the King of Sweden; and when he discovered it, he recommended immersing the timber 
in water during the period when the female insect would be engaged in depositing her 
egos. Dr. Harris describes an American species, or one belonging to the allied genus 


HyLecetus. 


CupEs CAPITATA. 

Color black : head red or ferruginous, strongly ridged and transversely grooved, and 
furnished with two prominent tubercles : thorax with three longitudinal ridges : 
élytra strongly ridged, with two rows of punctures upon the back, and three between 
the lateral ridges. 


FAMILY BOSTRICHID®. 93 


Bostrichide. 


Tars family is distinguished by the cylindrical form of the insect, and by the front of the 
prothorax, which is obliquely truncate. In this climate these insects are small, but within 
the tropics there are some large species. They all infest forest trees, burrowing either 
beneath the bark or into the wood. The power they possess of penetrating hard substances 
is quite remarkable : seasoned timber is easily cut by them, and the lead of the roofs of 
houses scarcely presents an obstruction. At Turin, cartridges stored in barrels were eaten 
through, and the leaden balls gnawed an eighth of an inch in depth. The Bostrichus ca- 
pucinus, the species on which the genus was first established by Grorrroy, has been found 
gnawing type metal, which is considerably harder than lead. Their bodies are hard, and 
generally black or of a dark rusty brown : the thorax is dilated before ; the antennz short, 
and terminate in three large serrated joints. The larve are wood-eaters also, of a whitish 
color, wrinkled above, and furnished with six legs. 


Genus APATE. Bostricuus (Oliv.). 
Elytra spinose and retuse posteriorly : antenne with the second joint elongate, cylindric ; 
terminal joints forming a perfoliated club. 


APATE BASILARIS. 

Color black or dark brown : prothorax rough and punctured ; base of the elytra red, 
punctured, and the posterior extremity obliquely truncate and furnished with three 
teeth on each side. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch. 

This species is found as far south as Carolina. It perforates the shagbark hickory dia- 
metrically through the trunk to the very heart, where it undergoes its transformations at 
the bottom of its burrow ( Harris on injurious insects). 

In Italy, the branches of the Morus multicaulis are perforated by the Apate sexdentata. 
Many other species commit great havoc in forests, perforating the wood and burrowing 
beneath the bark, by which the circulation of the sap is cut off. 

Dr. Haupeman remarks in a manuscript note, that some strips of hickory which he had 
employed to confine rose plants were destroyed in two years. The hickory is a tree that 
suffers much from the attacks of boring insects ; and hoop-poles made of hickory saplings 
are frequently destroyed, or rendered useless in a few months. Barrel hoops, made of this 
excellent material, are often attacked, so that much inconvenience, if not actual loss, may 
be the result. The proper remedy seems to be the immersion of the poles in water, or 
storing them in cellars, during the deposition of the eggs. The latter mode is sometimes 
. adopted, but the former would have the advantage of destroying young grubs already 
deposited. 


94 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


From the great and increasing value of the forests in New-York and Pennsylvania, it 
becomes necessary to direct attention to these destroyers, that proper care may be taken to 
prevent their increase. Although living trees are subject to attack, these insects have the 
peculiarity of flocking to recently cut timber. On this account, infected trees should be 
cut down and the bark subsequently removed and burnt, and the wood cut up and applied 
as fuel, turned into charcoal, or immersed in water. Some European authors contend that 
healthy trees are not attacked by these insects; and that when the attack has been com- 
menced, it is an indication that the tree is in a state of incipient decline. 


CHAPTER VII. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


HETEROMERA. 


Tuts division comprehends those insects in which the four anterior tarsi are five-jointed, 
while the posterior pair are only four-jointed. They are mostly vegetable feeders, some 
preferring leaves, others flowers, and others farinaceous matters. There is great diversity 
in their color and habitat : some are beautifully ornamented, others dark and gloomy : 
some prefer the light of day, and are found upon the wing sporting in the beams of the 
sun; others inhabit dark and gloomy places, retiring from day, and abiding in obscure 
and unfrequented situations. In these respects, however, we find elsewhere similar ar- 
rangements and diversities. 

The Hereromera are subdivided by Westwoop into two sections or tribes, the first of 
which he calls Tracnetra. The head in this tribe is considerably dilated behind the eyes, 
and then narrowed again, so that the thorax does not equal the broadest part of the head. 
The body of the insect is also of a soft consistence, and the elytra are flexible, and folded 
or overlapped on their inner margin. The Canruaris is an example of this subdivision, as 
to the character of the elytra and the softness of body and gay color of the insect. 

The other great tribe or subdivision is the Arracuetia. In this tribe the thorax has the 
width of the head, the posterior part of which is often concealed by the thorax. The habits 
of the insects also serve to distinguish them from the first subdivision : they appear in 
dull colors, rarely fly by day, and seek concealment in darkness. Among the ArracHELIA 
we find the Genera Buiars and TENEBRIO. 

The Tracueria comprise the Notoxide, Pyrochroide, Lagriide, Horiide, Mordellide, 
Cantharide, Salpingide, Gidemeride, and Melandryide ; in all nine families. 

The ArracueLra embrace only six families, namely, the Cistelide, Helopidw, Tene- 
brionide, Diaperide, Blapside and Pimeliide. 


96 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Pyrochroidae. 


Bopy narrowed in front, and flattened; neck distinct; thorax suborbicular ; antenne 
rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males. 


DENDROIDES CANADENSIS (Lt.). ( Plate xxv, fig. 2.) 

Eyes very large, nearly meeting above and below, terminating sharply beneath and rounded - 

above : thorax rufous and punctured : elytra chestnut brown, glossy, beautifully 
punctured and long, and larger than the abdomen ; antenne distantly pectinated. 


Genus PYROCHROA (Fas.). Canruanis (Lin.). 


Antenne rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males : eyes distant. 


PyROCHROA FLABELLATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 4.) 
Eyes in the males distant, but large : antenne pectinated : head and thorax rufous : elytra 
black or dark brown, finely punctured, and extending beyond the abdomen; thighs 
banded with rufous at both extremities ; antenne black, rufous at base ; last segment 

of the abdomen brownish. 


Cantharidae. 


Tue cantharides, or blistering flies used in medicine, are represented amongst us by the 
allied genus Ericauta, having the same property of raising blisters. They are slender 
soft-bodied insects, with slender legs, the prothorax narrowed before, and the head large. 
They are at times abundant upon potato vines, whence they have acquired the name of 
potato fly, particularly the Epicauta vittata : it attacks the potato, convolvulus, and other 
plants, from June to September. It may, with the other species, be collected with a muslin 
bag having the mouth attached to a hoop; thrown into water to prevent escape, and 
subsequently scalded and dried for the use of the druggist. 


EpicauTA VITTATA. ( Plate v, fig. 14.) 

Color black : third joint of the antenne longest : front of the head marked by two black 

kidneyform spots :-thorax furnished with a small labial tubercle, and marked with 

three fuscous strips, the two lateral ones obscure ; the middle of the thorax promi- 

nent. Elytra margined all around with fuscous border, and marked in the middle with 

a stripe of the same color : thighs fuscous at the articulation ; lower extremities and 
tibie and tarsi black. Length six-tenths of an inch. 


be 


FAMILY CANTHARIDZ, CISTELIDH AND DIAPERID&. 97 


Genus CANTHARIS (Grorr.). Lyrra ( Fab.). 
Body narrow ; wings two ; elytra elongate ; last joint of the maxillary palpi subovate. 


CANTHARIS CINEREA. 


Insect elongated, narrow, cinereous, and covered with short close-pressed hairs : antennz 
dark brown. 
The whole insect has a hoary appearance. 


CANTHARIS ATRATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 6.) 
Insect jet black : legs, body and thorax shining : elytra rather dull. 
Sometimes I have found great numbers of this insect devouring the flowers of the china 
aster, in the months of August and September. 


Genus MELOE (Liyy.). 


Wings none: elytra short, lapping within ; antenne various. 


MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIS. 
Insect steel-blue : head and thorax punctured ; two ovoid spaces on each side of the 


thorax, smooth. Elytra sculptured : the two last and part of the third ring of the 
abdomen naked. 


Cistelidae. 


Genus CISTELA (Fas.). Curysomera (Linn.). 


‘Ovate : thorax semicircular ; mandibles bifid ; maxillary palpi subsecuriform’ ( West- 
woop). 


CIsTELA BREVIs (Say). ; 
Brown, widest near the middle : thorax terminated behind and laterally by a sharp angle : 
- elytra punctured and slightly ridged ; legs rather long, and paler than the body. 


Diaperidae. 
Gexus BOLETOPHAGUS (Fas.). Exenona (Lat.), 


Obtuse, ovate, convex : thorax crenated ; antenne curved, clubbed and serrated. 


[ AcricuLturRaL Report — Vot. v.] 13 


98 ORDER. COLEOPTERA. 


BoLETOPHAGUS CORNUTUS. ( Plate v, fig. 12.) 
Brown, scabrous : elytra furnished with three rows of tubercles. Male thorax furnished 
with two curled horns leaning forward, yellow, villose on their under sides ; labrum 
furnished with two pointed upright horns, or pointed tubercles : thorax of the female 
furnished with two short notched tubercles ; margin of the thorax dilated, tuberculate 

and serrate. 


Helopidae.. 


Tue colors of this family of insects are rather lively : their elytra are free, and the wings 
are usually simple. The larve are found in wood or under the bark of trees : some, in the 
perfect state, frequent umbelliferous flowers. | 


Piro americanus ( Knoch). ( Plate xxv, fig. 9.) 
Brown, darker above, and slightly brassy or submetallic ; head and thorax darker than 
the elytra. | 


Tenebrionidae, Blapsidae, and Pimeliidae. 


ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Tarsi and tarsal claws entire ; sides of the head parallel ; 
antenne rather short, moniliform, and inserted beneath the widened margins of the head ; 
mandibles short, triangular, tips bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla often armed with a 
eorneous tooth ; eyes oblong, and only slightly elevated. 

GeneRaL HABITs. These families possess many similar habits : they avoid the light, 
and live in damp places in cellars, basements, stables, etc., or upon the ground and under 
stones in sandy places. The term ¢enebrio is derived from the latin, signifying darkness 
( Westwoop). The colors are all dark brown or black. | 
In the Tenrprionip#, the body is oblong ovate and depressed, or supplied with short 
legs ; elytra free ; thorax square, and the head as broad behind as the base of the elytra : 
the palpi are enlarged at the tip ; mentum narrowed at the base. 

In the Buarsipz : Elytra soldered together ; wings obsolete ; legs of moderate length, 
hence the body is less depressed than in the former family ; palpi three-jointed ; man- 
dibles bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla armed with a claw. 

In the Pimenipa@, the palpi filiform, and terminal joint rather dilated than hatchet- 
shaped as in the two preceding families ; maxilla concealed in a large mentum, which is 
as wide behind as before. _ 


FAMILY TENEBRIONIDZ. 99 


Genus TENEBRIO. 


Body narrow elongate; thorax quadrate ; antenne filiform and eleven-jointed, basal joint 
ovate, second small; palpi unequal; legs slender; anterior tibie curved, minutely 
spurred at the apex ; tarsi with entire joints heteromerous. 

The Teneenrio resides in mills, granaries, meal-tubs, etc., upon the contents of which it 
subsists. 


TENEBRIO MOLITOR. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 10.) 


Color black or brown : thorax darker than the elytra; beneath dark fuscous. Head thick- 
ly punctured ; thorax impressed on each side of the median line; elytra obscurely 
streaked and punctured ; legs shining reddish. 

Common in bakehouses, meal-tubs, ete. 


TENEBRIO OBSCURUS. 


Color black, or dark brown and dull; beneath brown. 


TENEBRIO CURVIPES. 


Color black or very dark brown; lighter beneath. Tibie much curved. 

The mealworm is a hard smooth shining cylindrical larva about an inch long, which 
lives upon flour, meal or bran, and is frequently very destructive to biscuits on shipboard. 
It is said to pass two years in the larva state, when it appears as the Tenebrio molitor found 
in Europe and America, and probably exported to other countries. In Europe, the larve 
are raised in quantities to feed nightingales and other cage-birds. It is usually abundant in 
grain-mills and granaries. 


Upis pennsyLvanica ( Dj.). ( Plate xxv, fig. 8.) 
Dark brown. Elytra finely punctured in nine equal lines. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued ). 


PSEUDOTETRAMERA. 


Bruchide. 


Genus BRUCHUS ( Linw.). 
Antenne filiform, slightly and gradually thickened at the tips : elytra oblong quadrate. 


Brucuus PIs!. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.) 

Insect small and hairy, ovoid, gray : head black ; thorax gray or mottled, with a central 

posterior whitish spot ; elytra gray or mottled, with small inconspicuous dots or spots 

posteriorly ; posterior abdomen with two black oval spots, and two just beneath the 
ends of the wings ; scales black. 

The female peabug deposits its eggs in the tender peapod, when the pea is soft and im- 
mature ; and when the larva is hatched, it feeds upon the matter with which it is sur- 
rounded, until it has attained its full growth, when it bores a gallery to the surface, merely 
leaving the surface skin untouched, ready to be pushed off by the head of the perfect 
insect when ready to make its exit in April. An infinity of the young grubs are destroyed 
in preparing green peas for the table; but, whether the epicure finds any difference in the 
taste of pure and infected vegetables, we are not informed. 

Seed peas more than a year old do not retain the living insects, and should therefore be 
preferred in planting new districts : if these cannot be had, the seed may be immersed 
in scalding water for a short time; a process which does not appear to destroy the ger- 
minating power of leguminous vegetables, if carefully performed. This is proved by the 
fact that seeds of the locust tree will grow in a single season, if boiling water be poured 
over them and allowed to stand until it has become cold. 


GENUS CALANDRA. 101 


Genus CALANDRA. 


‘Antenne geniculated and nine-jointed, inserted near the base of the rostrum : the club 
is biarticulate ; rostrum elongate, rounded, slightly deflexed and bent; thorax elon- 
gate, narrowed in front, depressed, the base and apex truncate ; elytra shorter than 
the abdomen ; body subdepressed ; legs rather short; tibise armed with an acute 
spur ; tarsi reflexed, the penultimate joint slightly bilobed’ (Srrpnens). 


CALANDRA GRANARIA ( Clairv.). ( Plate ii, fig. 1.) 
Color pale ferruginous : head finely punctate; thorax strongly punctate; elytra deeply 
striate and punctate ; legs ferruginous. 

This insect is an European species, but has been introduced here in samples of wheat 
received from France. Many bottles of sample wheat were entirely destroyed, although 
perfectly closed so that nothing could get in from without. It is called the Corn weevil. 

I suppose this introduction of this insect, which was accompanied with another, the 
Silvanus surinamensis, is only a single instance of its occurrence in this way. When it was 
observed that the specimen grain was destroyed by these imported insects, Mr. J. E. Gavir 
volunteered to describe and illustrate the insects for publication in the Transactions of the 
Agricultural Society of this State. I am permitted to republish this valuable account, 
furnished by the gentleman referred to ; as too much publicity cannot be given to a matter 
so interesting to the wheat-growers of this country. 

Mr. Gavir, in his communication to the Secretary of the Society, states, that ‘in the 
specimens of wheat furnished me, I find two beetles : one the true corn weevil of Europe, 
Calandra granaria (CLairvILLE) ; the other, Silvanus surinamensis, the weevil most com- 
monly found infesting the granaries of this State. 

‘The former of these received the name of Curculio granarius from Linnzus, but is now 
called Calandra granaria. It is somewhat depressed, and varies in color from a deep pitch 
to a chesnut tint. The head is semi-globose, produced anteriorly into a longish smooth 
cylindrical snout, which is shortest and stoutest in the males : it is slightly curved, and 
sparingly punctured with two lines extending almost from the base of the head to the 
apex, forming two deep channels before the eyes, where the rostrum is dilated. Eyes black, 
vertical, ovate, finely granulated and depressed. The antenne are nine-jointed : the basal 
joint being long, stout and clavate, it forms an angle with the remainder; the termina] 
ones forming an oval, conical, little shining club, pubescent at the tip. Thorax twice as 
broad as the head, oval, a little truncated : the surface is coarsely punctured with oval 
points. Scutellum minute and oval. Wing-covers exactly equal to the thorax and head, 
being ovate-truncate, and not covering the apex of the abdomen : there are nine deep 
punctured channels down each, producing short pale bristles ; and the two raised furrows 
on each side of the suture have a line of long punctures. The six legs are punctured, 


102 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


strong and stout, especially the anterior and posterior pairs. The thighs are stout : they 
all have a hook or claw at their extremities. The tarsi are reflexed and four-jointed, spongy 
beneath, basal joint subclavate, second ovate, third broader and slightly bilobed, fourth 
clavate and furnished with two minute claws. Length nearly two lines. 

‘This insect seems early to have attracted the attention of naturalists. LEuwENHOEK 
closely observed its economy, and his observations were published as far back as 1687 ; 
but to OxrviEr, however, are we indebted for the most accurate and full account of its 
habits published in the Encyclopédie Méthodique. All subsequent writers appear to have 
based their descriptions on his observations. No insect is more formidable to man than this 
little pest, since it attacks the principal basis of his food ; and they are sometimes so nu- 
merous in a heap of grain, that they destroy it altogether, leaving nothing but the chaff. 
After the sexes have paired, the female makes a hole in the grain of wheat with her ro- 
strum, and deposits an egg. These holes are not perpendicular to the surface of the grains, 
but oblique, or even parallel, and are stopped with a species of gluten of the same color 
as the corn. Oxivier says there is but one to each grain : I, however, have repeatedly 
found two, one in each lobe, and these larve as plump and well conditioned as those who 
had the good fortune of a kernel to themselves. From the egg is hatched in due time a 
small footless grub (fig. b), which, during its growth, eats out the entire contents of the 
grain, and, when lodged in the grain, is perfectly sheltered from all injuries from the air, 
because its excrements serve to close the aperture ; so there is no use in stirring the grain, 
as nothing can incommode it. It is very white ; has the form of an elongated soft worm, 
and the body is composed of nine prominent rounded rings : it is nearly a line in length, 
with a yellow rounded head provided with organs (fig. c) proper for gnawing the grain. 
When the larva has eaten all the flour, and is arrived at its full growth, it remains in the 
envelope of the grain, where it is metamorphosed into a nymph (fig. a), of a clear white, 
and transparent : the proboscis and antenne can readily be distinguished ; but it gives no 
sign of life, except when disturbed, and then but a slight movement of the abdomen. 
Eight or ten days after, the perfect insect eats its way out. In general, that which serves 
as nutriment to insects in their larva state is unsuited to the perfect form. To this the 
calandra is an exception ; for scarcely has it issued from its nymph state, than it proceeds 
to pierce the envelope of the grain, to establish itself anew therein. I have frequently 
watched the perfeet insect feeding upon the farina of the grain, having pierced the skin 
and buried the proboscis to the base. It is often found, however, lodged in the interior of 
the grain (fig. ¢) ; and its black color does not announce its recent issuing from its state of 
nymph, since it is of a straw color at the time when it has just left its sheath : neverthe- 
less we must doubtless believe that it occasions much less injury in this state, than in that 
of the larva. 

‘The Calandra has no sooner issued from its envelope of nymph, than, like the majority 
ef insects, it is in a state of pairing for the reproduction of its species, and this act ever 


GENUS CALANDRA. 103: 


bears strict relation to a certain degree of heat : if it be under 50° Fahr., it is insufficient 
to afford them force or vigor to desire copulation : if the weather be cold, they remain in 
a lethargic state, and are incapable of injury ; if warm, they pair very frequently. The 
deposition of eggs commences sooner or later, according to the season or climate : the 
female deposits them in all months, when the temperature is up to a suitable degree, 
ceasing to lay when the mornings grow cold. 

‘From the moment of pairing to the appearing of the perfect calandra, there is an in- 
terval of forty or forty-five days. By this we may see that a year must produce many 
generations, which multiply still more in very hot climates. According to a table for the 
calculation of their increase, it results that the sum total of each generation added to- 
gether is 6045, proceeding from a single pair during five months, from the end of April 
until the middle of September, while the mercury continues above 65° Fahr. We are 
therefore no longer astonished if enormous heaps of grain are destroyed by these insects. 
The injured kernels may be known by a very simple process : if several handfuls of the 
grain be thrown into water, those will swim upon the surface which have been robbed of 
their farinaceous substance by the destroyer. 

‘Tt is not upon the surface of corn heaps, but some inches beneath, that we find these 
insects ; and there, unless dislodged by shaking with a shovel or sieve, they will remain 
so long as the weather continues warm, living, pairing, and depositing their eggs. When 
the mornings begin to freshen, all, both young and old, retire to clefts of walls and the 
flaws of wood and floors. They are sometimes found behind tapestry, chimnies, in fine 
every place affording a warm retreat. 

‘It has been supposed seriously that these insects remain lethargic during the whole 
winter, and return in spring to their abandoned grain-heaps, recommencing the deposition 
of their eggs ; the cold incapacitating them for the exercise of the functions necessary for 
the multiplication and preservation of their species. Based upon the knowledge of this 
fact, is the substitution of cold as a remedy. It has therefore been proposed to have a 
ventilator, the effect of which would be to keep in a granary a degree of air sufficiently 
cold to reduce these insects to the above lethargic state. A general and constant rule among 
insects is, that those which have paired perish shortly after, and do not pass the winter 
except in the egg or larva state. It is doubtless rare that even those which have not been 
exhausted by fulfilling the intentions of nature, can survive the winter rigors. Mr. Gay- 
LoRD, however, in his prize essay published in the Society’s Transactions for the year 1843, 
says, of some specimens of wheat that he had received from the Patent Office, in which he 
found weevils, that “selecting some pure flint wheat kernels, all perfectly sound, we 
enclosed a dozen of these weevils with the wheat in a large phial to prevent their escape. 
The phial was wrapped in paper, and placed where it would not be disturbed except for 
examination. Opening it occasionally for more than a year and a half, I found my weevils, 
with the exception of one or two, all living, and appearing to enjoy themselves much on. 


104 . ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the wheat, a large portion of the kernels of which they had hollowed out.” This would 
imply that they survive two seasons at least,and those I have in my possession sustain this 
assumption. 

‘Many and various modes of exterminating this foe to man have been tried. We first 
hear of fumigations with herbs of strong and disagreeable odor; but this seems useless, as 
it does not incommode the insect, while the grain receives a fetid and disgusting scent. 
The fumes of sulphur are pronounced equally inefficient. All these fumigations are still 
less adapted to the destruction of the larve, as the smoke cannot penetrate among the 
grain, and their perfectly closed envelope secures them from all such annoyance. OLtvimRr 
recommends the following, as one of the most effectual and least expensive modes of 
destroying them. At the return of spring, when the calandre are observed to spread in 
the heaps of winter-stored grain, it will be necessary to form small heaps of five and six 
measures, and place them at a suitable distance from the large heap : this stir with a 
shovel. The insects, who are singularly fond of tranquility, seek to escape, and, seeing 
another heap of grain alongside, they take refuge therein. When all are thus collected, 
boiling water is brought and poured over them, stirring it from time to time with the shovel 
to secure its penetration through the grain while hot. All these insects then die, being 
burned or suffocated at the moment. The grain is then spread for the purpose of drying, 
and afterwards sifted to separate the dead insects. 

‘It is necessary to perform this operation early in the spring before the deposition of 
eggs, the generation existing being only dangerous in giving birth to its successors. This 
method may be performed on a large seale as well as a small one, without occasioning any 
considerable expense. 

‘ Other experiments have proved that a sudden heat of 75° Fahr. is sufficient to destroy 
these insects, without burning them; and a simple efficacious method is mentioned in the 
Tennessee Agriculturist, quoted by Mr. Gayuorp in his essay. “If a hogshead, with one 
head removed, be inverted over a fire until thoroughly heated, and then immediately filled 
with wheat and reheaded, all weevils in the grain will be killed, and the grain may be 
kept in safety till wanted for use.” 

‘A gentleman in Madeira has established a heated room, with hot water pipes, in which 
he receives as many as eight hundred bags of grain at a time : these become heated through 
at about 135° Fahr.; and the wheat, when resifted, is perfectly cleaned, making quite as 
good bread as before, the seed also losing nothing of its vitality by this process.* 

¢The French “lay upon the grain, fleeces of wool which have not been scoured : the 
oily matter attracts the insects among the wool, when they soon die, from what cause is 
not exactly known.”’+ , 


* Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Vol. 1. t London Lit. Gazette, July 1, 1825. 


GENUS CALANDRA. 105 


‘One essential point in all storehouses for grain is, undoubtedly, frequent whitewashing - 
and thorough ventilation, as there appears to be much testimony corroborative of this great 
preventive to the ravages of this minute destroyer. 

‘A correspondent of the London Mark-lane Express, in speaking of the corn weevil 
says : “Some years ago, we found a house overrun with weevils : after numberless at- 
tempts to destroy them, we were led to observe that they were almost entirely on the south 
wall (our rainy side), and that they appeared to breed in incredible numbers in an un- 
usually damp spot or corner. Taking the hint, we cased the wall on the outside with slate, 
and made the house in every respect perfectly dry, and in a short time the weevils died 
off and disappeared. Since adopting this precaution, we have not the least trouble, and 
have only been reminded that such an insect exists when an accidental spot of damp has 
appeared to generate them again. We think ourselves, therefore, entitled to say, that these 
insects require moisture ; and that if the grain and granary, as both ought always to be, 
are dry and healthy, weevils will not long remain. This plan bears the merit of costing 
less than nothing, because the injury that wheat sustains directly from damp is more than 
equivalent to the expense of keeping premises dry, leaving its indirect influence in the 
generation of weevils out of the question.” ’ 


SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.) 

The following is Mr. Gavir’s account of this insect : 

‘The insect accompanying the Calandra, and usually found in granaries in this country, 
is named Silvanus surinamensis, the corn silvanus. This insect was named by Linyaus, 
being sent to him from Surinam by one of his pupils. Fazricrvus, from its infesting stores 
and warehouses, called it Anobium frumentarium, and subsequently Dermestes sexdentatum, 
from the spines on the side of the thorax. Linnzus’s name, however, has the right of 
priority. 

‘§. surinamensis is only one line and a quarter long, and very narrow : it is flat, of a 
rusty brown color, thickly and coarsely punctured, and sparingly clothed with short de- 
pressed yellow hairs. The head is large and subtrigonate : the nose appears truncated, 
but it is semicircular in front, and conceals the mouth, which is composed of an upper 
and under lip, and two little horny jaws, maxille and palpi. The antenne stout, straight 
and pubescent, nearly as long as the head and thorax, and eleven-jointed ; the basal joint 
stoutish, the terminal ones forming an elongated club (fig. f). The eyes are black, small, 
and coarsely granulated. The thorax is perfectly oval, and a little wider than the head at 
the middle. There are three ridges down the back, forming two broad channels, and on 
each margin are six teeth. Scutellum minute ; the wing-covers long, elliptical, and broader 
than the thorax, with four slightly elevated lines down each : between them are double 
rows of punctures, and a series of little shining yellow bristles : beneath are two ample 


{ AcricuLTuRAL Report — VoL. v.] 14 


106 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


wings. Legs short ; thighs stout ; shanks clavate ; tarsi five-jointed, three first joints short, 
fourth exceedingly minute, fifth clavate and terminated by two small claws. 

‘The larva (fig. g) is a little depressed yellowish white worm : it is composed of a 
tolerably large head, with two pointed jaws and two little horns, and of twelve transverse 
segments ; the tail is somewhat conical, and it has six conical articulated legs. 

‘The pupa (fig. 2) is of the same color; the head is bent down; the thorax is sub- 
orbicular, with three ridges ; the elytra wrapped over the sides, and striated : abdomen 
with distinct segments. 

‘Mr. Curtis, from whom the above description is derived, says that “‘ this insect appears 
to be naturalized in England and Scotland, lying under the bark of trees*.” I have found 
it in sugar, and in boxes containing dried figs in great numbers. It appears to be spread 
all over the habitable globe, probably carried in vessels with grain and dried fruits. 

‘This is the insect, as I am informed by that excellent entomologist, Dr. Frrcu, that 
infested the mill of Mr. Ricu of Shoreham (Vermont), mentioned in the Cultivator of 
December 1846, on which Mr. R. tried various experiments of fumigation, but found 
nothing so satisfactory as hot water, whitewashing, and general cleanliness. A correspon- 
dent of the same journal, in noticing Mr. Ricu’s experiments, speaks of a remedy he never 
found to fail : placing sassafras root among the grain infested by them. He is evidently 
dealing with the rice weevil, Calandra oryze (Liynmus), an insect exceedingly like the 
grain weevil in habits and appearances.’ 


Attelabide. 


Brenthides. 
Genus BRENTHUS ( Fas.). 


Thorax ovoid ; body rounded or subeylindrical ; antennz inserted at the base of the snout, 
just before the eyes. In the males the mandibles are strong and prominent : the fe- 
male is provided with a gently curved snout, terminated with a much smaller pair. 
Thorax and head as long as the body or abdominal portion. 


Ww. 


BrentHus seprentrionts ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 4.) 

Males with distinct mandibles : females provided with an elongated snout. Color brown, 

polished. Head small; eyes prominent; elytra ridged and punctured in lines, and 

marked with yellowish patches of lighter brown. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 

The whole insect is highly polished. A few years ago, I found great numbers of them 
upon a recently felled black oak in Canandaigua. 


i i ee ere gee ee 


**T have since met with them in the same situation.’ 


FAMILIES ATTELABIDA AND CURCULIONIDE. 107 


Attelabides. 
Genus ATTELABUS (Li.). 


Broad : elytra subquadrate ; antenne eleven-jointed ; head not narrowed behind the eyes. 


ATTELABUS PUBESCENS (Say). 
Yellowish brown, pubescent : body short. 


ArreLabus stmiLis ( Kirby). 
Head and legs steel-blue : body cylindrical ; thorax conical, rufous ; elytra rufous, punc- 
tured. 


ATTELABUS ANILIS. 
Small : head, thorax, abdomen, and extremity of the elytra steel-blue ; elytra with rufous 
upon the shoulders. 


Curculionide. 


Phylobides. 
Genus PHYLLOBIUS ( Scuén.). Curcurio (Lin.). 


Oblong-ovate, squamose : tibia rounded ; rostrum short; two and three joints of the 
antenne elongate. 


Puytiopius ranratus (Say). 
Gray or hoary, acute behind, widest near the extremity : elytra punctured, with four 
darker lines, and darker upon the top of the thorax. 


Gexus HYLOBIUS (Germ.). Curcurio ( Lin.). 


Oblong-ovate, winged : rostrum much longer than the head ; second antennal joint elon- 
gate. 


Hytosius paves ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 6.) 

Brown, covered with close-pressed hairs; hairs gray, in imperfect oblique bands across 

the elytra; punctures of the elytra parallel ; antenne angulated ; rostrum furnished 
with an antennal groove. 


108 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus PISSODES ( Germ.). 
Antenne situated a little in advance of the middle of the rostrum. 


PIssODES STROBI. 
Brown, with two hoary patches on the posterior extremity of the elytra and upon the 
middle of the thighs ; somewhat hoary beneath. 


The Ruyncornora, as they are termed, constitute a very extensive group of coleopterous 
insects ; some of which, as already seen, have acquired the popular name of weevil. Many 
species are destructive to grain and the seeds of leguminous plants. The larva of the large 
Sphenophorus palmarum of the tropics lives in the trunk of palm trees ; and the palmetto 
(Chamerops palmetto) of our Southern States is inhabited by an allied species, the Spheno- 
phorus zimmermanni of ScuanuerR, which is the largest member of the family known to 
inhabit the United States. 

Hylobius pales is a common member of a genus which destroys pine trees, by burrowing 
beneath and loosening the bark. In April and May, it may be seen in considerable num- 
bers upon wooden fences : it is brown, marked irregularly with small whitish spots. 
Towards the south, this species and Hylobius picivorus, which is larger and more robust, 
destroy pine forests entirely, leaving the dead standing or fallen trees as monuments of 
the mischief which a small insect can commit when sufficiently multiplied. 

The female of Pissodes nemorensis of Grermar, according to Dr. Harris, pierces the 
leading shoot of the white pine for the purpose of depositing its eggs ; and although a pine 
tree may recover by sending up a lateral branch in the vertical direction, it will require 
three or four years to pass through this process, and the growth in consequence be retarded. 
This insect is named Pzssodes strobi by Dr. Harris, on the strength of a name given to it 
by a Mr. Peck in an agricultural journal ; which of course can have no weight, because 
such publications are unknown or inaccessible to naturalists who are not farmers, and 
seldom circulate beyond the boundaries of the district in which they are printed. It is too 
much to expect an entomologist in London, Calcutta, Berlin, Paris, or the city of New- 
York, to purchase an extensive series of expensive volumes to enable him to find descrip- 
tions of half a dozen insects said to be contained in them, and which should have been 
made known through some other channel. 


Genus BALANINUS (Germ.). Curcuxio ( Lin.). 
¢Rostrum nearly as long as the body, which is subtriangular : anterior tibie minutely 
‘hooked : antenne-inserted behind the rostrum’ ( StepHeEns). 


FAMILY CURCULIONID. 109 


Bauaninus REcTus (Say). ( Plate ii, fig. 5.) 
Color brown, mottled with lighter patches upon the thorax and elytra. Snout longer 
somewhat than the body, and curved at the extremity, slender, elbowed : antenne 
inserted below the middle, very slender. Rather less than } inch in length. 
This nut weevil inhabits the chinquapin nut, and renders useless almost the whole crop : 
the nuts, after being kept a week, are always wormy. It may be the nascicus of Say, but 
seems to be smaller. . 


Ruyncuznvus (ConoTRAcHELUS) NENUPHAR. Plum Weevil.  ( Plate ii, fig. 7.) 
Color brown, usually dark and somewhat variegated, and variable in individuals, rough 
and warty : thorax uneven; elytra interceptedly ridged, arranged transversely in 
three rows, the most prominent in the middle ; abdomen thick, deep but short ; thighs 

- toothed. 

It appears from the numerous accounts that have been published, that the mature insect 
may appear as early as the last of March, and continue until the first of August ; remain- 
ing, therefore, for a longer period than most of the injurious beetles. 

The habits of this species are peculiar and interesting. It deposits its ova in most fruits, 
as the plum, cherry, apple, quince, and even in the fruit of the hickory. It is also sus- 
pected of inserting its eggs into the tender limbs of plum and cherry trees : it is not 
known, however, whether those black excrescences are caused in this way, although it is 
not improbable. I have found some three or four different grubs in these excrescences, 
some of which belonged to a dipterous insect. 

The plum weevil inserts in each fruit a single egg, having in the first place bitten a spot 
upon its surface ; and although there may be scores of the insect upon the tree, it is very 
rare to find more than one wound upon a plum or cherry. The grub produced from the 
egg is small, and destitute of feet; and when mature, it falls to the ground and imme- 
diately buries itself in the soil : the next spring it appears in the perfect form at the usual 
time, when the different kinds of stone fruit are setting. 

Among the remedies which have been proposed for diminishing the numbers of the 
plum weevil, there is none so promising as the practice of shaking them from the tree early 
in the morning and late in the evening, collecting them upon sheets, and committing them 
to the fire : the fallen fruit should also be subjected to the same treatment. When the tree 
is suddenly jarred, the insect folds up its legs, falls to the ground, and simulates death. It 
is easily captured, especially in the morning and evening, when it is stiff, and indisposed 
to take flight or attempt to escape. Strong-scented odors seem also to be disagreeable to 
this insect, as it is rarely found upon trees situated near the hogpen. 

For a full history of this insect and the remedies proposed against 1t, see Harnis’s 
Massachusetts Report on injurious insects, pp. 65 — 70. 


110 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus I'THYCERUS (Scua@nurrr). 


IrHycerus NoVEBORACENs!IS (Scheenherr). ( Plate xxxitt) ‘fig. 1.) 
CurcuLio NovEBORACENSIs (Forster) ; 
RHYNCHITES CURCULIONIDES (Herbst) ; 
PacHYRHYNCAUS SCH@NHERRI (Iirby). 

According to Krrsy, this species belongs to the Family Pacuyruyncsipm : its charae- 
ters, as given by this distinguished entomologist, are : 

‘Labrum subemarginate; mandibles armed with two teeth at the apex ; labium nearly 
square ; palpi conical ; antenne short, inserted into a roundish lateral cavity near 
the apex of the rostrum ; joints eleven, scape short, etc. Body oblong pear-shaped. 
Rostrum nearly as wide as the head, subcylindrical, a little wider at the tip, ridged 
between the eyes and antenne : eyes round, prominent; prothorax subeylindrical, 
rather narrowest anteriorly ; antepectus not emarginate, nor lobed. Coleoptera oblong, 
depressed at the apex : thighs clubbed, unarmed ; tibize unarmed ; penultimate joint 
of the tarsi bipartite. Its antenna are straight, or only curved, not elbowed. 

‘Color gray, covered with a whitish pile; ground black : knob of the antenne brown. 
Rostrum rather thick, widened anteriorly, having three ridges between the eyes and 
termination : two divergent, from an impressed angular line between the eyes ; and 
the other proceeding directly from that line upon its middle, and which terminates 
anteriorly in a short fork, or near the emargination of the labrum, though it is sepa- 
rated from this fork by a slight interception, which is just beyond two hyphen-like 
lines by its sides. Anterior part of the rostrum naked, and impressed with coalescent 
dots. Eyes brown. Thorax subcylindrical, marked with three rather obscure whitish 
longitudinal bands : punctures coarse and coalescent. Elytra have nine rows of 
punctures, and at the base a part of a tenth row. The alternate spaces between the 
dotted lines have small black quadrate spots : on the sutural space, or ridge, they 
are smaller and more obscure than upon the others. These quadrate black spots are 
placed upon the four whitish longitudinal stripes, which are quite obscure. Beneath 
gray : legs gray. Length of the female, five-eighths of an inch; of the male, half 
an inch.’ 

“This Curcutio has the habit of many of the species of this family. It devours the tender 
leaves and blossoms of fruit trees, and has been known to do great injury to the apple 
and pear. It sometimes attacks the base of a young shoot, and eats it to the pith : at other 
times, it feeds upon the leaves of the cherry and plum. Its strong notched mandible fits it 
admirably for work of this kind. 

The only way to rid a tree infested with this insect, is to shake it suddenly in the 
morning or evening while the insects are stiff and cold, and collect them upon sheets spread 
beneath : the insects, and the fruit that fall, should be put into boiling water. 


FAMILY CURCULIONIDA. 11i 


This species has a wide range : it is found in Canada, Northern New-York, Wisconsin, 
and Massachusetts. 


The following remarks of Prof. Hatpeman are highly appropriate in this place : 

‘Among rhyneophorous coleoptera, the Genus BaLaninus is remarkable for having a 
very long slender snout, frequently exceeding the body in length, and bearing a pair of 
antenne as slender as a hair. Chesnuts are frequently found infested with a fleshy grub, 
which feeds upon the interior, and fills the cavity with its castings in the shape of dust. 
- This is the larva of Balaninus nascicus (Say). It is densely clothed with short hair mottled 
with ferruginous. An allied but smaller species is found in the larva state in the nut of 
the Castanea pumila, or chinquapin. These larve are very difficult to raise to the perfect 
state when the attempt is made, and it is probable that many perish from various con- 
tingencies. 

‘Conotrachelus nenuphar (HERxst), subsequently named Rhynchenus argula by Fasricivs, 
is very destructive to the fruit of the plum, which the larve inhabit, and cause to fall 
prematurely. This damage is so great in some sections, that not a single plum can be 
raised to maturity. When the fruit falls, the grubs penetrate into the ground ; so that to 
check their increase, it is advisable to collect and destroy these (as by boiling and feeding 
them to hogs), including such upon the trees as present a dwarfed, imperfect, or gummy 
appearance. Paving the ground around the trees is said to answer an excellent purpose, 
and it is well known that plum trees flourish well when planted in pavements. This is a 
small rough insect of a brown color, irregularly marked with white, black and yellow ; 
and the snout is held upon or near the breast. It is said by Dr. Harris to have been raised 
from the black warty excrescences found upon the smaller branches of plum and cherry 
trees. The Rev. D. ZizciEer of York (Pennsylvania) has shown me specimens of the butter- 
fly which destroys the peach-tree (Hgeria exitiosa), raised from these excrescences, which 
differ from those taken from about the root of the tree in being considerably smaller : the 
two forms have not, however, been rigidly compared. 

‘The Genus Sirorsitus includes a number of small insects called weevil, which are 
destructive to stored grain, as wheat, rice and corn ; and under circumstances favorable to 
their increase, great quantities are destroyed or depreciated in value. The use of salt, and 
kiln-drying, have been recommended as preventatives. The latter process may be per- 
formed in an economical manner by erecting a stove with a vertical pipe fifteen or twenty 
feet in height : around this pipe, and about three inches from it on every side, a second 
one of wood is to be placed; and whilst the heat from the fire passes through the inner 
one, the grain is to be passed through the cavity between the pipes, and at such a rate as 
to prevent it from being injured by too high a temperature.. The moisture will be more 
effectually driven off if the outer pipe is made with open joints, because otherwise it must. 
rise through the whole column before it can escape, and much of it will condense and be 


112 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


carried down the pipe again. The corn weevil is named Sitophilus oryze from having been 
first discovered in rice, a vegetable which it seems to have accompanied to distant portions 
of the globe. Infested grain may be detected by its loss of weight, which renders it easy 
to separate and boil or grind as feed upon the farm. Mills and barns sometimes swarm with 
these insects; and in this case multitudes may be collected and destroyed by sweeping 
them from the posts, walls and floors. 

‘ Phyllobius teniatus may be taken as an example of a leaf-inhabiting rhyncophorous 
insect. ScuanueRR, the great authority upon these insects, removes it into a new genus of 
which it is the only representative. It is found upon the leaves of the Anona triloba, or 
papaw, and is perfectly harmless.’ 


Scolytide. 


Tue Scoryrip= are small obscure insects, inhabiting wood : they have a short rostrum ; 
the head is globular, and is concealed in the thorax; the body is oblong or cylindric : 
their colors are dull. Among these destructive wood-eaters is the 


Genus HYLURGUS ( Lar.). 


Body cylindrical, obtuse before and behind : head concealed in the thorax ; antenne 
terminated in a clubform mass, consisting of three or four joints : the tibise are armed 
with a tooth. 


Hyturevus TEREBRANS (Oliv.). 
Pubescent : head rounded, and sunk in the thorax ; antenne short. 


Genus TOMICUS (Lar.). Bosrricuus ( Erichs.). 


Funiculus five-jointed ; club four-jointed, tunicate ; labium triangular. 

Of this genus, several species have been described by Mr. Say and Dr. Harris. They 
‘are small brownish beetles, with the elytra toothed at their apices, appearing as if a piece 
was bitten out. 


Tomicus EXESUS. 

Color dark chestnut brown, and somewhat hairy : thorax ovate, rough before ; elytra 
strongly punctured in rows; apices excavated, the edges toothed on the outer side. 
Length between one-fourth and one-fifth of an inch. 

This small and obscure insect is found under the bark of the pitch pine tree, where it 
excavates numerous zigzag and parallel roads. It greatly injures forests in this way ; cut- 
ting off the circulation of the sap, which ultimately causes the bark to become loosened, 
when the tree dies. 


FAMILY SCOLYTIDA. 113 


Tomicus PINI. 

This species differs from the former in having only three or four teeth at the extremity 
of the elytra, and in being a smaller insect. Its habits are much the same as those of the 
exesus, in living beneath the bark of the white and pitch pine. The grubs of both species 
accomplish more injury to forests than the perfect insect. I have taken the last species the 
first of September. Autumn, or late in the summer, is the period when the perfect insect 
goes abroad. 

Miss Morais describes the 7. iminaris in the Horticulturist, Vol. iv, p. 502. This dis- 
tinguished entomologist suggests that this insect may be some way or other connected with 
the yellows in the peach tree, as it is found under the bark. Its color is brown : thorax 
punctured, and the elytra both punctured and furrowed, and beset with short hairs. 
Length one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch. 


Scotytus ( Tomicus) pyri (Peck). Pear-blight Beetle ( Harris). 

‘Color brown : antennz and legs light ferruginous; elytra punctured in rows, very 
‘ sloping behind ; tibia flattened at the tarsal end, toothed, and terminated with a 
‘small hook’ ( Harris). 

This insect has been highly injurious to the pear tree in New-England, and especially 
in the eastern part of Massachusetts. It was first described by Prof. Pecx. The larva first 
eats its way inward into the wood, making its entrance just at the root of a bud : it reaches 
the pith, and, by its irritation, appears somehow to poison that portion of the limb above 
the bud where it first entered. We say poisoned; because there seems to be something 
more sudden and effectual in causing death, than a slight interruption in the circulation : 
the limb or twig looks as if it had perished from gangrene. 

The remedy proposed is to cut the limb and burn it, destroying the insect before it is 
matured. A careful examination of the pear in June, in order to detect the first appearance 
of the approach of the insect, is one of the first steps to be taken. 


{ AcricuLTuRAL Rrerort— Volt. v.] 15 


CHAPTER IX. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 


LONGICORNES. 


Tue Lonetcoryes of Latreitie (Evcerata of Westwoop) deserve a special notice, in 
consequence of their habits, and the singular prolongation of their antenne, which is one 
of the most obvious characters of the group. The antenne are filiform or setaceous, and 
frequently considerably longer than the whole body. The eyes are peculiar, in consequence 
of the position of the antenne, which often appear to have been implanted within them : 
the eye is therefore said to be emarginate, though not strictly so; and it has a reniform 
shape, when considered independently of the base of the antenna. The body is elongated 
and cylindrical. The elytra are broader than the thorax, which they more perfectly encase 
by their sudden flexure at the shoulder, than is common in other groups. The head is 
short, and driven into the thorax up or nearly to the eyes : their jaws are powerful. ‘The 
legs are long, and frequently the longest in front. The thorax is cylindrical, and in some 
species the sides are armed with a short pointed tubercle. The three basal joints of the 
tarsi are cushioned beneath : the fifth is long and slender ; the fourth, small. 

The insects of this group come out from various kinds of wood in their perfect state, 
having inhabited it from the first, or from the time of the deposition of the egg : they are 
therefore usually found in the vicinity of wood and dock yards, or where timber is stored. 
It may well be inferred from these facts that the larva is injurious to the tree it occupies ; 
and the more so, as it is known to remain in this state for many years. 

The larve are provided with six scaly articulated legs; but they are of little use as 
organs for locomotion, by reason of their small size : their movements are rather effected 
by means of the warts or fleshy tubercles situated along the sides of their bodies. Their 
bodies are soft, and of a dirty white color. The head is only moderate in size, flat and wide. 

In consequence of the long time the larve are resident in various kinds of wood, there 
is, through commercial intercourse, a tendency to distribute in all countries the beetles of 
this large group. A piece of wood from South America is brought by a ship and thrown 
out upon some island in the West Indies, or is transported to one of our southern ports, 
Savannah, Charleston, or even New-York : the insects contained in the wood are liberated 


FAMILY PRIONIDA. 115 


in a new and distant land ; and in this way, this or any other country may become stocked 
with new species of insects. In the long run, and with the ever extending intercouse be- 
tween the different nations of the earth, it is no visionary imagination that the time will 
come when these beetles will be found in every country where the climate is not decidedly 
unfavorable to their propagation and existence. 

This group of beetles is divided into three families : 1, the Prionipm, embracing the 
largest of the group, and provided with very prominent jaws and very long bodies ; 2, the 
CeramBycip®, containing beetles of moderate dimensions, ornamented with a variety of 
colors ; and, 3, the Lerrurip#, containing insects of a yet smaller size, with bodies dilated 
before and narrowed behind, and with antenne of a moderate length. 


Prionide. 
Prionus PENNSYLVANicus ( Fab.). ( Plate xxxiv, fig. 10.) 
CERAMBIX UNICOLOR (Drury) ; 
C. BRUNNEUS (Forster) ; 
C. CYLINDRIcus (Linn.). 


Insect chestnut brown; head dark chestnut brown. Antenne stout, and two-thirds the 
length of the insect : elytra lighter than the head, extending beyond the abdomen, 
and nearly three times as long as the thorax and head together ; sides parallel ; ab- 
domen, thighs, and tibiz red chestnut. 

The whole animal is some shade of chestnut brown, but the head and thorax are darker 
than the elytra. 


PRIONUS LATICOLLIS. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 5.) 
CERAMBIX LATICOLLIS (Drury) ; 
PRIONUS BREVICORNIS (Fab.). 
Insect dark chestnut brown ; head and thorax nearly black. Antenne very stout, consisting 
of twelve joints : tibize armed internally with two short spines; tarsi beneath yel- 
lowish. 

The insects of both species are light and dark chestnut brown; almost black in the 
latter species. Their jaws are stout, and project ; and their bodies are longer in proportion 
to the anterior parts, the elytra extending a little beyond the abdomen. They belong to the 
large tribe of capricorn beetles, and form a family called Prionid@, so termed from the 
structure of the antennz, which are jointed, and give the general appearance of a saw. 
Some of the tropical species are very large. 


116 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Drury gives a long account of the grubs of this family : he states that they, together 
with several other wood-eaters, constitute a delicate eating ; and that in the torrid zone, 
a@ man may supply himself with animal food of this description, provided he has a knife 
or other cutting tool strong enough to penetrate the decaying trees. 


Cerambycide. 


AnTEeNN# slender, tapering and pointed, often elongated ; eyes kidney-shaped, the con- 
cavity of which receives the base of the antenne ; thorax rounded and convex. 


STENOCORUS CINCTUS. ye ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.) 
CERAMBIX BALTEATUS (Degeer) ; 
C. cinctus (Drury) ; 


STENocHoRUS GARGANICUS (Fab.). 
Color grayish hazle : surface covered with a short gray nap. Thorax armed in the middle 
with a short spine : elytra ornamented with an oblique ochre-yellow bar near the 
thorax. Extreme length 1} inch. Antenne of the males more than twice as long as 
the body : scutellum is triangular, and yellowish in color; while the elytra are 
margined, and tipped with two small spines. 
This inhabits the hickory : its larve form galleries in the trunk of the tree, which run 
parallel to the grain of the wood. 


CERAMBIX? ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.) 

Color black. Antenne ten-jointed ; basal joint oval and short, tuberculated, tubercles 
minute ; last joint long, slender; second joint nearly equal the last; the remainder 
nearly equal in length. Head with a prominence over each eye and a prolongation at 

the base of each antenna, making upon the front a deep longitudinal groove. Thorax 
appears to be transversely rugose, cylindrical, without tubercles or spines, but rather 
thickened behind, differing in that respect from the thorax of a Saperda, and slightly 
constricted near the elytra. Elytra thickly punctured, but scarcely confluent. The 
lower part of the tibie and tarsi hairy, but confined to the forelegs ; the others being 

only slightly hairy, if at all. 

This insect would make a very good saperda, were it not for the extreme length of the 
antennz and the form and character of the basal joint. I am not entirely satisfied with its 
reference to the Genus Crramarx, still its characters do not materially disagree with those 
given by Mr. Westwoop. Length rather more than } of an inch. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 117 


Genus CLYTUS. Leprrura (Linn.). 


Thorax globose, unarmed ; antenne setaceous, and shorter than the body ; elytra entire at 
the tip ; hindlegs clavate. _ 


Ciyrus specriosus (Say). Beautiful Clytus. ( Plate xvi, fig. 10.) 


Head yellow, with an obscure black circle between the antenne, enclosing a yellow dot : 
collar encircled with a yellow band : base of the mandible yellow ; lip black ; eyes 
black ; antenne black : scutellum marked with an oval spot. Thorax black, with 
two yellow transverse lines on each side : beneath, there is a yellow spot before the 
insertion of the forelegs. Elytra black : outer angles marked with three yellow elon- 
gated spots, separated by obscure black lines. Upon the anterior part the letter W is 
inscribed ; and the same above, with the inner lines reversed or inverted. Behind, 
there is an oblique narrow band running backward from the lower margin : the ter- 

~ minal third is yellow, with two dots of black. Beneath yellow, except at the insertion 
of the legs : legs yellow; tarsi of the forelegs dark brown or black, the others a 
shade of brown. 


CLyTUS NOBILIS. ( Plate viii, fig. 2.) 

Black or dark brown : head black, clothed with yellow hairs ; eyes black; thorax black 

immaculate. Elytra marked with three yellow spots upon their basal third, and, below 

the middle, with two transverse lines, and four dots near the apices. Legs black upon 
their upper sides ; yellow beneath. 


Ciytus caprea (Say). Callidiwm caprea (Knoch). ( Plate xvi, fig. 11.) 
Color fuscous. Anterior edge of the thorax margined with yellow. Elytra marked by four 
yellow bands; tip yellow : front depressed or grooved between the antenne. Thorax 
subearinate : first and second bands unite so as to enclose a large spot; the others 
transverse and undulatory, and wider upon the suture. 
Say remarks that the bands are sometimes white. 


Cuytvus pictus. C. fleawosus ( Fab.). ( Plate xvi, fig. 9.) 

Color black, ornamented profusely with yellow figures and yellow bands somewhat after 

the pattern of the speciosus. The head is marked with three transverse yellow stripes. 

On the elytra the first and second stripes are nearly straight, the third forms a W, the 

fourth is angled, the fifth is broken by a longitudinal elevated line, and the sixth 

consists of dots arranged in the form of an arch, Length variable, but about six- 
tenths of an inch. 


118 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CLYTUS UNDATUS. ( Plate viii, fig. 4.) 

Head anteriorly hairy ; parts about the front part of the head rufous; base and apex of 
the interrupted band, of yellow hairs : scutellum dark brown. Elytra marked with 
yellow upon their margins ; the basal third is marked with an oblique line, succeeded 

by two yellow wavy bands : posterior angles of the elytra rounded off so as to show 

the last segment of the abdomen. Beneath, upon the breast, are three yellow spots, 

and also at the top of the ventral segments of the abdomen. Length about eight lines. 


Ciytus campestris ( Oliv.). 

This is a small species, from four- to six-tenths of an inch long. Its color is brown, 
marked with two waved bands across the elytra and tips. The pronotum has four yellow 
dots arranged in a square, and the under parts are marked with the same color. 

The larva is injurious to fallen chestnut timber, damaging it for rails : they burrow 
between the bark and wood, and also penetrate into the wood. The perfect insect appears 
in May and June. It inhabits the Northern States, New-York and New-England, and ex- 
tends as far south as Oarolina (Hatpeman, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 40). 


CLyTUSs HAMATUS. ( Plate viii, fig. 7.) 

Color brown : head banded with yellow ; scutel yellow. Elytra marked with two bars 

and a dash; a yellow dash near the base, two curved lines opening towards the 

shoulders, the inner leg extending along the suture to the scutel, and a yellow trans- 

verse curve opening downwards and situated below the middle : legs brown. Length 
half an inch. 


CLiytus ( Plate viii, fig. 6.) 

Coler brown. Head much concealed in the thorax, rather dilated, immaculate. Elytra 

marked with three transverse curved bars at equal distances ; outer angle of the apex 
pointed : legs long, brown. Length nearly half an inch. 


Ciytus? ( Plate viii, fig. 3.) 

Antenne shorter than the body, setaceous; second joint the longest : thorax globose, un- 

armed : elytra entire at the tip. Color black, somewhat yellowish gray from the 

presence of a yellowish nap. Head black, impressed with a sutural line with a trans- 

verse prominence or ridge at its base. Thorax marked with black oculate spots on the 

top and centre ; sides grayish, with a rectangular spot : below it is black. Elytra 

clothed with a short nap, marked by about three narrow grayish zigzag lines, and 

dashes of the same about the shoulders : towards the apex they are slightly separated ; 

and upon the apex, running up the suture, there is an obscure oblong gray spot. Be- 
neath, black and glossy : legs black. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 119 


This species I found in many parts of this State in June, and supposed it common. Al- 
though very peculiarly marked, I have been unable to satisfy myself as yet what name it 
has received. 


Ciytus ( Plate viii, fig. 1.) 
Color rufescent, covered with prostrate hair : head black ; thorax grayish, from the lighter 
colored hair : elytra purplish brown, with three bands of lighter, the basal obscure, 

the apicial ones confiuent on the elytral suture. All the thighs dilated and robust. 
This Clytus is obscurely marked ; and though it may be described, it differs much from 
those in my possession, and from accessible descriptions. The bands spoken of are brought 
out more distinctly in the figure than they appear in the specimens : the same remark 
will apply to the round black spot upon the base of the elytra; and, besides, I may add 
that the side of the trunk is marked by a distinct luteous spot, and another smaller one 

at the base of the middle legs. 


Genus SAPERDA ( Fas.). 


Head vertical, as broad as the thorax, slightly compressed at the sides or cylindrical, 
destitute of lateral spines : antenne filiform, and terminating in an elongated joint. 


The Genus Saperpa contains several species known to be injurious to the interests of 
husbandry. Most of them are rather sluggish in their mature state, manifest far less 
activity than many other insects, and rarely attempt to escape when in danger of being 
captured. Some of them frequent flowers, but I belive all deposit their eggs upon trees or 
shrubs. When the eggs are hatched, the young larve penetrate the bark and wood, and 
injure very materially the growth of the tree in which they reside ; and as they are ge- 
nerally two or more years in coming to maturity, their hurtful effects are proportionally 
augmented. The larvee feed upon the wood as they penetrate it, and derive their nutriment 
from the juices it contains. Their excrement appears like sawdust ; retaining in fact the 
color of the wood, after it has sufficed to nourish them, and has passed through their 
bodies. Their form is that which is common to the tribe, the rings near the head being 
wider than those of the rest of the animal. The head is usually scaly, and is retractile in 
part within the first ring : it is supplied necessarily with strong jaws, in order that the 
insect may eat its way into the wood. Their food is constantly before them in their path ; 
and it is a very curious fact, that though they may make their way into the wood, yet 
they usually direct their course towards the outside when about to change from the larva 
to the imago state. The larve are without legs, soft, white or yellowish white, elongated, 
and more or less flattened. 

One of the most destructive of these species is the larva of the Saperda candida. This 


120 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


species, like many other insects, seems to be much more abundant some years or periods 
than others, and also more common in some districts than others. In illustration of this 
fact, I may refer to the existence of this species in the neighborhood of Troy in 1825. 
This was first made known to the public by the late Judge Burt, in one of the numbers 
of the Albany Cultivator. He says that ‘he was sent for by Mr. Hearrr of Troy, to 
witness the devastation made in a fine young orchard by a grub hitherto unknown to the 
farmers of the vicinity, and which to know and guard against was a great public interest.’ 
It appears from the letter that the orchard was injured to the extent of two thousand 
dollars, according to the estimate of Mr. Hearrr. 

The larva of this species penetrates the young tree just above, or it may be just below, 
the surface. In its progress, it cuts its way in a winding direction upward; and as it is 
three years in coming to maturity, it continues to mine onward, cuts off the circulation of 
the sap, and deprives the tree of its necessary nutriment. One borer is sufficient to stop 
the growth of a young appletree ; and if several are mining at the same time, the tree is 
inevitably destroyed. All the workings being near the root, the tree is after a while so 
perfectly riddled with holes that it has no strength to stand. The circumstances that favor 
these results, are, first, a poor soil, containing but little nutriment ; the second is the growth 
of sprouts or suckers from the root, and of grass, which protects the base of the tree from 
sunshine, and conceals from the view of the owner the work which is going on. Hence all 
young trees should be kept free from these incumbrances at the root : this is one of the 
preventives of a fatal result, and should not be neglected. 

It is needless to dwell upon the injurious effects of the appletree borer. J would take the 
liberty to caution the owners of orchards of fruit trees not to trust to uncertain measures, 
as the surrounding of the roots and base of the tree with tanbark or any other material 
of the kind. A judicious use of the knife and a good stiff wire are the only certain means 
of getting rid of these customers, when they have once got possession of the premises. 

The perfect insect, according to Dr. Harris, comes forth in June : this, at any rate, is 
the month during which I have found them. They come out at night : in the daytime they 
are engaged in feeding upon the leaves of the tree, or remain quietly at rest, very rarely 
flying during the day. 

That carelessness and inattention to young and old orchards is the great cause of the 
prevalence of this insect among us, is true ; and so Jong as so many neglect the means for 
ridding their trees of this pest, so long it wil] continue to harass those who are on the 
watch, and who intend and wish to raise good fruit. A remedy, consisting of a solution of 
eamphor in chloroform, may be tried, by inserting in the borings a plug of cotton wool 
soaked in it : it is worthy of trial, and may save cutting away the sound wood of the tree. 
Or perhaps camphor alone, or ammonia formed by rubbing together sal ammoniac and an 
alkali, either lime or potash, reduced to powder, and introduced into a burrow where it is 
dangerous to follow the larva, may be worth the experiment. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 121 - 


The larve of the Saperda calcarata infest lombardy poplars. They are yellowish white, 
and, when full grown or mature, are nearly two inches long : the body is thick, dilated 
before, and consists of twelve segments separated from each other by deep transverse 
furrows. In August and September, the beetle may be found on the different species of 
poplar : it flies by night. It is harmless in comparison to the appletree saperda ; but one 
of our finest shade trees is the aspen, which is often destroyed by this borer. Their pre- 
sence may be known by their castings, which lodge on some part of the tree. 

The Saperda (Oberea) tripunctata seems to be equally destructive with the two former 
to forest and shade trees. It is about the size of the candida, but quite different in its 
markings, as will be seen by a reference to the description. It attacks the linden, and, by 
burrowing beneath the bark, destroys the vitality of the tree, large flakes of which fall off 
gradually and drop to the ground as their attachments are broken. 


SAPERDA VESTITA. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 4.) 

Color olive or light drab, nearly uniform : surface beneath the close-pressed nap, black. 

Head and thorax immaculate. Elytra dotted, each dot giving origin to a small pencil 

of black hairs : dot-punctures in lines at the base and along the sides, and marked 

with four black dots a little above the middle of the elytra ; and sometimes there are 

other dots, owing to the denuded nap upon little elevated points of the elytra. Length 

seven-tenths of an inch. 

This species attacks the linden : the larve, by their burrows beneath the bark and 

within the wood, effectually destroy the tree in a few years. 


SAPERDA cANDIDA (Fab.). S. bivittata (Say). ( Plate xvi, fig. 3.) 
Color light brown, marked upon the upper side with two white stripes extending the whole 
length of the insect : face, antenne, underside of the body and legs white. The white 
is due to the clothing, which consists of a white close-pressed short nap : where rub- 
bed off, the surface is black. The white stripes decussate from the forehead, leaving 
the grey-brown stripe on the top of the thorax passing down the sutural line. Length 
six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 


SaperDA (ANREA) CALCARATA. ( Plate xvi, fig. 1.) 
Color gray or ashen, and covered with a short dense close nap : surface covered with 
raised points or dots : thorax marked with three pale ochreous stripes, which de- 
cussate from the forehead. The elytra are also marked by partial stripes and bands of 
the same color : apex terminating in a straight short spine ; beneath pale gray ochre- 
ous. Beneath the nap, the surface is black. Length nine-tenths of an inch. 
[ AcricuLturaL Report — Vot. v.] 16 


122 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


XX XTv 
SAPERDA TRIDENTA. ( Plate xx¥i;-fig. 6.) 
Antenne slender, shorter than the body, second longest. Color rusty brown, approaching 
to an olive : sutural line passing through the head and thorax. Insect ornamented 
with pale brick-red stripes : face margined, and eyes surrounded with the colored 
stripe referred to. Stripes nearly unite between the antenne : from thence they 
diverge abruptly, and form lateral stripes upon the thorax ; thence they proceed to 
the prominent or angular shoulders, run down upon the sides of the elytra, and meet 
the outer angle of the apex, and then pass round on the inside a short distance upon 
the sutural line. These stripes send off three diverging ones : the first is arched ; the 
second or middle is straight, but passes obliquely downwards near the suture; the 
last, or apical one is short, and arched. The sides of the thcrax are marked by four 
oval spdts. The two spots on the top of the thorax are obscure ; but in some species 
there seem to be four, though the two near the head may be produced by loss of the 
drab-colored nap. Beneath hoary, the whitish nap covering a black ground. Extremity 
of the abdomen truncate. Outer angle of the elytra rounded. 


SAPERDA 

Color yellowish drab, uniform : head, thorax and elytra covered with a close-pressed 

short nap. Thorax longitudinally marked with pale yellow stripes alternating with 

deeper. Elytra punctured, and marked with about seven obscure yellowish spots on 
each. 


SapeRDA (OxEREA) TRIPUNCTATA. Raspberry Saperda. ( Plate xvi, fig. 7.) 

‘Color black : breast and top of the thorax rusty yellow. There are usually two elevated 

black dots on the middle of the thorax, and a third on the hinder edge. Antenne of 

a moderate length, and scarcely taper. Wing-covers coarsely punctured : punctures 

in rows on the top, but irregular on the sides and tips. Length from three-tenths to 
half an inch’ (Harris). There is also a black spot on the sides of the thorax. 

Dr. Harris observes that this insect completes its transformations near the end of July, 
and lays its eggs early in August on the stems of the blackberry or raspberry. The grubs 
burrow into the pith of the stem, and destroy it by the end of summer. 

The grubs are cylindrical in the middle, and thickened at each end. The first three rings 
are short, and each is provided beneath with imperfect legs in the form of minute pointed 
warts : the rest of the rings are smooth. 


Genus MONOCHAMUS. 
Elytra somewhat parallel ; antenne glabrous ; anterior male tarsi hairy ; forelegs longest ; 
thorax laterally spined*. 


* Kingsr, in his generic characters in the Fauna Boreali, says this genus has eleven joints in the antenna. I believe 
it has only ten, and the last joint is the longest, or equal to the second. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 123 


MonocHAMUS TITILLATOR. ( Plate xvi, fig. 5.) 
Brownish, mottled with gray spots. Elytra tufted with patches of dark brown hairs : an- 
tenn, in the male, twice as long as the body ; in the female, they equal it in length. 
Length one inch and more. 
The middle leg has a protuberance on the upper side. The mottlings are somewhat 
variable, owing in part to the removal of the short close nap that covers the insect. 


MonocHaMus MACULOSUS. 

Color blackish brown. Elytra mottled and furnished with small patches of raised spots 
tufted with hair, rather coarsely punctured : apex, on the inner side, armed with a 
spine ; outer angle rounded : protuberance of the tibiee one-third the length from the 
tarsi. It is rather smaller than the titi/lator. 

The two foregoing species are rather common in Albany county : indeed, common to 

New-York and New-England. 


MonocuaMUs SCUTELLATUS. 
Color dark brown, darker upon the base of the elytra. Scutel white, hairy, strongly pune- 
tured : punctures confluent at the base. Antenne and legs dark brown. 


MonocHaMus PULCHER. 
Color lighter brown than the scutellatus. Thorax and elytra variegated with patches of 
white nap. 


ONCIDERES CINGULATUS ( Serv.). ( Plate xxii, fig. 1.) 

Ash-gray, banded : head inclining to brown : thorax ash, together with the middle of the 

elytra; base and terminal extremity darker, and somewhat mottled. Length six- 
tenths of an inch. 

Dr. Hatpeman remarks’, that ‘this insect appears in Pennsylvania during the last two 
weeks in August and first week in September. It feeds upon the bark of the walnut (Carya 
alba). The ova are a line and a half long, and are deposited in excavations in the small 
limbs. After the ova are deposited, the female gnaws a groove around the limb, which 
consequently dies in a short time : this seems to be intended for the future progeny, as 
the larve are found feeding upon the dead wood. When the insect is abundant, much 
damage may be done to the young growth of the hickory, when it is of the size suitable 
for hoop-poles.’ When the main stem is girdled by the insect, a lateral shoot appears, that 
may be attacked the next year, to be in its turn amputated after undergoing the same 
operation : in a few years, the tree presents a curious appearance. 


* Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; Hatprman, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 52. 


124 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Lamia ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.) 

Color gray,and banded. Thorax spined at the sides : face marked with an impressed line, 

depressed between the antenne ; antenne ten-jointed, first joint narrowed at base, 

second joint slightly longest, the upper half of each very black, the lower half gray. 

Front of the thorax is marked by a black transverse line, in the rear of which there - 

are two small black spots : posterior part of the thorax is punetured with black, 

especially the transverse groove. Elytra thickly and coarsely punctured with black, 

and traversed by four belts, the two front ones incomplete : they are zigzag in form, 

and interrupted by gray spaces. Abdomen narrowed somewhat behind, and terminated 

by a black ovipositor. Femora thickened, and clavate at the tibial end, gray : tibie 
marked by black rings ; tarsi black. Post-pectus deeply emarginate and giay. 

The foregoing is a rare species in this vicinity. Its ovipositor shows that its eggs are 

deposited in wood, and hence it is an injurious insect to timber. Length, including the 

ovipositor, seven-eighths of an inch. 


TETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMA (Forster). MM. tcrnator (Fab.). (Pl. v, fig. 11.) 
Color brick-red. Thorax marked with four black dots arranged in the form of a square. 
Elytra marked with four black dots; two near the basal angles, and two placed 
longitudinally upon the middle. Antenne black : body beneath and legs black. 
This insect is common on the silkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in June and July, and is 
extensively distributed, extending from Massachusetts to Carolina ( HatpEeman’s Mat. 
Hist. Long. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 53). It is a harmless insect in its mature state. 


ELapHipion viLLosum (Fab.). E. putator ( Peck). ( Plate xvi, fig. 8.) 

Color brown, gray or hoary from patches and stripes of grayish down : thorax more 

villose than the elytra. Antenne spinous : the second joint armed with a spine as 

long, or nearly as long as the third joint ; the spine of the third joint, one-third as 

long as the fourth joint; on the fourth joint, the spine is shorter still. Elytra pune- 

tured, and apex spined. Beneath, the same color as above : legs villous; hindlegs 
armed with a short spine. 

Although about a dozen species of this genus have been discovered in the United States, 
the habits of this one only are known. The larva feeds upon the wood of whiteoak or 
blackoak, and more rarely of hickory and chesnut ; and on one occasion I reared a speci- 
men, apparently of this species, from a larva taken from the dead trunk of a small spruce 
tree. The insect is half an inch or more in length, and may be distinguished by its chesnut 
color, varied with yellowish spots of down ; the small spine upon some of the joints of the 
antenne, and two upon the tip of each elytron; and by the smooth raised medial line, 
and tubercle, upon each side of the pronotum above. 


FAMILY LEPTURID&. 125 


When the larva attains its full growth in the branch, which is about half an inch thick, 
it cuts it off transversely from the inside, leaving the bark alone untouched ; and this 
slender hold is severed by the storms of autumn, when the branch and larva fall together. 
The larva does not leave its shelter until the next spring, when it appears as a perfect 
insect in May and June. 


Exapuipion ? ( Plate viii, fig. 9.) 

Head small : thorax somewhat flattened, dilated at the sides. Antenne ten-jointed : the 

tenth longest ; the second, third, fourth and fifth spinous upon the inside. Thorax 

marked by two sharp impressed lines : legs equal or subequal. Color of the body 

luteous, from the close pressed hair or nap : thorax brownish, without tubercles or 

armature : elytra Juteous, mottled somewhat by darker spots, narrowed somewhat 

behind, and terminated by two spines concealed in the hair. Beneath slightly 
brownish, and clothed with appressed hair, especially upon the breast. 

I refer this insect to the Genus Exapuipion, though its generic character may not en- 

tirely warrant it. 


Lepturide. 


Tue insects under the name of Lepruripz, or Lepiurians, constitute a third family of the 
capricorn beetles. The body is narrowed behind : eyes rounded, oval, and rather promi- 
nent; and the antenne are situated farther from them than in the other species, and are 
implanted near the middle of the forehead : thorax widened behind : head connected 
with the thorax by a narrow neck. Colors bright. 


Genus DESMOCERUS ( Dej.).  Crramsyx ( Forster) ; Srenocorvs ( Fab.). 


Eyes lunated, surrounding the base of the antenne : head sloped before ; palpi terminated 
by a large joint in the form of an elongated compressed cone : thorax subquadrate 
or subcylindrical : antenne setaceous. 


DEsMOCERUS PALLIATUS. (Plate xvi, fig. 6.) 
Color deep violet or prussian blue : nearly one half of' the elytra orange yellow. 
The larve live in the stem of the white elder, and feed upon its pith. This year (1853) 
this insect has been very numerous in the vicinity of Albany. : 


Genus RHAGIUM (Fas.). Leprura (Lin.). 


‘ Body broad, depressed : thorax with spines on each side ; antenne short’ (Werstwcop). 


126 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


RuyaGiuM LINEATUM ( Oliv.). 

Antenne short. Thorax narrow, cylindrical before and behind : middle of the thorax is 
furnished with a pointed wart on each side. Elytra wide at the shoulders, and taper- 
ing, convex above, with punctures between the smooth elevated lines, and ornamented 
with black and reddish ash colors, the former arranged in transverse bands. Under- 
side variegated with dull red, gray and black. 

The grubs of this beetle burrow under the bark of the pitch pine; in consequence of 
which, it is loosened, and falls off, when the tree dies. The grubs are often numerous : 
when about to become pupz, each one forms for itself an oval ring of woody fibres. The 
beetle is matured before the close of winter, but remains till the spring cpens ( Harais, 
Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 92 - 93). 

I have found the larva under the bark of the yellow pine and white pine, whoa it is 
readily recognized by forming, at the period of its transformation, an oval cavity, the 
border of which is made of woody fibres. The habits of the European Rhagium indagatcr 
( Fabr.), are similar. This insect is usually about seven-tenths of an inch long, although 
it is sometimes found no longer than four-tenths. Its color is gray, marked with black : 
the surface is somewhat downy ; the antenne are short; the elytra wide at the base, and 
having several raised lines; and the prothorax has a tubercle on each side. The perfect 
insect appears in May ( Hatpeman, MS. Notes). 


PuRPURICENUS HUMERALIS (Fab.). _ (Plate xvi, fig. 4.) 

Black. Elytra marked with a rightangled triangular scarlet spot situated upon the base of 

the elytron, the hypothenuse passing by the side of the scutel. Thorax, neck sculp- 

tured and rugose, and furnished with a lateral pointed tubercle and two elevated 

roughened ridges or eminences on the median line. Length variable : female, six- 

tenths of an inch; male, less than half an inch. 

This insect seems to be rare in the vicinity of Albany, as not more than three or four 

specimens have been taken in the last three or four years. 


all 


Genus LEPTURA. 


Antenne elongate, basal joint robust, second minute ; eyes narrowed above. Head ex- 
serted : thorax convex, unarmed. Insect narrowed behind from the base of the elytra 
to the extremity of the abdomen : legs elongate, slender. 


Leptura vittata ( Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 13.) 

Color black or very dark brown : head, thorax and legs black : elytra punctured black, 

and marked with a rufous stripe extending from their base to two-thirds of their 

length, and occupying the middle of the elytrum. Beneath, the insect is clothed with 
short gray appressed hairs. 


FAMILY LEPTURIDZ. 227 


LEPTURA RUBRICA. 

Color black : head and thorax black, pubescent ; four first joints of the antenne black, 
the remainder luteous at base. Elytra ferruginous, punctured ; apex of the outer 
angle pointed, and longer than the inner, divaricate : legs black. 

I refer this to fig. 10, pl. viii : the apex of the elytra in that figure is truncate. 


LEPTURA MALACHITICUS. 

Splendent green, with steel-blue reflections : punctures dilated deep, imparting a rough 
appearance. Antenne and scutel black : thighs rufous, and lower half of tarsi dark 
brown or black : prothorax with a lateral tubercle, cecupying nearly a central posi- 
tion. 

This beautiful insect is quite rare in the vicinity of Albany, a single specimen only 
having been observed. 


Lertura ocTopuncTarTa (Say). 
Elytra marked with eight irregular-shaped spots or dots, smallest upon the apex. 


Lerrura ——. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 11.) 
Color black (the light color is due to a close gray nap). Antenne ten-jointed : first some- 
what turbinate, third shortest, second the next shortest ; the three first black or dark 
brown, the remainder rufous. Pectus and thighs brown, and a stripe beneath the 
shoulders. The posterior part of the thorax surrounded by a sharp ridge, which 
extends down the sides : this ridge is bounded by grooves; and before it, and near 
the middle, are two elevations, scarcely tubercles : anteriorly it is surrounded by a 
broad groove. Behind the antenne, there is a deep depression upon the median line 

of the head. Length three quarters of an inch. 


LEPTURA SUBPUBESCENS. ( Plate viii, fig. 11.) 

Color black, thinly covered with luteous hairs, punctured : head and neck roughened, 

covered with hairs. Antenne black; third joint shorter than the fourth. Elytra 

punctured, rufous or dull brick-red, terminated by a black belt extending up the 

outer margin, divergent towards the apex ; apex truncate. Point of abdomen exposed : 
beneath black, submetallic. 


Genus PACHYTA (Serv.). 


‘Body robust : thorax subconical, with an obsolete obtuse tubercle on each side ; elytra 
short, nearly parallel ; humeral angles not very prominent’ ( WEstwoop). 


128 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


PacHyTA CORDIFERA ( Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 12.) 

‘Front clothed with yellow hair; frontal line impressed. Prothorax much widened and 

biarcuate posteriorly, covered with yellow hair, and having the median line obsolete. 

Elytra divaricate, and separately pointed at the tip : a minute black spot at the basal 

angle, and another (sometimes double ) between it and the large median macula. 

Length nearly half an inch’ ( Hatprman, Longicornia, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 59). 

A variety, /unaris, also described in the same work, is black, tomentose : venter dull 

rufous ; elytra yellow ; apex, and a semicircular macula behind the middle on the anterior 
margin, black. 


GRAMMOPTERA ( Plate xxvi, fig. 3.) 

Body black : eyes black, and slightly emarginate on the inner side; color of the upper 

side luteous. Apex of the elytray black, and the spot toothed on the basal side. Length 
half an inch. 


CHAPTER X. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 


PHYTOPHAGA. 


Tuts division (Europa of Larremire) embraces a group of insects whose bodies are short, 
oval, thick, and hemispherical (for an example, see P1. xiv, 11). The thorax is sometimes 
angular, uniting closely with the base of the elytra, and forming with them a circle or a 
broad oval. The head is short, and concealed ; the antenne shorter than the body, filiform. 
The insects are usually small, but their colors are lively and brilliant, though only a few 
are metallic in this climate : the Ewmolpus is one of the brightest. They are vegetable 
feeders in the larva and perfect states, and some of them are highly injurious ; the Haltica 
destroying the turnip crop, and the Crioceris the asparagus plant. 


Crioceridx. 


Tue body is oblong in this family, and the hindlegs are eften thickened for leaping. The 
head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The antenne are filiform, or only slightly 
thickened at the tips : they are inserted before the eyes, which are prominent. Found 
upon leaves and stems of trees. 

Crioceris ( or Lema ) trilincata ( Oliv.), is a yellow insect about one-fourth of an inch 
long ; the elytra with three black lines, one along the middle of the back, and one on 
each side. It belongs to an extensive division which contains many species that are de- 
structive to garden vegetation, generally devouring the leaves, both in the larva and the 
perfect state. The species here cited attacks the foliage of the potato,and Dr. Harris 
recommends brushing them into shallow vessels of salt and water, or vinegar. 


CRIOCERIS DUODECIMPUNCTATA. 

Color yellow : thorax and head brownish ; beneath, yellow. Elytra punctate in many 
rows, and marked with six black spots : each side of the thorax has also a black 
stripe. Tibial extremity of the femur black, as well:as the tarsi. Length rather less 
than a quarter of an inch. 

[ AcricuttuRaL Reporr— Vou. v.] 17 


130 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Cassidide. 


Genus CASSIDA. 


Body flattened and depressed : shield or elytra dilated on all sides, concealing the head 
and body. 


Cassipa cLavata. Tortoise Beetle. ( Plate xiv, fig. 11.) 

Head, body beneath, legs, and antenne luteous : eyes black : middle of the elytra, with 

the four angles black or dark brown; spaces between, together with the extended 
clypeus Juteous and translucent. 


Opontota scureLLaRis ( Oliv.), Hispa scutellaris (Fab.). This insect has, in conjune- 
tion with Cecidomyia robinia ( Hald.), become so abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania during 
the last few years, that the foliage of the locust trees is killed towards the end of August, 
as if by dry weather. It is nearly one-fourth of an inch long, of a tawny color,and marked 
along the back with a black line. 


Chrysomelide. 


Genus EUMOLPUS. 


‘Head vertical : antennz as long as the body, thickened at the tips’ (Wrstwoop). 


Evumourus auratus ( Fab.).. 
Head, thorax, body beneath, and legs brilliant blue-green : elytra golden green. The feet 
and antenne incline more to black, yet exhibit the coloring described. 
It inhabits in great abundance the Apocynum androsamifolium, and is found in July and 
August. 


Genus CHRYSOMELA. 


CHRYSOMELA PHILADELPHICA. ( Plate xiv, fig. 12.) 

Color of the body dark green, oblong, naked. Palpi, legs and antenne rufous : labrum 
hairy. Front and margins of the thorax and elytra cream-color : lines and spots of 

the elytra, posterior segment of the thorax, and scutel green : inner margin of the 
elytra traversed by two lines; marginal line widened towards the scutel ; the proxi- 
mate line widened also, and both slightly divergent. Lines punctured in rows sur- 
rounding the entire thickened border. The shoulders of the elytra marked by twe 


FAMILY CHRYSOMELID. 131 


green spots which converge to each other, the outer the largest : parallel with the 
marginal line there are three large spots ; the remainder are scattered and smaller. 
The dots are distributed somewhat irregularly, but there is a tendency to arrangement 
in rows, as at the base of the elytra and along the lines and larger spots. 

The insect from which the description is drawn is rather common, but it does not agree 
with the description of the philadelphica by Krrpy, who makes no allusion to the markings 
upon the thorax. The differences I regard as sexual. 

In a few plates, I ebserve that the ground color is too green : it should be pale, or 
cream-color. 


CHRYSOMELA DECIPIENS. 

Head, thorax, body and scutel dark green : elytra silvery white or white. Sutural line 
thickened, and divergent near the scutel : the parallel and proximate lines wide, 
divergent before, and narrowed towards the apex; the second is shorter, and united 
to it; and the third is similar to two heavy dashes united at their points, but instead 
of being straight, they form a curve divergent from the other lines : these lines are 
dotted. The shoulders are marked by a heavy dash or oblong spot : two other spots 
are situated between the shoulder spot and marginal line; the upper roundish, and 
the lower oblong. There are thirteen spots on each elytrum, besides those already 
deseribed, each of which is enclosed by a row of dots. Antenne, palpi and legs rufous. 

This species differs from the preceding, in having the thorax entirely of a dark green, 
and also in the distribution and form of the lines and markings upon the elytra. 


CHRYSOMELA SCALARIS. ( Plate xiv, fig. 10.) 
Head, thorax, body and seutel dark green : elytra silvery white. Sutural line green, and 
extending to the base : a coalescing line falls into it just below the scutel, and forms 
with it an unequal stripe: There are two oblique dashes, which do not meet, on each 
elytrum. The spot upon the shoulder is double, and prolonged in the form of a curve, 
and there is another curved spot between the shoulder spots and sutural line. There 
are three coalescing spots upon the posterior flexure of the elytra. The other spots are 
arranged somewhat in two lines, parallel with the outer margin of the elytra ; and 
there is a solitary dot near the middle, and upon the outer margin of the elytra. The 
dots are so arranged that they follow the boundaries of the spots. Antenne, palpi and 

legs rust-brown. 
In the specimen figured, a brownish color predominated instead of the silvery white : 
it may be a distinct species from the scalaris, and is found in the autumn upon various 

plants. 


132 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CHRYSOMELA TRIMACULATA. ( Plate xiv, fig. 16.) 
Head, thorax, body, antenne and legs steel-blue. Elytra orange, marked with a broad 
black band extending nearly across the base, and two large triangular black spots 
near the apices : scutel and sutural line black. The margins of the black spots are 
undulating. The punctures of the elytra are arranged in lines. Length three-eighths 
of an inch. 
Found in great abundance in Western Massachusetts and New-York. 


CHRYSOMELA PULCHER. 

Head, thorax and legs purple : antennée, body and palpi brownish. Elytra luteous, marked 
by a wide black longitudinal stripe along the middle. Sutural line double and pune- 
tured : margins marked by two narrow black punctate lines, which coalesce just 
below the middle. 


CuRYSOMELA 

Head, thorax, body and legs reddish brown. Elytra yellow, marked by a broad double 

longitudinal brown band; the inner separated from the outer by a curve, leaving 

between them a line of yellow, acute at each end. Sutural line wide, and dilated at 

the base. Scutel reddish brown : punctures arranged in lines parallel with the 

markings. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 

Inhabits and feeds upon the Solidago. It is not uncommon in Western Massachusetts, 

but I have not succeeded in finding a description of it. 


CHRYSOMELA CARULIPENNIS. 
Color of the head, elytra and body beneath, dark blue; thorax and legs dull orange ; 
antennee and feet blackish. The females are often seen walking with difficulty, on 
account of the great distension of the abdomen. 


CHRYSOMELA ( Plate xiv, fig. 1.) 

Head, thorax, antennz and body steel-blue. Elytra luteous, minutely punctured : punc- 

tures on the margins linear. There is a very obscure line of spots or dots along the 

suture, scarcely visible without the aid of a glass : the tips of the elytra are also dark 
brown. Autumn, and feeds upon the Solidago. 


CHRYSOMELA ——. ( Plate xiv, fig. 2.) 
Head, body and thorax reddish brown ; eyes black : elytra yellowish brown, and striped 
with reddish brown or ferruginous. The punctured lines are also reddish, of which 
there are about ten to each elytrum, running parallel to the margins. Length one- 
fourth of an inch. 
J am unable to determine whether it is a described species or not. 


FAMILY GALERUCIDA. 133 


CHRYSOMELA TREMULA. ( Plate xiv, figs.5, 6 & 7: larva and pupa.) 
Head, thorax, body, antenne and legs blue : elytra brown, finely punctured. 
Foreign : its larva feed upon the leaves of the poplar. 


CHRYSOMELA BANKSII. 

Immaculate, obtusely ovate : head very small; antenne luteous ; thorax with the lateral 
edges thickened. Color dark brown, glossy, impunctate. Elytra of the same color as 
the thorax, punctated : beneath, the same color as above; soles of the tarsi cream- 
colored. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 


CHRYSOMELA AMERICANA. 

Form ovate. Color brown, glossy : eyes black ; thorax and head impunctaie. Elytra punc- 
tate in four double rows, besides the sutura]l one : between the rows the surface is 
flat, impunctured, and of a brassy bronze reflection ; the punctured lines are purplish. 
Length one-eighth of an inch. 


Galerucidae. 


Tuts family is exemplified by those very common striped beetles which infest and destroy 
the cucumber plant. They are oblong, and are furnished with a small head and a narrow 
thorax. Their antenne are about half as long as their bodies, of a uniform thickness, and 
inserted near together and near the mouth. Their legs are of an equal size, though in some 
the thighs are formed for leaping. They are small insects and vegetable feeders, and often 
do considerable damage in gardens. 


The family is divided by Westwoop into two subfamilies : 1. Gateructpes; 2. Hau- 
TICIDES. 


Galerucides. 


Genus ADIMONIA (Scuranx). 


Antenne eleven-jointed, filiform throughout, and nearly equaling the body in length : 
joints mostly cylindric ; the last acute,and pointed outwards ; the second the shortest, 
obeonic ; the third next in length, the two equaling the first or fourth ; the remainder 
equaling the first or fourth : labrum entire : palpi indeterminate. Head small, exsert : 
eyes prominent : body ovate, elongate : legs rather long, equal or subequal ; poste- 
rior thighs only moderately incrassate. 


134 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


ADIMONIA , ( Plate xiv, fig. 4.) 

Jolor yellowish green : head and its appendages black. A depression and two eminences 

behind the antenne. The three first antenne yellowish green; on the outer side, 

brown; the remainder dark brown or black : pectus black : abdomen yellowish 

green. Thorax greenish yellow predominating, immaculate : two slight indentations 

on each side, with a slight lateral ridge or dilatation. Elytra pale green, marked with 

eleven black rather quadrangular spots : most of them have their angles rounded, so 

as to approach an oval form; the basal spot is common to both elytra. Legs black : 
upper half of the thighs greenish. Length one-fourth of an inch. 

It will be evident from the above generic and specific descriptions, that this insect is 
neither a Galeruca, Lema or Haltica, and probably not an dimonia : it belongs, however, 
to the vast family GaLerucipm. It is rather common in September and October on the 
asters and solidagos. Hither the descriptions within my reach are faulty, or else it has not 
been described. 


LEMA TRIVITTATA. 

Rufous : thorax and head rufous; the former punctured transversely at its base, and 
marked with two black dots. Elytra marked with longitudinal black stripes, the 
middle sutural : punctures arranged in lines. Antenne black ; first joint rufous : 
lower tibia and tarsi black. One variety more rufous,and marked with wider stripes 
dnd larger dots upon the thorax : sometimes the dots are absent. 

Resembles the striped cucumber-bug. 


GALERUCA VITTATA. 

Color yellow : head black. Elytra marked with three black longitudinal] stripes, including 
the sutural one : abdomen black ; forelegs mostly of that color : knees and feet o 
the other legs black. 

This insect is troublesome to various vines, and especially to young cucumber vines 
when not of a vigorous growth. The best remedy is to secure a strong and rapid growth: 
other remedies, which are more or less successful, are, washing the plant with offensive 
liquors, or sprinkling them with strong-scented powders. Tobacco in its various forms, 
whale-oil soap, ete. are all more cr less useful. 


GALERUCA CALMARIENSIS ( Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 12.) 

This is a European insect, which has been introduced into this country about Baltimore. 

It is destructive to the foliage of the elm. It is about one-fourth of an inch long, and is 

described by Mr. Strepnens as follows : ‘Oblong-ovate ; above testaceous, deeply pune- 

tured : crown, furrow on the thorax, scutellum, a dash on the elytra, |} veast and base of 
abdomen, black ; apex of the abdomen and hase of the antenne testaccons. 


FAMILY GALERUCID. 135 


(EDIONYCHUS THORACICA. 
Color of the elytra blue purplish, immaculate : thorax luteous, marked with eight black 
dots ; outer margin luteous. The outer half of the tarsal joints and antenne luteous ; 
the rest purplish. 


Halticides. 


Genus HALTICA. 


‘Form oblong-ovate : thorax narrower than the elytra; posterior tarsi short’ (Wexst- 
woop). ° 
This genus comprises many species, all of which are small, and whose posterior legs are 
formed for leaping. They feed upon the leaves of vegetables, more especially upon the 
cruciform plants, as mustard, radish and turnip ; the latter of which often suffers exceed- 
ingly, in consequence of the insects eating the young and succulent leaves, perforating 
them like a sieve. Their colors are often brilliant. 


° 


H{ALTICA CHALYBEA. 

Body oblong oval : thorax marked with a transverse furrow. Color steel-blue, but variable 
and passing into greenish blue : underside green; antenne and feet black. Length 
from one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch. 

Davin Tuomas, of Cayuga county, has given in Silliman’s Journal an account of this 
species of Harrica. This excellent observer noticed that his vine leaves were infested with 
a small smooth chestnut-colored larva; and on feeding them in a tumbler partly filled 
with earth, they came to maturity and buried themselves, and in two weeks afterwards 
came out the perfect insect, after having undergone their transformation. The larva feeds 
upon the tender fruit buds while in a growing state, and hence destroys the fruit for the 
season. The use of a solution of whale-oil soap would undoubtedly protect the vine, and 
drive away the insects. 

The cucumber is infested with another species of Hautica, which has received the name 
of H. cucumeris from Dr. Harnis. It is black, one-sixteenth of an inch long, with clay 
yellow antenne and legs, except the hindmost, which is brown : the thorax is marked by 
a deep transverse furrow ( Harris). 

Another is the wavy striped beetle, Haltica striolata, and feeds upon the horse-radish, 
mustard and turnip; in which respect it resembles the European species, which feeds 
upon and destroys the turnip crop. 


CHAPTER Xi. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued ). 


PSEUDOTRIMERA. 


Tuts division of coleopterous insects constitutes the Trimpra of Larraeitite. Taking the 
number of joints in the tarsi, the division would be represented by insects supplied with 
only three tarsal joints : on close inspection, however, it is found that there is a small 
joint in the lobes of the second. The form of the insect is oval, sometimes hemispherical : 
the elytra cover the abdomen. They often feed upon the Aphis, and thus perform a useful 
service to gardeners and farmers. Their colors are often bright,and their thorax and elytra 
marked in various places by dots and spots (See Plate xi, all the figures ; and letters a, 
b, c, d, larva and pupa state of the Coccinella). 


Joccinellide. 


CoccINELLA BOREALIS ( Lin.). ( Plate xi, fig 8.) 
Color luteous : eyes black. Thorax marked with four black dots, the largest behind upen 
the central line, and pointed backwards. Elytra marked with seven black dots each, the 
largest situated towards the apex, and two upon the sutural line. Beneath luteous : breast 
black. 


CoccINELLA INCARNATA, ( Plate xi, fig. 7.) 

Flesh-colored above. Thorax marked with two large transverse black spots; elytra with 

seven black spots each, or eleven as they appear when closed, three being common to 
each ( Ricu. Faun. Eor.). 


CoccINELLA QUINQUEMACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 5.) 

Body black : thorax black; anterior angles white : elytra tawny; base banded, and 

marked with four black spots, the middle spots quadrangular. Length about three 
dines. 


FAMILY COCCINELLID. 137 


CoccinELLA 20-MACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 
Celor pale honey-yellow, marked with twenty black spots somewhat confluent on the 
middle of the elytra. Insect quite small. 

In some of the plates the green coloring is too deep. There is a variable state of the 
ground color : sometimes it is entirely pale honey-yellow ; in other instances, there is a 
grayish green tinge. 

- CoccINELLA NOVEMNOTATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 6.) 
Color luteous and reddish, marked with nine black spots ; one common to each elytrum, 

situated near the base. Thorax black, margined in front with pale honey-yellow : the 
black portion extends in front towards the head : body black. The color of the elytra 
is somewhat variable, yellow and reddish predominating each in different individuals. 


CoccINELLA IMMACULATA. " wok Plate xt, dig..9.) 
Color luteous : thorax black, margined with pale honey-yellow or whitish : elytra im- 
maculate : body black. The flank of the thorax is quadridentate. 
This insect does not agree with Mr. Say’s description in every particular, still it is not 
so different as to preclude the idea that it is a variety. 


CoccINELLA BIMACULATA. ( Plate xi, figs. 10, 11.) 

Color ferruginous, verging into luteous. Thorax varied with black and white ; the white 

dilated margins being marked with a black dot, the black arranged in the form of 

two decussating wide lines. Head marked with a central black line, which divaricates 

posteriorly, or sends off branches to the eyes. Elytra marked usually with a single 
black dot : body black beneath. 


CoccINELLA TRIOCULATA. 
The black spot upon the elytra is larger than in the preceding species, and the dilated 
white margins of the thorax are immaculate : the color of the insect is paler. The abdo- 
men is black, bordered with rufous. 


CoccINELLA DUODECIMNOTATA. 
Body black : head black and quadridentate in front, margined with luteous : thorax 
black, marked with two oblique rectangular spots, and margined with luteous. Spots 
of the elytra twelve, and none of them sutural. 


{ AcricutturaL Report — Vor. v.] 18 


138 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CoccINELLA ABBREVIATA. 
Elytra ferruginous, marked with eight black dots situated between the middle and the 
apices. Thorax_black, with fuscous angular spots, and margined with fuscous. 


CoccINELLA TRANSVERSOGUTTATA. 
Elytra marked with four black dots arranged in a line across the middle. 


CoccINELLA BINOTATA. 
Color black, with two brown-red spots in the centre of each elytrum. Margin of the thorax 
white. 


CoccINELLA DECIMMACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 

Color red, deep fiesh-red and purple. Head and thorax marked with two black spots ; 

elytra with ten, one common to both at or near the scutellum, and another below the 
middle upon the suture : body and legs black. Length about two lines. 


co _ 


CHAPTER XE. 


ORDER I]. EUPLEXOPTERA ( Westwoop). 


Tuts order of insects (the DermMarrera of Leacn) is extremely small as to numbers, but 
the individual species are widely distributed. It bears a relationship to the orders CoLro- 
PTERA and Ortuortera, having by different naturalists been placed in each : it is, how- 
ever, regarded as having a closer affinity with the latter than with the former, in conse- 
quence of the peculiar structure and foldings of the wings. In the structure of the mouth, 
and the transformation of the insect, it corresponds to the orthopter, but to the coleoptera 
in the folding of the wings. The order is characterized thus by Westwoop : 


‘Anterior wings leathery, very small and uniting ina straight suture, horizontal, partially 
covering the wings. Posterior wings large with radiating nerves, and with numerous 
transverse and longitudinal folds. Mouth with transversely movable jaws, the poste- 
rior pair being galeated. Anus forcipated. Pupa semicomplete, active, resembling the 
imago, but with rudimental wings.’ ‘ 

The type of this order of insects is the common carwig, an insect far more notorious in 
other countries than in this. It will be readily recognized by its elongated form, its short 
wings like the Staphy/imus, and the forked armature of its abdomen, which forms an organ 
of offence as well as defence. Its habits are somewhat peculiar : it is nocturnal, and goes 
abroad for its food by night; but with the appearance of light, it seeks to hide itself in 
holes and crevices where it can escape observation. Tradition affirms that it creeps into 
- the ear, but it does not appear that there any facts to sustain the assertion. 

The Forficula is a vegetable feeder, subsisting upon fiowers, fruits, etc., and is regarded 
as an injurious insect. Hence the English gardeners take advantage of its propensities, 
by placing in proximity to the flowers and vegetables they wish to protect, crab’s claws, 
or narrow reeds closed at ore end, into which the insect takes shelter, where it is readily 
captured and destroyed. 


CHAPTER XIE. 


ORDER II. ORTHOPTERA (Ottvier). 


Tus order (the Hemiprera of Linnzus) embraces those insects whose wings, when at 
rest, are folded longitudinally upon the body, and present a straight outline : for this 
reason they have received the designation orthoptera, which literally means straight-winged. 
In this name, then, we perceive one of the distinguishing characteristics of the order. In 
d dition, however, to this single character, we find their wings folded like a fan : they 

“ve also a pair corresponding to the elytra in beetles, which are of a leathery consistence, 
aud perform the same office, that of protecting the delicate wing beneath. Their wings 
and wing-covers are deflected upon the sides of the body, forming an angle with the top, 
and, besides these peculiarities, they overlap each other upon the back. By this arrange- 
ment, the males are furnished with organs wherewith to produce different sounds, while 
a particular modification of the organ enables each species to form its peculiar note. 

Orthopterous insects are provided with jaws which move transversely, similar to beetles, 
and hence the name mandibulata applies to them. 

Another and still more important characteristic is found in the kind of metamorphosis 
they undergo. In this respect, they differ greatly from beetles and the butterflies : their 
metamorphoses or transformations are incomplete ; their young, in the early stages of life, 
resemble the parents in miniature, their wings being the most imperfect parts; they eat 
and move about like the adult, and, like the young in other classes, they grow until they 
reach the perfect state. From these comparisons, we see why they should be separated from 
the beetles, and placed by themselves in an order expressive of the characteristics that 
belong to them. 

The order has been divided into four sections, formed from differences of habit due to 
the peculiar construction of the. organs of locomotion. The sections have received their 
names from the modes in which these organs are used : the first embraces the ruNNERs, 
Orthoptera cursoria ; the second, the crasrers, Orthoptera raptoria ; the third, the 
waLkKers, Orthoptera ambulatoria ; and the fourth, the sumprrs, Orthoptera saltatoria. 

In the section comprising the runners, we find the cockroaches ; in that of the graspers, 
the mantis, whose forelegs are used as arms and hands; in that of the walkers, the 
walkingsticks ; and in the section of jumpers, the grasshoppers and locusts. 


~ 


FAMILY BLATTID. 141 


The arrangement seems to be clear and satisfactory, and yet it will be seen, as in most 
other arrangements, that the lines of demarkation are imperfectly drawn ; for in the section 
containing the cockroaches and earwigs, the insect possesses the power of flight : still it 
is probably sufficient for all practical purposes. 

Some of the species of orthopterous insects are extremely prolific : thus cockroaches 
become innumerable, and locusts appear in clouds that darken the sky ; and, even in our 
own more favored country, who has not seen the red-legged grasshopper multiply to such 
an extent as to devour all the herbage of hundreds of acres! 


Blattida. 


Tats family (Cursoria, the runners) is represented by the well-known and troublesome 
cockroach. The body is oval, flattened : wings coriaceous, with their inner margins over- 
lapping each other. The thorax is large, often concealing the head : antenne long, simple 
and setaceous, being formed of from fifty to one hundred and fifty joints; mandibles 
short, strong, and toothed at the tip ; upper lip entire ; labium bifid ; eyes kidney-shaped ; 
legs long, formed for running ; tarsi five-jointed ; abdomen furnished with two articulated 
processes. The males are smaller than the females. 

We have several species of cockroach, which either inhabit fields or woody places. The 
common domestic one (Blatta orientalis) is an imported kind, and is very troublesome in 
basements, cellars, etc.; while the former, or indigenous species, never comes into our 
dwellings. 

The methods that have been proposed for destroying the domestic cockroach are nume- 
rous : they consist in the use of substances which are generally poisonous, and therefore 
should be used with due precaution. Arsenic, red lead, or other mineral poisons may be 
mixed with mashed potatoes or meal, and set upon the shelves, floors, etc. frequented by 
the insects ; and as they are fond of almost every kind of vegetable mixture, they greedily 
devour the mess, and are speedily poisoned. 

These insects penetrate the most hidden parts of a building, even into the brick work 
of walls, where their young are frequently produced. They sometimes disappear from the 
premises without any known cause : at other times, their numbers greatly diminish in a 
short period of time. 


BLAtTTA NIVEA. ( Plate xlvi, fig. 7.) 

‘Head and antenne yellow; thorax and abdomen pale green; wings and wing-covers 

white and transparent; legs and underside of the abdomen pale yellowish green’ 
(Drory, Vol. ti, p. 39, f. 1). ‘1 


142 ORDER ORTHOPTERA. 


Mantids. 


Tus family, which succeeds the cursors or runners in the natural arrangement, consists 
of insects technically called raprores or graspers. The larger and more remarkable species, 
of which the Mantis is one, are not found in New-York or New-England, but smaller kinds 
are occasionally met with. Plate vii, fig. 4, exhibits the structure of an insect similar to the 
mantis, which takes its prey by grasping or seizing it with its forelegs. Its habits, too, are 
much like those of the mantis : it remains motionless upon a twig or limb of a’bush, in a 
sitting posture with its front parts elevated, until a desirable object comes within its reach. 
The family are all carnivorous, and hence aid in diminishing the number of vegetable 
feeders. ‘ 


Phasmide. 


Tue insects of this family (Ambulatoria, the walkers) are distinguished by the undeveloped 
state of the wings, or by their total absence. One or two of these remarkable animals are 
found in New-England and New-York : they are commonly called walkingsticks, and the 
most common species is the 


SPECTRUM FEMORATUM (Say). ( Plate vii, figs. 1, 2.) 
Apterous : intermediate thighs dilated, and furnished with a spine near the tip ; posterior 
also spinous. 

The color of the male is greenish with a mixture of brown, especially on the forelegs 
and the tibia and tarsi of the others : abdomen equalling the body, and furnished with 
nine segments, terminated with two curved appendages. Female brownish, thick, with the 
trunk and abdomen nearly twice their size in the male : legs greenish, but less so than in 
the male ; the thighs less dilated. 

This species is rather common, in the months of August and September, in the vicinity 
of Albany and in Western Massachusetts. 


Saltatores. 


Turis section (Saltatoria, the jumpers) is represented by the common cricket, and embraces 
those insects whose tarsi are three-jointed, antennz setaceous, head large, with a convex 
crown, and inserted deeply into the thorax ; with ovate eyes, and two or three ocelli. The 
thorax is truncated in front ; elytra horizontal ; body elongate ; wings folded longitudinal- 
ly ; abdomen cylindric ; legs stout and short; tarsi without foot-cushions between the ~ 
claws. | 


FAMILY ACHETIDA. 143 


Achetidae. 


ACHETA ABBREVIATA. 
Color black : elytra turgid, brownish posteriorly ; abdominal appendages elongated and 
pilose ; posterior tarsi armed with a double row of spines. 

Crickets are nocturnal in their habits, and hence seek their food and their mates in the 
evening. If numerous, they become injurious in gardens ; feeding upon the different kinds 
of fruit, melons, tomatoes, potatoes, beets, etc.: when in fields, they eat the tender grass. 
They are not, however, confined to a vegetable diet, but they kill and devour such insects 
as they can overpower. The insect lays its eggs in autumn : they hatch in the spring, and 
the young are three years in coming to maturity. 

To diminish the number of crickets in gardens, arsenic may be resorted to. 

The mole cricket, Grillotalpa brevipennis, differs from the common cricket in the dilated 
form of the tibia, the lower side of which is strongly notched to fit them for burrowing. 
These notches have a distant resemblance to fingers, and they give to the organ the power 
of a hand. From the construction of the forelegs, then, and the use to which they are 
applied, the species has received the name of mole cricket. They are fawn-colored, and 
covered with short velvety down : they reside in soft moist soil, and throw up ridges of 
loose earth ; they feed upon roots, and, if numerous, might do considerable damage : they 
are, however, rarely seen, and the effect of their feeding is scarcely perceptible. Length 
about one-fourth of an inch. 

No one, who takes much notice of the habits of insects, but must have observed the 
extreme timidity of the cricket. This is especially true of the field crickets : when they 
issue from their dwellings, it is with extreme caution ; and when the slightest approach 
of danger is visible, they seek at once their asylum, and do not again appear abroad until 
all their suspicions are allayed. 

Tt is well known that the black cricket flies well; but it has been observed by natura- 
lists upon whom we may place confidence, that field crickets never use their wings. This 
I believe is mainly true; but yet frequently when they are pursued, they spread their 
wings, and make a more extended leap by their use. Their wings are not defective in 
construction, but seem to be well organized and fitted for flying. The males, it is said, 
carry on a destructive warfare upon each other during the breeding season. 

In some crickets the wings are undeveloped : some species prefer damp and even wet 
places ; others, dry and stony. 

Crickets have been destroyed in great numbers by placing in their way vials half-filled 
with beer, into which they crowd and are drowned. 


144 ORDER ORTHOPTERA. 


Gryllide. 


Tuts family (the Grasshoppers) is characterized by the possession of four jointed tarsi, long 
setaceous antenns, a large vertical head and convex forehead, vertical prominent eyes, a 
thorax flat above, and its sides suddenly deflexed and rounded behind : body more or less 
compressed ; the breast furnished with two oval foliated plates; elytra coriaceous, de- 
scending the sides ; abdomen compressed slightly, and furnished in the male with two 
processes, and in the female with an ovipositor. The legs are long behind, with thickened 
thighs and spines. 


PLATYPHYLLUM concavuM (Harris). Katydid. ( Plate ix, fig. 1.) 
Color of the body pale brown; elytra and wings, grass-green. Antenne long, setaceous, 
yellowish, dilated at the base; eyes prominent, hemispherical; head greenish, 
brownish on the top, front ridged, terminating between the antenne in a triangular 
apex : thorax greenish, rough, its integument saddle-shaped. In males the musical 
apparatus occupies a triangular space, covered with a dense parchment-like membrane. 
Elytra narrowed before, dilated behind and laterally widest near the extremity of the 
abdomen, and longer than the wings : nervures consist of one principal trunk, sending 
off numerous branches below at right angles to it. Wings narrower and shorter than 
the wing-covers ; branches of the nervures two. Legs green : tibie quadrate ; each 
corner serrate or short spinous. Body of the male over one inch long. The female is 
furnished with a curved ovipositor (see the figure) about one fourth of an inch long, 
and both sexes with two projections between the forelegs. The wing-covers, in their 
natural position, form a convex covering extending in the female far enough to cover 
the ovipositor. 

The katydid is in its state of perfection in September ; the female, about this time, 
deposits her eggs in a row upon the twigs of the tree she inhabits. Dr. Harris describes 
the musical instrument as consisting of a pair of taborets : they are formed of the mem- 
brane already spoken of, which is situated at the base of the wing-covers. This parchment- 
like membrane is stretched upon a strong, half oval frame, fitted into the space at the base 
of the thorax. Their notes are emitted during the evening and night, and sometimes in 
dark lowering weather in the afterpart of the day. It is not common, neither is it easy to 
discover the retreats of this singular insect : the color of their wing-covers favors their 
concealment among the foliage of the trees. ye 

The katydid feeds upon leaves ; but it would not comport with the truth, to charge it 
with doing much damage to the farmer. 


¥ 


FAMILY LOCUSTID. 145 


PHYLLOPTERA OBLONGIFOLIA. 

This species differs from the preceding in having the wing-covers narrower, flat and not 
concave, the true wings extending beyond them, and they are deflected down the sides 
abruptly. The most distinctive characteristic is the absence of the projecting integuments 
between the forelegs. 


PHANEROPTERA ANGUSTIFOLIA ( Harris). ( Plate ix, fig. 1.) 
Color brownish green : wings and wing-covers green, the former narrow, their upper and 
lower edges being nearly parallel, forming an organ equal in width except at and 
towards the base, shorter than the wings and rounded behind. Abdomen terminated 
in the male by a short projection, which curves upward. The wings do not conceal 
the body. Length of the body, three-fourths of an inch; the whole length, about 
the same as the katydid. 
The habits of the three foregoing species are much the same, each kind coming to per- 
fection in September ; but the sounds they emit are different. 


Locustidae. 


Tue name locust is applied usually in this country to our harvest-fly, which is commonly, 
called the seventeen-year locust. The term locust, however, is here improperly applied, in- 
asmuch as the insects which have been known from time immemorial as locusts belong te 
a different order from the harvest-ilies. The rule of priority should be regarded in this 
instance ; and, besides, the name Aarvest-fly is sufiiciently appropriate. ‘Lhe true locusts, 
on the other hand, have been called grasshoppers ; a term which, by better usage, belongs © 
to the green insects of which the katydid is an example. The true locusts possess the 
following characters : their antennz are shorter, and usually filiform ; the elytra longer 
than the body, though, in forms removed from the typical, they become abbreviated and 
distorted. The ovipositor of females is not exserted. 


Genus LOCUSTA. 


Antenne filiform, inserted into a slight depression between the eyes : head large; eyes 
ovate ; thorax furnished with a central sharp ridge ; elytra longer than the abdomen : 
four anterior legs subequal, short ; post_rior long, and formed for leaping; tibiee all 
furnished with a double row of spines. 


LocusTA CAROLINA. ( Plate ix, fig. 9.) 
Color brown, variegated with darker spots : wings black, margined with yellow; apex 
spotted with brown or blackish. Length an inch and a half; breadth, or expansion 
of wings, nearly three inches. Common by roadsides, 
{ AcricuLtuRat Rerort— VoL. v.] 19 ; 


146 ORDER ORTHOPTERA. 


LocusTA CORALLINA. 

Color light brown, sometimes dark. The wing-covers are marked towards their tips with 
a triangular yellowish spot, and two or three others on the same line more or less 
obscure. Anterior border of the wings brown and variegated : the base is vermilion, 
and widely bordered with brown or dusky and nebulous; the inner portion of the 
border darker than the outer, and the apex is still darker or more dusky. 

Appears early in the spring : is rather smaller than the preceding, and more active. 


LocusTA SULPHUREA. 

Color brown, rather uniform in this respect, the wing-covers rather lighter at the apex ; 
base of the wings sulphur-yellow, varying in brightness in different individuals ; 
margin broadly bordered with dusky, which extends in a sharp triangular patch upon 
the three nervures towards the base ; wing translucent, darker at the apex : abdomen 
yellowish. 

This is subequal to the corallina, appears rather later in the season, and frequents dry 
places. 


f Locusta NEBULOSA? ( Harris). ( Plate ix, fig. 7.) 

Color brown : thorax ridged, or furnished with a keel-like elevation, and divided in the 

middle by a transverse fissure ; wings transparent, with a duskiness of the anterior 
margin ; thighs banded transversely with yellowish and brown ; tibiee brown. 

This species, though very common in Western Massachusetts, is described in part from 
the figure, the original specimen being lost. So far as I can determine under the cireum- 
stances, it is the nebulosa of Harris, and yet he does not speak of the banded markings of 
the thighs : in other respects, it agrees with his description of that species. 


Grnus ACRYDIUM. 


This genus differs from Locusta, in having a spine beneath, between the forelegs : the 
ridge upon the top of the thorax is wanting or obsolete ; and the antennz are generally 
longer, in consequence of the joints being more elongated, consisting of 24 or 25 joints. 


ACRYDIUM FEMORRUBRUM. ( Plate ix, fig. 4.) 

Color olive-brown above, yellowish green beneath : antenne pale yellow or olive, darker 

at the tips; face green or yellowish green ; thorax marked with two yellowish lines 

extending between and along two outer angles, olive-brown upon the top ; also an- 

other triangular area extending backward from each eye, the base resting upon it. 

Wing-covers olive-brown, lighter upon the angles. Lower end of the femur surrounded 

by a black belt, and the upper end of the tibia marked in the same way.~ Yellow 

predominates upon the thighs beneath and inside; top brown and reddish brown ; 
tibiz and tarsi bright red, terminated by four spines : beneath yellowish. 


FAMILY LOCUSTIDE. 147 


ACRYDIUM FLAVOVITTATUM. 
This common species is larger than the former, and is marked with a yellowish stripe 
on each side from the forehead to the tips of the wing-covers. Length 1} — 2 inches. 
Very common in haying time, and often found in barns among the newly gathered hay. 


Genus TETRIX. 


This genus differs from Locusta and Acryprum, by the long and sharp triangular outline 
when seen from above, or rather the double triangular form of the body of the insect, the 
base or widest part being between the middle legs, from which it tapers each way; the 
head being smaller than in the former genera. The insect is small, with small wing-covers ; 
but the wings are large in proportion to the size of the body, and scollopped on the edge. 
The females have four boring appendages, which are notched on their edges. 

Dr. Harris divides the genus into two groups : first group, antenne 13- or 14-jointed ; 
second group, 22-jointed, with additional characters not necessary to be noted here. 

For a very full account of these three genera, see Harris’s Treatise on Insects, 2d ed. 


CHAPTER XIV. 


ORDER IV. APHANIPTERA ( Kirsy) 


SUCTORIA (Deceer). APTERA (Lamarck). 


To avoid incongruities in classification, all that family of insects known as flea. , have 
been separated from their associates, and made an order under the name above given : 
the order therefore consists of the single family of the Puticip#, of which the common 
flea, Pilex irritans, is the leading type. The body of this insect is covered with a firm 
integument, somewhat shining, and more or less covered with bristles arranged in rows. 
Its mouth is suctorial, and is composed of a complete apparatus both for inflicting wounds, 
and for sucking the blood or juices into the stomach. 

The Puxticipm are all small insects, yet their anatomy is well known, as made out in a 
very elaborate manner by Curtis, Westwoop, and M. Ducrs. The mouth is composed of 
seven pieces : it has two round eyes situated upon the sides of the head, and antenne 
placed behind them in a small cavity which is usually closed with a lid or scale. The 
thorax has three segments : the abdomen is large; the wings are represented by small 
scales ; the legs are long, but muscular, and hence are capable of performing wonderful 
feats in leaping. 

The flea appears to have a choice among the animals it selects for its prey : the pig and 
dog seem to enjoy a preference ; and for its favorite haunts it selects filthy straw, shavings, 
litter of most kinds,and dry sandy spots. In these places, under favorable conditions, fleas 
increase enormously ; and the surface of sand where hogs have been littered during the 
winter is often black with them, especially in southern countries. 

The chigre, or jigger, Pulex penetrans, of the West Indies, belongs to this family : indeed 
the species of Putrex are quite numerous; thus the dog, bat, hedgehog, mole, mouse, and 
cat have each their peculiar species. So even birds are infested with parasites belonging to 
this genus. 

It is in warm climates that the pests of this family most particularly abound, and their 
torments are most felt and dreaded, rendering a residence there extremely uncomfortable. 
In our own country, cleanliness is the antidote to fleas. The dooryard is frequently the 
nursery for them, especially where chips and decaying wood are allowed to accumulate, 
mixed with straw, the refuse of the kitchen, and the blood of domestic animals that have 
been killed for food. 

An infusion of tobacco is an effectual remedy for domestic animals against fleas, and 
the heaps of filth in which they are engendered should be removed and burnt. 


CHAPTER XV. 


ORDER V. HOMOPTERA. 


~OMOPTERA (Leacu). HEMIPTERA ( LarreIte). 


Tue insects of this order are provided with a suctorial mouth, resembling in this respect 
the Herrroprera, but with the mouth placed nearer the sternum. Notwithstanding this 
resemblance, the two orders are quite distinct, and the lines of demarkation well defined. 
The wings of the Homoprera, in the first place, are entirely membranous, and do not 
overlap when at rest; the antenne are short and setiform, and the tarsi number three 
joints. The metamorposis is of that kind called semicomplete, and the pupa is therefore 
active. 

In this order are found insects of very remarkable forms : it is true, such a remark is 
often made respecting other orders, yet probably no insect shows more grotesqueness of 
outline than the leafhopper. Some subdivisions of the order contain insects which singly 
are perfectly insignificant ; yet as they increase to an enormous extent during a single 
season, they become, from numbers alone, a formidable foe to the interests of the farmer. 

The Homoptera are divided into three families : 1. The narvest-Fvies, called in sy- 
stematic arrangement Cicadida, or cicadians ; 2. The puant-.ice, Aphidide ; and, 3. The 
BARK-LICE, Coccide. 


Cicadidae. 


AntTEeNN& short, awl-shaped, and terminated with a bristleform point : eyelets three ; 
wings and wing-covers inclined at the sides of the body, transparent and reticulated ; 
feet three-jointed ; integument of the body hard and firm. Females furnished with 
an ovipositor lodged in a furrow beneath the abdomen. Insects walk and fly. 

The harvest-flies are so called from the circumstance that they make their appearance 
about the time of harvest. They possess some remarkable characters which have served to 
give certain species a great notoriety, particularly the seventeen-year locust, which makes 
its visits only at intervals of seventeen years, and then in great numbers : hence its 
systematic name, Cicada septendecim. 


150 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


CicADA SEPTENDECIM. 

The males are distinguished from the females by the possession of an apparatus for the 
production of a rather sharp and rattling sound, which may be heard unto the distance of 
a mile. The females are destitute of this apparatus, and may be known from the males by 
the ovipositor before alluded to.-The musical or sounding organs are situated on the sides 
of the insect, just behind the wings. They consist of plaited convex membranes, of a 
texture somewhat like thin parchment, and lodged in small cavities in the sides : these 
membranes emit their peculiar sound by means of muscles attached to their insides, which 
serve alternately to increase and diminish their tension with a rapidity almost inconcei- 
vable, while other accessory members assist in augmenting the loudness of the tone thus 
produced by the vibrating membranes. 

The Cicada septendecim is black or dusky : anterior margin of the wing-covers, and 
larger veins or nervures orange red ; eyes, rings of the body, and legs of the same color. 
Expansion of wings from 24-3} inches. The figure near the tip of the wing-cover re- 
sembles the letter W. 

The most interesting fact connected with the history of the seventeen-year locust, is the 
mode in which the species deposits eggs and makes provision for its future progeny. The 
insect, in this climate, issues from the ground about the middle of June. As soon as the 
wings of the perfect insect are in a condition for flying, it selects a tree for the scene of its 
future operations. The sexes pair, and, soon after, the female prepares to deposit her eggs. 
She selects the extremity of a limb for this purpose, and applies the ovipositor, which is 
fitted both for perforating the branch, and for sawing it in such a way as to separate and 
detach the fibres, which are afterwards made to serve as a surrounding protection to the 
eggs. The eggs are deposited along a line in which some ten or fifteen perforations are 
made, some of which receive two eggs apiece. Soon after her labor is accomplished, the 
insect dies of exhaustion. The limb or twig, which has received its burthen, speedily 
perishes, and, being nearly severed from its supporting branch, falls to the ground, bearing 
with it the eggs; or, if the twig be not detached, the eggs are hatched in place, and the 
young fall or precipitate themselves to the ground. Whether hatched above or upon the 
ground, they soon penetrate the earth, descending among the deeper roots, where they 
attach themselves ; and there they remain, extracting the juices of the roots by means of 
the sucker with which they are provided. 

Miss Marearetra H. Morris has the credit of having first observed the fact that the 
larve of the cicadide were injurious to fruit trees, by wounding the roots with their 
suckers, and drawing therefrom their sustenance. It would seem that in consequence of 
these wounds, and the drainage of sap by the numerous individuals thus attached, the 
root becomes unhealthy, and incompetent to supply the tree with its requisite amount of 
nutriment. Under some circumstances, therefore, where a fruit-tree becomes sickly without 
an apparent cause, a search about the roots may disclose the fact observed by Miss Morris; 


FAMILY CICADID. t5i 


but the long-settled districts of the State, those which were reclaimed from the forest fifty 
years ago, will not be so much subject to attacks of the kind. Observation at the time of 
the appearance of these insects will tend to throw some light upon the question, whether, 
‘for instance, a certain tree was known to have been infested by them. 

The Cicada lays between four and five hundred eggs; and hence the provision for the 
continuance of the species, it would seem, is ample : in consequence, however, of the 
accidents to which it is subjected in its larva and pupa state, its increase is by no means 
great, and in the older sections of New-York and New-England it certainly does not hold 
its own in numbers. 

The larva does not necessarily descend deep into the earth : never beyond the reach of 
the roots of the trees on which it feeds; and in some places where I have seen it issue 
from the earth, it could not have penetrated directly more than six inches, in consequence 
of the underlying rock. It is hardly necessary to repeat the old notion respecting them, 
that they continue to descend for eight and a half years, and then begin their return to the 
surface ; yet it is well established that they appear only at intervals of seventeen years, 
making some allowance for the irregular appearance of a few which may precede or 
succeed the main brood a year or two earlier or later than the rule allows. For a similar 
reason, probably, the cicada does not appear the same year in different parts of the coun- 
try. 

Mr. Harris has given, in his treatise on insects injurious to vegetation, a long list of the 
times when and places where the seventeen-year locust has made its visits, together with 
an interesting history of the economy and habits of this singular animal. The insect, ac- 
cording to the author referred to, does not select any particular species of tree in preference 
upon which to deposit its eggs : most, if not all kinds of trees except the pine and fir, 
have been found with their limbs pierced by it, 

The eggs, according to the observations of Miss Morris, are hatched in forty-two days: 
others say in less time ; but however this may be, prior to the time of hatching, most of 
the wounded branches which have received eggs are detached, and have fallen to the 
ground : at least this was the case when they appeared in the vicinity of Troy about the 
year 1830. The twigs perish much sooner when wounded by this insect, than if a wound 
of equal magnitude were inflicted upon them with a knife : indeed, in a very few hours 
after receiving a deposit of eggs, the twig is perfectly dead. 

The extent of injury inflicted by the these locusts upon forest and fruit trees does not 
seem to be very serious : it amounts to only a foreshortening of the limbs; and if the 
tree is injured at all, it speedily recovers. The injury is far less than that which often 
follows when the wound is made in the axis of growth. No remedy seems to be required, 


* Harris : Insects injurious vegetation, p. 183. The septendecim appeared in Madison county (New-York) 
in 1845. 


152 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


unless when a fruit-tree becomes infested, in which case all the dead branches may be 
removed and burned. ; 


Cicapa canicuLaris. Dogday Harvestfly. ( Plate ix, fig. 3.) 

Body black : the head beneath, breast and sides mealy ; top of the head and thorax 

ornamented with olive-green lines connected together so as to form characters, one of 

which upon the thorax resembles the letter W. Legs, front of the principal veins of 

the wing-covers and wings edged with green. The body of this species is thicker and 

proportionally shorter than the septendecim : abdomen of the male tapers rapidly. 
Appears late in July, and continues into September. 

According to the observations of Mr. Harris, this species is very regular in the time 
of its appearance : for many years in succession, it has been heard for the first time at 
Cambridge on the twenty-fifth day of July, between the hours of ten in the forenoon and 
two in the afternoon. It is therefore an annual visitor, in which respect it differs widely 
from the preceding species, while its other habits are much the same. It deposits its eggs 
in the extremities of the branches of various trees. It is not particularly injurious to fruit 
trees, nor indeed to any other species of vegetation ; besides, it never has appeared in 
sufficient numbers to excite any apprehension of injury. 


CicADA NOVEBORACENSIS. ( Plate ix, fig. 2.) 
Body black : veins of wing-covers and wings, thorax and abdominal rings edged or or- 
namented with orange. 
This species is smaller than either of the preceding ; but it appears annually, and has 
the same habits as to the mode of depositing its eggs. It is never in sufficient numbers to 
inflict serious injury to forest or fruit trees. 


Tree-hoppers, Leaf-hoppers, ete. 


Form triangular, but variable in the different genera : eyelets two; musical instruments 
none; locomotion by leaps aided by wings. 

These grotesque insects inhabit the trunks, limbs and leaves of trees : they are small; 
colors green, gray, with spots or cloudiness of the wings ; faces often vertical or nearly 
so, with the thorax and anterior parts thick, whence they taper rapidly to the extreme 
points of the wings ; legs furnished with spines. The species are very numerous, each tree 
and shrub being inhabited by its own peculiar kind. 

As this group of insects have habits much the same as the cicadians, and obtain their 
nutriment by sucking the juices of plants, it is supposed that in some cases they may be 
detrimental to vegetation : they cannot, however, injure the farmer very materially, 
though as a class they are quite numerous. 


FAMILY MEMBRACID. 153 


The following species are among the most interesting, and deserve attention as much, 
if not more, from their peculiar forms and habits, as from their infliction of injury upon 
the products of the farm*. 


Membracidae. 


Genus ENTILIA (German). ( Plate xiii.) 


Back more or less notched or sinuate : thorax foliaeeous. 


Entizia sinvata ( Fab.). ( Plate xiii, fig. 11.) 
Back deeply sinuate-notched, or slightly angulated. Color brown : wings variegated with 
a patch of grayish white, broad upon the lower margin, and becoming narrow upon 

the superior. 


ENTILIA EMARGINATA. ( Plate xiii, fig. 13.) 
Back deeply notched or sinuate. Color brown : proportionately shorter than the sinwata. 


ENTILIA concava (Say). ( Plate xiii, fig. 10.) 
Back simply sinuate, more depressed than in either of the preceding species. Color brown : 
wings obscurely banded with gray posteriorly. 
The preceding species differ but little in size : they are about a quarter of an inch in 
length, and inhabit the Canada thistle and other herbs and trees, but are not known to 
injure any of the cultivated plants. 


Genus SMILIA (Germar). ( Plate iii.) 
Back rounded ; the front sometimes overhanging the head, and higher than the back. 


Sminta AuRicuLATA ( Fitch). | ( Plate iii, fig. 23.) 
Back rounded, high and arched anteriorly : color green; front projecting along the 
median line. 


SMILIA GUTTATA. ( Plate iii, figs. 21, 22.) 
Back slightly arched, nearly straight, fuliginous : oblique anterior band narrow and 
obscure ; posterior is a large greenish spot, extending nearly to the inferior margin 

of the wing-covers : a still more obscure grayish marking posteriorly. 


* For specimens and names of the following genera and species, I am indebted to our distinguished entomologist, 
Dr. Asa Fitrcs, of Washington county. 
{ AcricutturAL Report — VoL. v.] 20 


154 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


SMILIA VIRIDIS. ( Plate iii, fig. 25.) 

Arch of the back sloping towards the head; the projection over the face wanting ; face 

rounded. Color of the sides green, dusky along the back : wings ornamented with a 
transverse gray patch near their extremities. 


SMILIA VITTATA. ( Plate iii, figs. 27, 28.) 

Back only slightly arched ; middle rather concave. Color brownish, ornamented with a 

greenish band which extends diagonally from the front to the lower margin of the 

wing-covers ; also two transverse green spots, one on the middle, the other upon the 
posterior part of the wing-covers. 


Genus CYRTOSIA ( Fircn). ( Plate xiii.) 


Humeral angles rounded, not salient : dorsum compressed, foliaceous, forming a regularly 
arched keel highest near its middle, and at most with a slight concavity posteriorly ; 
apical cellule triangular, its end rounded ( Frrcu). 


CYRTOSIA ARCUATA. ( Plate xiii, fig. 14.) 
Body regularly arched, highest about the centre of the back. Color light yellowish, mar- 
bled with fuscous : a shade of fuscous passes transversely across the sides, back of 

the middle. 


CYRTOSIA FULIGINOSA. ( Plate xiii, fig. 15.) 
Back regularly arched. Color dark fuscous or brown, variegated with lighter anterior to 
the middle. 


Genus TELAMONA. ( Plate iii.) 
Body or back surmounted by an angular foliaceous protuberance or crest. 


TELAMONA AMPELOPsIDIS (Har.). Woodbine Telamona. ( Plate iii, fig. 17.) 

Crest or protuberance rather concave in front, sloping moderately on its dorsum, and 

forming with the steep posterior slope an obtuse angle. Color light fuscous, traversed 

by a darker clouded line from the concavity of the crest to the middle of the inferior 
margin. Inhabits the woodbine. 


TeLamona Fact ( Fitch). ( Plate iii, fig. 19.) 
Dorsal crest notched posteriorly. Color dark fuscous : sides of the head light; wing 


posteriorly light, terminated with a darker shade. 


TELAMONA UNICOLOR. ( Plate iii, figs. 5, 5.) 
Dorsal crest rounded. Color yellow, or only slightly tinged with fuscous. 


FAMILY MEMBRACID&. 155 


TELAMONA CORYLI. ( Plate iii, fig. 11.) 

Crest straight upon the superior edge, which inclines slightly backwards ; posteriorly it 

is concave. Color dirty yellow : margins of the crest fuscous. There is a semicircular 
spot on the sides beneath : apex of the wing-covers also marked with fuscous. 


TELAMONA CRATZGI. } ( Plate iii, figs. 3, 4.) 

Dorsal crest narrow at base, high and slightly concave behind and convex before, placed 

in advance upon the thorax. Color of the crest black or very dark brown, which is 

prolonged upon the sides to the inferior margin of the wing-covers ; wing-covers 

tipped also with black : sides anteriorly light, and with a light band between the two 
dark bands. Inhabits the different species of thornapple. 


TELAMONA ORNATA. ( Plate iii, figs. 15, 16.) 

Crest wide, rounded anteriorly, sharply angulated behind : color fuscous. The pattern of 

the ornamental markings resembles those of T. crategi, only they are lighter and the 
proportions somewhat different. 


TELAMONA ACCLIVATA. ( Plate iii, figs. 9, 10.) 
Dorsal crest twice as wide at the base as at the summit, the posterior half rising only half 
as high as the anterior half. 


TELAMONA RECLIVATA. 
Anterior edge of the crest forming a straight line with the head ; superior line nearly 
straight; posterior margin large, concave. Color fuscous, lighter before than behind. 


TELAMONA QUERCI. ( Plate iii, figs.'7, 8.) 
Dorsal crest wide at the base, bounded by a large concavity before and behind, convex or 
rounded above, and about half as wide at the summit as at the base. 


TELAMONA TURRICULATA. , ( Plate iii, figs. 1, 2.) 
Thorax surmounted by a high narrow crest, rising somewhat in advance of the face; 
posteriorly the concavity is large, and continuous with the entire back. 


Genus CERESA (Amy & Serv.). { Plate iii.) 


CrreEsa picERos (Say). ( Plate iii, figs. 33, 34.) 
Brown : sides of the wing-covers ornamented with two dark and pointed patches of brown. 


Ceresa BuBaLus (Fab.). 
Wing-covers and thorax greenish : sides mottled with fuscous. 


156 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


Genus THELIA (Amy & Senrv.). ( Plate iii.) 

Dorsal protuberance horn-like, advancing in front, rising high obliquely upwards and 
forwards. 

THELIA BIMACULATA ( Fab.). ( Plate iii, figs. 31, 32.) 


Color dark fuseous along the back and sides ; inferior part of the sides marked with an 
elongate patch of yellowish (male). 


THELIA LUTIPEs. ( Plate iii, fig. 18.) 
Crest advanced beyond the front : posterior margin forms a straight line with the back. 


THELIA BINOTATA. ( Plate iii, fig. 17.) 
Crest arched anteriorly, narrow, concave behind. Color light brown : back lighter, and 
marked by two brownish spots. 


GARGARA CINEREUM. . ( Plate xiii, fig. 3.) 

Color brown, punctured : towards the front it is traversed by a pretty broad belt of 

lighter, in form and shape like an arrowhead, with its point towards the head, and 

resting upon the median ridge; posteriorly it is traversed by a narrow belt, which 
runs directly across the back. Length two-tenths of an inch. 


GARGARA MACULIFRONTIS. ( Plate xiii, fig. 1.) 

Color light brown and lightly mottled : front marked by an oblong dark brown spot, 

situated nearly between the eyes; posteriorly it is traversed by two faint or lighter 
bands directly across the back. 


GARGARA MAJUS. ( Plate xiii, fig. 6.) 

Color blackish, punctured. Apex of the wing-covers black or blackish brown, extending 

farther upon the sides than upon the ridge, nearly meeting another transverse broad 

band of the same color, and leaving an oval or roundish lighter space between them : 

the dark anterior band does not cross the sharp ridge of the back, but leaves a con- 

tinuation of the same color as the anterior and middle parts. Thighs dark brown. 
Length one-fourth of an inch, and sometimes rather exceeding that measure. 

This species has the regular rounded outline somewhat broken by the sudden falling off 

of the ridge posteriorly. 


GARGARA QUERCI. ( Plate xiii, fig. 8.) 

Color brown, and dark brown upon the middle of the sides : middle of the back marked 

by a long oval yellow patch. Near the apex of the hemelytra there is a smal] roundish 
patch of yellow : legs yellow. Length two lines. 


FAMILY MEMBRACID. 157 


GARGARA DISCOIDALIS. 

Color brown, and traversed by two light bands ; the front band pointing forward, its edges 
undulating, with a much darker space behind it, and crossing the back. The posterior 
band. crosses the back directly, and is also bordered behind by a darker belt : legs 
brown. ‘Length rather more than two-tenths of an inch. 

It resembles the cinereum, but is more elevated at the centre of the back, and the dis- 
tribution of the colors is rather different. 


GARGARA PUBESCENS. ( Plate xiii, fig. 3.) 

Color dark brown : sides marked by a light punctured band enclosing a half-oval black 

space, or very dark brown; posteriorly it is traversed by a light band directly across 

it. Wings terminated by a dusky patch, before which there is a large patch of white. 

This species is rather depressed, and flat upon the top of its back. Length two-tenths 
of an inch. 


GARGARA INERMIS. ( Plate xiii, fig. '7.) 
Back rounded. Color yellow bordering upon green, punctured : punctures and color dis- 
tributed very uniformly over the individual. 


GARGARA PECTORALIS. ( Plate xiii, fig. 12.) 

Color greenish yellow, dotted with green : there is a patch of yellowish and greenish 

white above the eyes. The wings are traversed transversely by narrow belts of light 

green and white, when they are uncovered by the hemelytra : legs obscurely banded 
with brown. Length nearly two-tenths of an inch. 


GARGARA NIGRICEPHALA. 
Elevated in front. Color very dark olive brown, banded transversely in front, directly 
behind the eyes : sides banded transversely, which bands meet in the front band 
behind the eyes; head black; legs yellowish. Length two-tenths of an inch. 


The general reader will be able, from the figures which are given of a few of the genera 
and species belonging to this subdivision of the Homorrrra (or Hemiptera), to distinguish 
them from other insects. It is true they are small in number, or at least less numerous than 
the plant-lice, aphide : still their forms and habits, as well as consistence, will always 
serve aS diagnostic marks. So far as their food is concerned, as well as their mode of 
obtaining it, they resemble plant-lice : they wound the plant by puncturing it with their 
beaks, and suck the juices. When they are few in number, they do but little mischief: on 
the contrary, where they are numerous, the wounds they inflict, and the diversion of sap 
they occasion, have quite an injurious effect upon the health and perfection of the plant. 
Among the plants most liable to be injured by them, the vine probably suffers the most ; 
for it abounds in sap, and hence offers support to large colonies of these insects. 


158 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


In the eighth volume of the Encyclopedia Americana, Dr. Harris has described the 
leafhopper, Tettigonia vitis. It is about the tenth of an inch long, and arrives at maturity 
in the month of August : it is of a pale straw-color, and inhabits both the native and 
foreign grape vines, and, in some seasons, is so numerous as to affect seriously the vines 
and fruit. They adhere to the underside of the leaves, and hence the remedy proposed, 
which consists in fumigation with tobacco, will be more effectual than if they inhabited 
the upper side. For the purpose of fumigation, the vine or its trellis should be covered 
with a tent, and the process may be persisted in until the.insect is thoroughly routed or 
destroyed. : 

Rosebushes sometimes become infested with a kind of leafhopper, the Tettigonia rosa, 
which may be treated in the same way. 

As the insects of this family hop briskly, they cannot be dislodged from the vines by 
shaking, nor is it practicable to catch them : it hence becomes necessary to destroy them 
by fumigation, or by the application to the leaves and vines of some substance destructive 
to the insects, but which will not injure the plant. Whale-oil soap in solution is another 
remedy whose application has been followed with success. 

As these insects take refuge among the fallen leaves and underlying grass, where they 
survive the winter, the leaves and grass should be carefully removed and burned, either 
after the weather has become cold in the autumn, or in the spring before vegetation has 
put forth. All these methods should be resorted to, where vines suffer from too great an 
abundance of these insects. 


Aphididae. 


Tue apurprays ( plant-lice) are a group of insects with soft bodies of an oval form, and 
furnished posteriorly with two tufts or pores. The females are generally wingless, though 
not always. The upper pair, answering to the wing-covers in the Hemrprera proper, are 
larger, and are used for the purpose of flight, or to assist in leaping. 

The leaping plant-lice belong to the Genus Psytua : the young are covered with a 
cottony substance, and are found upon the alder and some other plants in the spring. 

The genus to which the name Apuis has been given, from which the name of the family 
is derived, and which signifies to exhaust, is one of the most remarkable in the class of 
insects : feeble and entirely unprotected, the insect is crushed by a touch, or swept away 
by a breath. It is, however, provided with the means of increase to an immense extent ; 
and, hence, in consequence of this extraordinary power, in virtue of its numbers alone it 
is competent to inflict the most serious injury upon the plants it inhabits. Most plants are 
infested with them ; and each particular kind of plant, shrub and tree, supports its own 
peculiar species, though it does not seem to be proved that the juices of many plants may 


FAMILY APHIDIDA. 159 


not furnish wholesome nutriment to several different species of insects. Indeed the same 
plant may bear two or more kinds of lice, and they may occupy the root, leaf, stem, or 
bud. 

I have alluded to the greatness of the number of aphides. Considerable attention has 
been paid to this part of their natural history. Rraumur has probably investigated the 
mode and rate in which they increase, better than any other naturalist : he ascertained 
that a single individual may be the progenitor of six thousand millions of individuals 
during the life of five generations. The eggs are laid in the autumn upon the buds of the 
plant, and are hatched in the spring : this takes place when the leaf is just expanding 
and tender, to which the delicate aphis is attached by its sucker, and from which it sucks 
the juice. They grow rapidly, and speedily come to maturity. The most remarkable fact 
connected with this first brood, which is hatched from the egg, is, that the individuals, 
however numerous, are all wingless females, which present this anomaly, that they are 
competent, without intercourse with the male, to beget another generation of females, and 
this another, and so on to the seventh generation. After these generations have succeeded 
each other, another generation, consisting of males and females, is produced in the au- 
tumn : pairing takes plate, and the eggs are laid upon the buds as has been stated, and 
in due time are hatched ; and thus the broods are produced in the successive seasons after 
the same fashion. The generations all perish in the autumn, and the subsequent continua- 
tion of the race is committed to the egg. The males have wings. 

A young leaf that curls, or looks unhealthy, is probably infested with pphiltes : they 
will often be found clustered together, engaged in sucking the juices of the leaf; and as 
they are voracious feeders, nature has provided them with the means of ejecting their food 
in an uncommon way. This is done through the two posterior tubes : the ejected matter 
appears first in the form of a pellucid fluid, which is sweet, and has received the name of 
honeydew. Ants, being fond of sweet fluids, are in the habit of frequenting plants infested 
with aphides, which they treat in a very gentle and tender manner, feeding merely upon 
the fluid without inflicting the slightest injury upon the insects that draw it from the 
plant. Another insect, however, the lacewing, unceremoniously thrusts its curved beak 
into the sides of the aphis, and sucks the insect dry, leaving nothing but an empty skin. 
The presence of ants upon a plant indicates also the presence of aphides. 

The aphis, as already stated, infests most plants : the rose, the asters, apple, peach, 
pear, cabbage, ete. etc. are only a few among many upon which we may find it to an in- 
jurious extent. Besides it is not unfrequently the case that they exist beneath the soil and 
upon the roots, where they cluster together in vast numbers, and extract the ascending 
nutriment : these are usually white. 

The peach-tree is known to suffer extremely from the aphis, which, when numerous, 
affects it in a way that prevents its bearing fruit. My own trees suffered for three succes- 


160 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


sive seasons from this insect : the young leaves of the first product curled, thickened, 
became red or brown, and most of them perished. The trees afterwards put forth a new 
crop of leaves, and all survived, though the fruit was destroyed in the blossom. (For a 
delineation of the peachtree aphis, see Plate xxix, fig. 7.) 

It is evident from the foregoing remarks, that plant-lice are injurious, both through the 
wounds they inflict upon the parts of the plant they inhabit, and from the fluids or nu- 
triment they abstract from the circulation. As a family, their habits are the same, but 
some species or kinds appear to be more injurious than others; and it seems difficult to 
account for all the effects they produce, unless they possess a poisonous principle. In 
support of this observation, I may state that the pear is infested with a kind that kills the 
tree when young. Of this fact, I was informed by Dr. Ovip Pius of Salisbury (Connecti- 
cut) : the limbs or twigs which he showed me were brown and dry in patches. Afterwards 
Mr. Harris of Cambridge investigated the matter, the results of which he has communi- 
cated in his work on insects injurious to vegetation. Dr. PLums, who was the first to notice 
these minute parasites of the pear-tree, entered with much zeal and spirit into the in- 
vestigation of their effects, and of the remedies to destroy them. 

The genus to which this insect belongs is Psyiua, one of the jumping plant-lice, but 
destitute of the cotton-like covering. From the observations of Dr. PLums, it appears to 
give birth to two or more broods during the year, being found upon the pear from May 
to October. They first appeared upon imported trees. My own trees, which were obtained 
from Rochester, and were also imported, had many limbs that appeared rusty and dry; 
and though these limbs were lost, the trees survived. The appearances of the limbs were 
similar to those of the branches preserved by Dr. Ptums; but I was unable to find the 
aphis, although I sought for it diligently. 

This insect is described as of a dull orange color, and one-tenth of an inch long when 
perfect : the thorax is brownish orange. The female is more pointed behind than the male. 
According to Mr. Harris, it may prove to be the Psylla pyri of Europe. It may be well 
to remark, that when the branches of a pear-tree become dark and dry in patches, it is 
advisable to search for this insect. The remedies recommended are, first, rubbing off the 
lice with a brush. Mr. Harris advises the application of strong soapsuds with sulphur, 
by means of a brush, before the buds expand : so also the use of whale-oil soap*. 

The insects of the Genus Turirs, likewise belonging to the Family Aruipina, are also 
injurious. Their wings, instead of lying obliquely upon their backs as in the Genus Aruis, 
lie fiat, and are fringed. They are supposed to poison plants by their puncture, producing 
thereby curls and a thickening of the tissues of the leaf. They may be treated with soap 
and water, or whale-oil soap dissolved in water : a strong decoction of tansy may serve. 


* Harris on Insects injurious to vegetation, p. 202. 


FAMILY APHIDIDZ. 161 


A species of Tuares infests the kernel of wheat while in its milk state ; and it is quite 
doubtful whether this one can be destroyed by the application of fine slaked lime, as has 
been recommended : still, when the dew is on the plant, a free sprinkling may be tried, 
which, if not successful in the way designed, will at least benefit the soil. 

The disease called appletree blight is due to another genus of aphides, the Errosoma. 
It is a woolly insect, destitute of wings, but is wafted from tree to tree by the buoyancy of 
its woolly envelope. The eggs, only visible under a microscope, are enveloped in a cotton- 
like substance found in crotches of the tree and chinks of the bark; and if there are 
suckers standing around the tree, it may be found on them also. The full-grown insect is 
one-tenth of an inch long, emits a sticky juice from its extremity, and is covered with 
flakes of down : when this is removed, the color of the antenne, head, sucker, and spines 
is blackish ; abdomen honey-yellow ( Harris). It feeds upon the sap of the alburnum of 
the apple-tree ; and the wounds it inflicts give origin to warts, excrescences, and inequali- 
ties upon the bark : the final result of its attack is the death of the tree. 

It appears from the accounts which have been published of the ravages of this aphis in 
England and in this country, that the only hope of arresting the evil lies in beginning at 
once, or as soon as the insect makes its appearance. After it has extended itself far and 
wide upon the large trees of an orchard, it becomes exceedingly difficult to arrest its 
progress, and this probably only happens in cases when the weather becomes unfavorable 
_to the life and propagation of the insect. The rational way to go to work, will be to scrape 
thoroughly all the trunks and larger limbs, and then to scrub the surface with strong 
soapsuds, or whitewash them. When the trunk beneath the soil and the roots are infested, 
extend the treatment to these parts also. Mr. Harris recommends a solution of potash, 
and to protect all the wounded parts by grafting wax, and also the removal of all refuse 
from and about the tree that may contain the eggs or the living animals : cut off, like- 
wise, and burn all the smaller limbs. It seems that all strongly scented solutions, such as 
tobacco water, ammonia, etc. are more or less effectual remedies against the depredations 
of the various kinds of aphides. 

Another interesting and important fact in natural history is that plant-lice have nume- 
rous foes, that prey upon and destroy them in great numbers : among these foes we may 
rank the numerous species of Coccinella, or ladybirds (See Plate xi, where several of the 
most common kinds are figured). A person unacquainted with these small and beautiful 
insects, on seeing them upon an infected plant, might mistake their characters and oflice, 
and attribute to their presence the sickly state.of the plant. He could not well commit a 
greater mistake ; and to convince himself of this, he would only need to watch the move- 
ments of the little beetle for a short time, when he would find that its errand was one of 
kindness to him and his plant, for he would soon observe it feeding upon the plant-lice : 
these constitute its food, both in the larva and mature states, so that its services in re- 

{ AcricuLruRaL Report — VoL. v.] 21 


162 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 


moving the plant-lice are by no means inconsiderable. He might, indeed, advantageously 
stock his ‘house-plants with the coccinella, for the purpose of keeping them clear of’ lice. 

I have already adverted to the lacewing : in its larva state, it is probably one of the 
most sanguinary enemies of plant-lice. Where these abound, the eggs of the lacewing may 
be seen each supported on the end of a slender thread.The larva or grub is provided with 
a large pair of curved pointed hollow jaws, with which he seizes the aphis, and sucks all 
the fluid contents of its body, leaving nothing but a collapsed skin. 

Mr. Kirsy states the fact, which is also now well known to many, that a fly belonging 
to the Genus Syrpuus is equally effective in exterminating the aphis; their larve or 
maggots having completely exterminated a colony which had a week before infested his 
currant-bushes. 


Coccidae. 


Tue BArK-LicE form a third division of singular insects, from which, judging from the 
appearance of a few individuals among them, we should never expect serious injury to 
trees or plants. They vary in form : sometimes they are kidney-shaped scabs, beneath 
which, at some period or other, may be found a brood of minute lice : others are oval, 
quite large and globular, of a dark gray color, and are fixed to the surface of the bark, or 
have lost the power of locomotion ; these are females. 

As an illustration of the character of the Coccide, I may state that the matter of the 
cochineal of commerce, brought to us from Mexico, is an insect of this family. 

These insects are usually known under the name of bark-lice, of which the kind that 
inhabits the branches of the appletree is probably the most common. They differ in struc- 
ture from the aphides, their feet consisting of a single joint terminating in a claw. The 
male is quite small in comparison with the female, and, like that of the aphis, is provided 
with wings, which are two in number, and lie flat upon the body as in the Genus Turirs. 
The female, after she has become fixed to the limb or bark of the tree, having lost the 
power of locomotion, brings forth beneath her a brood of young, which, when able to run 
about, escape from the dry skin of the parent, and fix themselves by their beaks to the 
bark, where they grow and become mature upon the sap of the tree. 

A maple at my door in Hudson-street, Albany, is infested with thousands of individuals 
of a species of Coccus, about the twentieth of an inch in length, and covered with the 
woolly matter peculiar to the family, which imparts to the limbs a snowy appearance. On 
the first of September, the back of the leaf supports some twenty individual females of a 
green color, beneath which are the young. | 

Trees suffer from the minute punctures of bark-lice ; the apple-tree particularly, which 
is infested with a kind that resembles a dry scale, having the color of the cuticle of the 
bark on which it rests. The remedies for these depredators are the same as have been re 


re 


FAMILY COCCIDA. 163 
2 
commended against aphides, particularly the brush, soap and water, and scraping the bark 
with a suitable instrument. Several sorts of birds, such as wrens, chickadees, creepers, etc. 
feed upon the larger coccide. 

A large brown coccus, the tenth of an inch i in length, inhabiting the chestnut and black- 
oak, gives origin to one kind of honeydew. These trees, in Warren county ( New-York), 
were teeming with a species of coccus in 1838 ; and from their bodies drops of a sweet 
fluid were cast, which, on falling to the ground, were formed into minute threads. These 
appeared in sunlight like the threads issuing from the gossamer spider. The leaves and 
grass were covered with this substance. The insect had an oval form, about the size of half 
a marrowfat pea, with a brown, wrinkled, naked skin ; that is, it was destitute of a woolly 
or cottony covering. 

The currant-bush at present suffers from the attacks of an aphis, which has been in- 
creasing in numbers for three or four years past. The insect occupies, as usual, the under 
surface of the leaves. The female is uniformly green, and provided with antenne longer 
than the body, and three rows of bristles along the back : body ovate, thicker behind, 
with the honey-tubes near or along the outer row of bristles. It produces a thickening and 
reddening of the leaf, and the crisped condition that comes from punctured wounds of the 
parenchyma. This valuable plant should receive a timely attention, before the insect has 
increased much in numbers; and as a remedy, whale-oil soap is undoubtedly the best. 

The snowball (Viburnum) has been infested for years with a peculiar aphis, which 
effectually destroys the beauty of the shrub. In some cases the leaves are all crisped and 
rolled, and the consequence is the total loss of the beautiful and ornamental flowers pe- 
culiar to this species of Viburnum. The insect makes its appearance with the expansion of 
the first leaves, and continues through the season. The usual applications which have been 
recommended, should be employed upon this plant. 

The black cherry, also, is infested with an aphis in July. The community consists of 
males and females. Marrs : antenne black and equal to the body in length, pointed 
forward ; head and thorax black or greenish black ; abdomen green; wings twice the 
length of the body ; thighs and tarsi black. Frmares green; antenne two-thirds the 
length of the body, turned over the back or pointed backwards ; tarsi black ; wings ru- 
dimentary. This aphis lives upon the uppermost leaves of the young virginian cherrytree, 
where the females produce their usual effects, the curling, thickening, reddening, and 
finally the death of the leaves. 

For fruit trees, it appears to me that the best remedies against insects are those of a 
preventative character. Trees that are kept in a thrifty growing condition by the applica- 
tion of manures, ard the use of means to keep the bark clean and smooth, rarely suffer 
from lice. Among both plants and animals, the feeble are generally those which suffer 
from parasites. It is not, I believe, because the tree has become weakened in the first place 
by them, but, on the contrary, the plant (and so also with the animal) first suffers for the 


164 ORDER HOMOPTERA. 
” 
want of proper nutriment, or by other neglect. It is true that a vigorous plant or animal 


may become infested with parasites ; but these cases are exceptions, and not the rule. We 
have therefore every motive to induce us to protect and nourish our plants and animals, 
both for the greater profit they will render us, and as a security against disease and the 
attacks of parasitic animals. 


Atmospheric Blight. 


Tuere is a disease among cultivated herbaceous plants, the origin of which is not deter- 
mined. The plant, as the june pea, for example, begins to dry and whiten below : this 
dryness extends upwards, and sometimes so rapidly that the crop of pease is lost ; but 
whether this be the case or not, the crop will be greatly diminished, and the early death 
of the whole plant is the consequence. The disease may be said to be a premature decay 
and death of the plant : it is equivalent to a blight, or to the potato disease. The question 
that arises respecting it, is, Is it due to an insect, or to atmospheric causes? The answer 
to this question is neither definitely negative nor positive. No insects have yet been de- 
tected upon the pea; and yet its root, which has not perhaps been sufficiently examined, 
may disclose some insect that brings on this decay. As to the atmosphere, physiologists 
may well differ : we ascribe to changes of the weather, those diseases and injuries that 
cannot be referred to the attacks of insects. Remedies have not been proposed ; but it is 
suggested that a change of seed may divert the calamity, or perhaps soaking the seeds in 
muriate of ammonia or a weak solution of copperas, and then rolling them in plaster. 

The lychnidea becomes sometimes affected with a white mouldiness, which makes its 
appearance upon the leaves early in July, and destroys the beauty of the plant, beginning 
upon the lowermost part of the leaf, and extending upwards until the whole is coated with 
a fibrous matted mucor. It does not appear to be of animal origin : under a single lens, I 
have not been able to discover any thing that looks like the work of an insect. The ques- 
tion is, Whether this fungus is the consequence of a too feeble vital action ; or, to speak 
more cautiously, whether what we call vital actions are enfeebled by any causes other than 
those which may be attributed to wounds by insects? The parenchyma of the leaf is not 
destroyed, but the surface is covered with a white fibrous fungus, analogous to the coverng 
of the gooseberry when affected with mildew. 

In undertaking to assign a cause for effects of the foregoing kind, it should not be for- 
gotten that a minute puncture may result in the production of a fungous growth : the 
juice exuding from a wound, whether poisoned or not, undergoes a change that fits it for 
the growth of fungi, which may be in some instances small and invisible, while in others 
they extend over large surfaces, and, as in the lychnidea and gooseberry, occupy in time 
the whole leaf, or the whole surface of the fruit; so that a puncture, to us invisible, and 
which may be made by an insect, can yet be detected in its consequences. The greater 


ATMOSPHERIC BLIGHT. 165 


effect may be the fungous growth ; the lesser, the exudation of sap from the puncture, so 
that in these cases the effect might be mistaken for the cause. The effect of remedies may 
aid us materially in arriving at a correct determination of the cause. 

There is still another affection of the leaf, which results in the injury if not the death 
of the plant. The elm, maple, chestnut, and several other trees are affected in the way 
about to be described. Their leaves dry at the apex or on the edge, become brown, and 
curl up. This affection may appear upon a small part of the leaf only, or it may cover the 
whole surface of a part or all of the leaves upon a branch : if only a few leaves are dis- 
eased, the branch will live; if all, it dies simultaneously with the leaves; and in some 
instances the disease affects so many limbs, that the life of the tree is imminently threa- 
tened. An elm standing before my door in Hudson-street has lost a part of its branches 
every year for many years in succession. Another thrifty elm was extensively affected, and 
most of its large branches died in the course of two weeks. The disease is the same in both 
cases, and, I think, in all the instances which begin by the drying of the apex or margin 
of the leaf, whatever may be the species of the tree. In no case could I find an insect to 
which the effects could be attributed, but the affection seems to prevail most under the 
influence of certain peculiar states of the weather; and I have also observed, that when 
the potato rot has been prevalent in its worst form, the trees have been most severely 
affected with this disease. 

This disease constitutes a form of blight, which, on a close examination of the leaves 
and limb, proves itself to be independent of the cause that sometimes produces the pear 
blight, and which Dr. Harris ascribes to the Scolytus pyri (Prcx). The external ap- 
pearances in the two cases are identical, and yet the causes of the blight are different : 
in the one case, it may originate in the wounds of the insect alluded to; but in the other, 
there can be no doubt that it is produced by atmospheric changes resulting from heat and 
moisture combined. Some of our elms are affected every season; and when the cause 
operates intensely, several kinds of trees suffer in the same way : sometimes an entire 
limb wilts and blackens in the course of two or three days; and then again the disease is 
confined to a few leaves, which fall off, and the limb lives; while in yet others the edges ~ 
of the leaves dry and blacken, or one half of a leaf, the other half remaining unaffected. 
I am of opinion that we should not attribute to insects a disease that runs the course above 
described ; and as it occurs only in certain states of the atmosphere, it is more agreeable 
to analogy to assign the cause to which I have referred it. 


CHAPTER XVI. 


ORDER VI. HETEROPTERA. 


Turis order embraces those insects whose forewings or wing-covers are coriaceous at the 
base and membranous at the apex : the body is depressed ; antenne elongated and filiform ; 
and the mouth, which is placed on the inferior part of the head, is promuscidate. Meta- 
morphosis semicomplete, with an active pupa state. 

It is the Hemiptera of most American and English authors ; but Herrroprera is the 
designation preferred by Westwoop, for reasons which make it appear to be the more 
appropriate name of the two. 

The order is divided into two sections : 1. Hyprocorisa, the residents of water ; 2. 
Avrocorisa, those which breathe air. 

We have three families at least under the first section, the Notonecripz, Nepipm, and 
GALGULIDE. 

The Genus Notronecrus is not uncommon in the springs that furnish the city of Albany 
with water, and which rise in a high sandy plain some four miles west of the city. 


Noronectus . 
Body much depressed ; mouth promuscidate, short,and composed of two joints ; antennee 
lost in the specimen ; eyes ovate : the forelegs advanced, and the tarsi armed with a 
single two-jointed claw ; the middle and posterior three-jointed ; the third minute, 
and the last armed with two claws. Color brown or olive brown ; beneath lighter 
than above, uniform, and without ornaments or spots. Thorax in the form of a segment 
of a triangle; middle impressed with a longitudinal line, crossed by a transverse 
groove ; margin of the thorax ciliate. Scutellum large ; base rather greater than the 
height : the posterior pair of legs obscurely barred with brown ; forelegs raptorial, 
and without bars. Length an inch and a quarter. Swims rapidly upon its back, and 
is carnivorous. 

The damage which the JVotonectus occasions, consists in the destruction of young fish, 

or fry : in this respect it is as voracious as the Dyticus. 


FAMILY HYDROMETRID. 167 


Genus GALGULUS. 


Body short, dilated ; antenne short, terminated with a round knob, and placed in a cavity 
beneath the eyes ; eyes subpedicellate ; mouth promuscidate ; head triangular ; arm 
or humerus dilated ; tarsi single-jointed, armed with two claws : on the hindlegs, the 
tarsi are two-jointed, and armed with a double claw. 


@ 


GALGULUS OCULATUS. 

Color brown or dark brown : head vertical, appears truncated before; eyes somewhat 
kidney-form, elevated, with their front and sides formed for vision. Head and thorax 
rough or warty ; posterior edge of the thorax thickened, and edge luteous, emarginate. 
Scutellum large, traversed by a ridge, and impressed with a line upon its middle ; 
sides tuberculated : the whole appears rough. Wing-covers rough, with two or three 
rows of small tubercles running parallel with the sides. Forelegs placed in front, 
raptorial, and with a large dilated humerus : thighs of the middle legs somewhat 
dilated ; hindlegs long and slender, the two last pair are banded. Length rather less 
than a quarter of an inch. 

Resembles a small toad, and inhabits muddy places, where it may be seen running, and 
sometimes leaping. I have found it in great numbers in the latter part of May, running 
and hopping upon the mud beside streams of water. 


- Hydrometridae. 


Tue habits of the Hypromerripm are peculiar. Though they have wings, they scarcely 
ever use them. They do not live in water, nor upon the land. In the spring, summer and 
autumn, almost every running stream, and pool connected with it, will furnish many 
individuals of this family, which, from their mode of progression over the surface of the 
water, have been called skippers. Their legs are long and angulated, and their bodies are 
raised considerably above the surface over which they glide. The antenne are long and 
slender, and the surface of their bodies is protected from the wetting action of water as 
perfectly as if varnished : a skipper, immersed in water, comes out as dry as if it had 
been protected by an india-rubber coat. The surface of the insect, examined under the 
simple lens, is bright and glossy or lustrous, from the presence of a close nap, which is 
doubtless the means whereby the water is repelled. 

The antenne are four-jointed ; the first longest, and in the Grrris they are placed 
directly before the eyes. The forelegs are very much advanced, and seem to belong to the 
head, but are still attached to the breast ; the tarsi are two-jointed. 

The appearance of the Gerris is not very much unlike that of Reduvius, and the forelegs 
might be used for grasping. Gerris marginatus is the most common species. Dr. Harnzis 


168 ORDER HETEROPTERA. 


enumerates only three species. The insect lives upon other small animals, which it can 
capture, and never upon the juices of plants : it is not known how it provides for its 
security during winter. It moves upon the water by a kind of rowing motion, but without 
immersing its feet. 


Reduviidae. 


One of the obvious characters of this family is the constriction behind the head, which 
makes it appear to be prolonged or extended behind into a narrow neck. The eyes are each 
accompanisd by a single ocellus. The antenne are sometimes prolonged and slender ; in 
other cases, short. The thorax is often armed with a lateral spine. The legs are long, and 
the forelegs rather stouter and raptorial : tarsi three, and sometimes quite minute. 


REpuvivs ( Plate vii, fig. 3.) 

Basal joint very short ; second joint longer than the head and neck, two-thirds as long as 
the whole organ ; fourth longest, slender : proboscis as long as the head and neck, 
stout : tarsi three-jointed ; joints minute. Body elongated, narrow : thorax armed 
with two lateral spines, and in front transversely ridged : wings large : legs long 
and hairy. 


Repuvius ——. ( Plate xxix, fig. 8.) 
Color brown. Body elongated, oval or dilated behind : humerus dilated and banded, and 
forelegs raptorial : eyes prominent : thorax faintly striped longitudinally : abdomen 
ovate ; its edges spotted with red, brown and white, the brown oblong spots occupying 

the greater part of the margin : legs brown. 


This species is rather common upon low bushes during the month of September, in the 
vicinity of Albany. 


HAMMATOCERUS PURCIS. ( Plate xxx, fig. 6.) 
Cimex purcis (Drury). Repuvivs myatHemervs ( Illiger). 

Head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, and legs black : antenne setaceous, with numerous joints : 
scutellum large, triangular, black ; corium white, terminal membrane black : wings 
white and transparent : edges of the abdomen marked with scarlet spots : rostrum 
black and short : thighs of the hindlegs scarlet (Drury, Vol. iii, pl. xlv, f. 4). 


This is not an uncommon species : it is frequently met with in autumn upon plants 
growing in shady places. 


FAMILIES LYGHIDZ AND CIMICIDA. 169 


Lygeide. 


ANTENN& are four-jointed, inserted directly on a line drawn from the eyes to the base of 
the rostrum. The body is narrow. The membranous portion of the hemelytra is furnished 
Awith about five nervures : tarsi three-jointed. 

The species are small in size, and resemble the Core1p& in form : some are marked with 
‘bright colors. 

To this family belongs the chinch-bug, which figured so largely in Wisconsin in 1845, 
and was described in the Prairie Farmer. According to Dr. Harris, it is the 


Lyeaus Levcopterus (Say). Whitewinged Lygeus. 

This insect I have not seen. Its wing-covers are white, marked with an oval nee spot 
on a central line. The body is black and downy ; the beak, legs, antenne at the base, and 
hinder edge of the thorax reddish yellow. Length three-twentieths of an inch. 

The young and immature are bright red, but change to brown and then to black, and 
always marked with a white band across the back ( Harris). 

It appears that the wheat gud cornfields of the West have suffered severely from this 
insect. 


Cimicide. 
Tue next family has received the name Cimicipx, and contains the bedbug, an insect too . 
well known to require any very minute description for its identification. 


Cimex LEctuLarius ( Linneus). 
Body depressed or flat : antenne four-jointed; thorax sublunate ; abdomen circular ; 
wings rudimentary, scale-like ; tarsi three-jointed. 

The history of this bug is not uninteresting, and it is not yet decided what country is 
entitled to the honor of having first given it birth. The English entomologists say that it 
was unknown in London, or in England, until after the great fire of 1666; and it is as- 
serted by some that it was about this time introduced into England from America, in the 
fir timber imported to rebuild the city. This is partly sustained by the fact that it is still 
unknown in some of the remoter parts of the kingdom. It is further proved that SHaxr- 
SPEARE was unacquainted with it, as no mention is made of it in his writings. Whether this 
fact is decisive of the question, I leave it for others to say ; only I would observe that it 
seems to me that none of its habits are calculated to awaken poetical associations. On the 
other hand, according to the statement of Wersrwoon, it appears to have been known as 
early as 1503. 

[ AcricuLturaL Report — Vot. v.] 22 


t70 ORDER HETEROPTERA. 


The cheapest, cleanliest, and best way to get rid of the bedbug, is to employ a saturate 
solution of salt in water. The free use of salt will drive them from the bedstead to th 
covering, and to chinks in the wall or floor; whither the solution must follow them, o: 
the remedy will fail, as often happens with others that have been recommended, and for 
the same reason. 

If all is true that is affirmed of this bug, we cannot deny that its instincts are of a higk 
order. If, for instance, it is unable to mount the bedposts, it climbs the walls and gains thi 
ceiling, and, when it has reached a position immediately above the sleeping individual 
drops down upon him. This devising of means to accomplish an end, shows the insect t 
possess a high instinctive power. It is also a curious fact, and one worthy of note, that the 
bedbug is only found in a domesticated, never in a wild state. 

The favorite food of this insect is blood, but it is not confined to this diet : hence it 
subsists, and continues to perform the common functions of life when deprived of blood. 
Any albuminous matters either in a wet or dry state, juices of wood, etc. etc. suffice it 
when its favorite source of food is inaccessible. It is, however, said, upon high authority, 
that mahogany, walnut, oak, and cedar are fatal to these bugs; and that when enclosed 
in a box made of either of these woods, they speedily perish. 

Their powers of increase are considerable : a female lays at four different periods during 
the year, and produces about fifty young bugs at each litter ; so that at this rate, if she is 
fortunate in escaping the persecution of the housekeeper, she will rear two hundred a 
year. The young attain their full growth in eleven weeks. It requires, therefore, consider- 
able diligence and activity to get ahead of this little foe to quiet and comfortable repose. 

Fumigation with sulphur is an effectual remedy against bugs when they infest the en- 
tries, woodwork, or crevices of old houses, or when intolerably numerous in the cabins of 
vessels. 


Coreide. 


Tue Corr resemble very closely the Repuviip= ; but it requires only a slight compari- 
son of the families, to be satisfied that they are essentially different. The species of the first 
named family are characterized by the last joint of the antennz, which is either thicker or 
longer than the others. The joints are still four in number, and are inserted near a line 
running from the eye to the base of the rostrum. The rostrum is three-jointed, and the 
middle joint is the longest : in some of our species, it extends to the base of the hindlegs. 
There is an ocellus near each round eye. The hemelytra terminate as usual in a membrane 
more or less diaphanous, and in this family they show numerous longitudinal nerves. The 
margins of the abdomen are not concealed or covered by these organs, and hence they may 
often be seen slightly projecting in the form of a sharp edge. The tarsi are three-jointed. 


- 


¥AMILIES COREIDZ AND SCUTELLERIDZE. 171 


We have many species belonging to this family. Probably no one, who has ever been 
agaged in gathering our small fruits, but has observed these narrow or rather elongated 
ugs, some of them ornamented very elaborately with bright colors, as for instance the 
ed and yellow that border their elytra and superior surface. 


Genus COREUS. 


é Antenne four-jointed : second and third longest ; the fourth rather enlarged or thickened, 
and shorter than the second or third. Sides of the thorax not dilated’ ( Westwoop). 


Corrvus Tristis. Squashbug. ( Plate vii, fig. 1.) 

Color dark brown, rusty brown, yellowish beneath : head marked with a red line ex- 
tending to the front of the thorax ; two others, parallel with the former, pass by the 
side of the eyes. Thorax roughened with elevated black points, concealing the red 
ground beneath : lateral edges also reddish ; posterior angles rounded, and base 
broadly grooved transversely. Membranous part of the hemelytra black, and showing 
numerous longitudinal nervures. Beneath rusty ochre-yellow, and each segment of 
the abdomen marked with a row of black points near the outer edge, and a parallel 
row of small black spots, the latter rather obscure. 

The squashbug is a common insect in gardens and fields, and is found not only on squash 
leaves, but upon those of the pumpkin also. It is injurious by inflicting numerous punc- 
tures upon the leaves, which cause them to wither and dry, and, if the plant is feeble, will 
destroy it. The first remedy for the effects of minute wounds of this kind, is to cultivate 
highly, so as to impart to the plant sufficient health and vigor to resist injuries by a rapid 
growth. If this does not answer, it will be necessary to find the insects and destroy them 
under foot, before their eggs are deposited for the new brood. The eggs are laid about the 
last of June, by the insects that have survived the winter. During the summer, it will 
frequently happen that the young appear at different times, and they may be found col- 
lected together in little groups. 


Scutelleridae. 


Tuts family is perhaps better known through some of its species than others. The dis- 
agreeable smelling bugs that frequent berry bushes and strawberry vines belong here. 
They are depressed and of an oval form, and are furnished with a very large scutellum. 
The rostrum is composed of four joints, instead of three ; and the antenna sometimes has 
five joints, but not always. Two ocelli are always present, and the tarsus is three-jointed. 

Of this family, the Genus Penraroma is one of the most common, and feeds upon the 
juices of plants (Plate vii, fig. 2 ). Sometimes it has only to pass over a fruit, to impart to 
it its offensive odor. 


CHAPTER XVHE. 


ORDER VII. DIPTERA ( Arisrot.e). 


ANTLIATA (Fasricius)) HALTERIPTERA (Cxrarrvitt1e). 


Tue obvious characteristic of this order is the possession of two wings only, and a pair of 
small knobbed appendages just behind them, which are called halteres or poisers, as in the 
common fly. The wings are membranous and placed upon the mesothorax, and, when at 
rest, remain expanded as in the Hymenorrera ; that is, they are never folded upon them- 
selves. The tarsi are five-jointed. The mouth has a fleshy proboscis, which is merely a 
modified labium. This proboscis encloses several lancet-like organs, capable of penetrating 
flesh or the softer parts of vegetables : the mouth is therefore suctorial. In a few genera, 
as the Gstrus, the mouth is closed. The thorax is compact, and the prothorax is reduced 
to a collar. The wings, which represent the fore pair in other four-winged insects, are 
membranous, naked, or rather clothed with scales. The disc is divided into a moderate 
number of areolets, by the inosculation or junction of the nervures or veins. 

This order of insects is clearly separated from each of the other orders : where some 
species belonging to the Order Neurorrera are deprived of a pair of wings, they may still 
be distinguished by the absence of halteres or balancers. The jaws of the diptera are never 
formed for biting or nipping : so the neuration of the wings of the diptera are quite dif- 
ferent from that in the other orders. 

The size of the individuals composing this order may be called small; but what is 
lacking in this respect is more than made up in numbers, and this whether we take into 
consideration the number of species, or the vast number of individuals that sometimes 
swarm together. . 

Some of the diptera have domesticated themselves in our dwellings, to the great an- 
noyance of all good housekeepers ; and notwithstanding the brush and the broom is freely 
used to drive them away, they seem to entertain no fears of the consequences of returning 
to their old quarters. Arsenic fly-powder, and all the various traps that the ingenuity of 
man has yet devised, have not thinned the ranks of the housefly. Wherever man goes, the 
fly follows in his steps, and makes a free use of his dwelling whenever the weather with-. 
out becomes uncomfortable. is 


FAMILY TIPULID. 173 


It is scarcely necessary to say that many of the diptera, though small in size, are great 
annoyances to man and animals : the estride are perpetual torments to our domestic ani- 
mals ; and musquitoes, in the warmer regions especially, are so troublesome as to require 
special means of protection from their stings. . 

The transformations in this order are incomplete. The larve are white and fleshy, cy 
lindric, and without feet : they are usually called maggots. 


Tipulidae. 
Genus CECIDOMYIA. 


It is a very curious fact in natural history, that the most serious injuries the crops of the 
husbandman receive are inflicted by insects the most minute and insignificant in size : the 
very weakest among the tribes of animals are the greatest destroyers of the products of 
man’s industry. The whirlwind or the hailstorm, it is true, sometimes sweeps over his fields 
of wheat and corn, or a flood of water may pass over them, and leave desolation in its 
track ; but these terrific visitants are harmless in comparison to the tiny fly that sports 
and dances over his grain-fields. With all our wisdom, we have not yet devised a weapon 
to extirpate this foe, nor a defence to secure us from its ravages : our most successful 
efforts have been but failures ; and were it not for the aid of the elements, or the secret 
influence of an unseen but benignant hand, the foe would maintain the field in the face of 
him who has subjected to his will the proud warhorse and the colossal elephant. 

Crcipomyra is the generic name of these destroyers : they are flies, each with two wings, 
antenne, poisers, etc. Several species have been described, one of the most prominent of 
which is the C. destructor of Say, the hessian fly. The genus is characterized by the joints 
of the antenne being variable from fourteen to seventeen : the form of the joints in the 
female also differ from their form in the male; the former being oval, and the latter glo- 
bular, but both are furnished with hairs issuing from the joints in the form of a whorl 
(See Plate iv, fig. 1). Wings three-nerved, ciliate or fringed : joints of the tarsus short. 


CrEcIDOMYIA DEsTRUCTOR. Hessian-fly. ( Plate iv.) 

This species is black, except that the abdomen is only tawny, though each ring is more or 

less black : legs pale red or brownish, with black feet. Length of the body one-tenth 

of an inch : the expansion of wing rather exceeds the length of the fly. See fig. 1 c, 
which represents the natural size of the Cecidomyia destructor. 

The hessian-fly has occasioned as much controversy as any species in the insect kingdom. 

I published in the American Journal of Science in 1846 — 47 an article furnished by Dr. 

Fircu, which contains all the important facts in its history. I deem it, therefore, unneces- 

sary here to go over all of the ground occupied by that paper. 


174 ORDER DIPTERA. 


As regards its origin, it appears from the numerous accounts published at different times 
during the last half century, that the hessian-fly is not indigenous to this country, but was 
imported in straw from Europe by the Hessians in the employ of the English government 
about the year 1776. The fact® which go to sustain this view of the question are, that an 
insect had appeared in Germany, and committed ravages upon the wheat crop prior to its 
appearance in this country ; and that the habits and characters of this german insect agree 
with those of the one named in this article. It is farther shown by the history of its pro- 
gress in this country, that it was first observed upon the western extremity of Long Island, 
and on Staten Island, in the immediate neighborhood of the grounds occupied by this 
branch of the English army ; and that from this centre it spread in all directions, travel- 
ling slowly over the cultivated parts of the country, and destroying the wheat crop in its 
course. Its march, and the consequent destruction of the wheat crop, was marked by an 
increase in its numbers, and in the amount of its injury for an uncertain number of years, 
when it gradually disappeared from the country it had occupied and wasted. After long 
intervals of freedom from the ravages of this fly, it gradually returns and renews its at- 
tacks upon the wheat crop, running about the same course in its second as in its first 
visitation. It has very recently passed over parts of Maryland and Virginia. I observed it 
in the former State in 1849. I think we may infer from its history and progress, that in all 
parts of the United States where wheat is cultivated as a staple product, it will continue 
its injurious career hereafter as in times past. 

The species of fly which has received the name Cecidomyia destructor from the distin- 
guished entomologist Say, possesses the following specific characters : Femaue, head black, 
flattened, globular ; antennez about half the length of the body, and composed of sixteen 
oval joints furnished with a whorl of minute hairs, the two basal joints close and globular, 
terminal joint the longest ; palpi three-jointed, hairy ; thorax black, oval, broadest behind 
the wing-sockets ; scutel black; poisers only dusky ; abdomen black above; sutures 
tawny fulvous, elongate ovate, scarcely equalling the thorax in width ; ovipositor rose-red ; 
wings dusky, fulvous at their base ; legs equal, pallid brown; tarsi black, equalling the 
legs in length. Maxx : antenne three-fourths the length of the body; joints globular, 
and furnished with hairs as those of the female ; filaments separating the joints, about as 
long as the joints : abdomen brownish black, cylindric, seven-jointed and slightly tapering, 
the extremity armed with two robust processes having incurved hooks at their tips. 

It appears from Dr. Fircu’s statement, that in the spring the perfect insect remains but 
about a week, during which time it deposits its eggs for the summer brood. The first brood 
appears about the first of May in Northern New-York, and of course is hatched from eggs 
that were laid the preceding autumn ; the insect having subsisted upon the juices of the 
herbage, or lain in a dormant state from that time. Early in May, then, the fly deposits 
its eggs, in the same field, upon the more succulent leaves, near their insertion with the 
stem of the plant, which it may readily reach after being hatched. After a time the worm 


FAMILY TIPULID. 175 


is found attached to the stem, near or upon the first and second joints. Dr. Fircu remarks 
that the second brood is less injurious than the first, in consequence of the more advanced 
state of the grain and the firmer consistence of the stalk. The worm, by its irritation, 
diverts the current of flowing sap to itself, and produces an enlargement of the stem at 
the place where it is attached. The culm is weakened by the change of structure that has 
taken place in consequence of the numerous worms usually congregated near its base. 
By the first of June, the worm has changed into its flaccid state ; and about the last of 
July, or early in August, the mature insect, the fly, appears for the second time. This last 
brood of flies is now ready for the young wheat that may be sowed, upon the leaves of 
which they deposit their eggs, and there finish their transformations so as to appear in 
New-York the last of April. 

Thus careful observation has proved that but two broods appear during the year, though 
it has been maintained by some observers that there are three. This latter opinion seems 
to have arisen from the fact that an entire brood does not appear at once, or on the same 
day, but the fly may and does continue to come forth for as many as ten or twelve days 
after the first of the brood are hatched. 

The most important question which stands connected with the hessian-fly, is, By what 
means shall the farmer protect himself from its ravages? Now we have very slight grounds 
for expecting, or even for hoping that a remedy will ever be found that shall meet our 
wishes in this respect. The evil is rather to be warded off by a judicious use of means that 
are related to the habits of the fly, and to the habitudes of the wheat plant itself. When 
a district, however, is extensively affected, the true course undoubtedly is to cease cul- 
tivating wheat, and perhaps barley also, until the fly has disappeared. 

Recurring to the habits of the insect, the most significant are the time of its appearance, 
and the time it continues in its perfect state, during which it is engaged in laying its eggs, 
an operation, the exact time of which it is essential for us to know in this case ; and it is 
a law of nature in the insect class, that when swarms are produced, they come forth at 
regular periods of time. The habits alluded to are well known in the case of the hessian- 
fly. As to the time when the insect appears, it is established by observation that about the 
first of May, or at time in the spring when the earliest trees and plants are flowering, this 
fly is maturing, and comes forth near the time specified ; and the first brood is hatched 
from eggs laid in autumn. These two facts unite to suggest the same precautionary measure 
to be taken for the eradication of the fly from both the winter and the spring crop, name- 
ly, to delay sowing the grain until the fly has disappeared, or to that period when the 
plant will come up too late for the deposit of eggs upon it. Experience has proved the 
efficacy of late sowing in both kinds of wheat. 

Another remedy is connected with the place where the eggs are deposited, and where 
the transformations are undergone. It seems established that the real hessian-fly deposits 
its eggs upon the young leaf, near the stem, and near the base of the stem. The consequence 


176 ORDER DIPTERA. 


is, that in reaping or harvesting the grain, the straw is cut above the place where the larve 
or eggs are usually found; and it would be well, in all cases where the fly is found, to 
cut the straw higher than customary. Now if the stubble is turned under for the next crop, 
a large proportion of the eggs will mature, and the succeeding wheat-plants will form a 
habitation for the forthcoming August brood ; but if the stubble is first burned, the eggs 
will be destroyed, or but few will escape. The objection to this summary remedy is, that 
it also destroys those little insects that prey upon the hessian-fly. I deem this a very light 
objection, for the fire will destroy hundreds of eggs where the enemy of the fly would 
devour one. Burning off the stubble, then, must be ranked among the best palliative means 
for saving the wheat-crop. 

There are also two remedies having relation to the habitudes of the wheat itself, and to 
its varieties. It appears to be established by observation that some varieties are less subject 
to injury than others, or indeed that some are nearly fly-proof : this is one of the earliest 
facts on record, and all experience hitherto has fully sustained it; the straw of these 
varieties being too siliceous to allow of a ready lodgment and home for the larva of the 
fly. The other remedy here alluded to, rests on the practicability to push forward and 
mature the plant sufficiently to give it strength to resist effectually the injuries the stem 
receives from the maggot in its flaccid state. High cultivation should be called to our aid 
here, and it undoubtedly will prove a very efficient safeguard : its effects are twofold, as 
exhibited in an augmentation of the power of the plant to resist injury, and in the produc- 
tion of a better crop; so that the remedy is not entirely lost, even if it does not succeed 
in the way we wish. " 

Objections have been made to the first two remedies above proposed : for instance, by 
late sowing, the grain is liable to be winter-killed ; but would not this risk be greatly 
diminished, or even obviated entirely, by drilling in the grain? The burning of the stubble 
is objected to, because it destroys the parasites of the fly ; but this, as I have said before, 
is scarcely an objection ; while for the utility of the remedy, we have the testimony of 
Harris, Herrick and Hanaus, the latter of whom originally proposed it, and the two 
former are entitled to the highest consideration as observers and men of science. 

Of the numerous applications to the grain crop, for the purpose of killing the insect 
directly, I have no faith. Rolling the seed in plaster ; steeping it in various salts ; sowing 
lime, etc. over the field of young wheat, are beneficial remedies in an indirect way : they 
give vigor and strength to the plant, and hence are useful as palliatives. 


CecipomyiA TRiTICI. Wheat-fly. 

This species is very distinct from the hessian-fly : its habits sufficiently show this dif- 
ference ; and the remedies which are in some degree palliative in the case of the hessian- 
fly, are valueless against the Cecidomyia tritici. Among its peculiarities, some of the most 
remarkable are that it deposits its eggs in the wheat-head, and undergoes its metamorphoses 


FAMILY TIPULIDA. 177 


in the soil; and that the mature animal is engaged longer in the work of depositing its 
eggs, than is the hessian-fly. These distinctions must govern our attempts to guard against 
the attacks of these insects. 

The wheat-fly possesses the following characteristics : Body orange ; wings transparent, 
rounded at the tip, ciliate, or fringed with minute hairs. Fematr, the antenne are beaded ; 
joints twelve, whorled with hairs ; eyes black : length about one-tenth of an inch. Marrs, 
the antenne with twenty-four joints, globular, and whorled with hair as in the female : 
size somewhat variable, but less than the female. Its general appearance is that of an 
orange-colored gnat. 

The first account of this insect was given by Mr. Jewerr, in the nineteenth volume of 
the New-England Farmer, 1820. According to Judge Buen, it was observed here in 1828. 
Its first appearance in this country was in the eastern part of the United States : several 
of the Eastern States, and the Canadian provinces, have been visited by it. The cultivation 
of wheat was suspended for many years, in consequence of its injurious attacks. 

The time of the appearance of this fly varies according to the situation of the country, 
being in some places early in June, and in others as late as August ; indeed, according to 
Mr. Harris’s Report, as late as the 20th of August. The first half of July, however, is the 
period when the largest number of eggs is deposited ; a period which, in New-England, 
would find the spring and winter grains in the best state for receiving their eggs. The 
insects are active in the morning and evening, and appear inswarms; but during the day, 
when the sky is cloudless, they conceal themselves among the grain and grass. After about 
eight days, the eggs that have been deposited in the heads of the grain are hatched. The 
maggots are orange-yellow, and, according to the observations of Mrs. Gacr of New- 
Hampshire, they attain their growth in about twelve or fourteen days : they are then 
about an eighth of an inch in length, but their size is not uniform. Their number is also 
variable, as many as forty being sometimes found on a single plant, and at other times two 
or three only. They seem to be influenced by exposure ; for in hilly places, where the 
grain is exposed to the wind, they are much less numerous than in sheltered spots. 

The injury that wheat sustains from the presence of this fly depends upon its state of 
forwardness. As the worm is unprovided with boring instruments, it is principally during 
the soft state of the grain that it has the power to do the most hurt. If the egg is deposited 
so as to be hatched when the plant is in blossom, it is then capable of inflicting the greatest 
amount of injury ; for at this time it is supposed to subsist on the pollen, and may there- 
fore prevent the fertilization of many kernels in the same head ; and then also it obtains 
the milky fluid that begins to be formed at this period, and is now accessible through the 
softness of the skin or epidermis of the grain. But if the time of deposition of the egg is 
such that it becomes hatched after the plant has flowered, and the kernel has acquired 
some considerable hardness, the worm is incapable of absorbing nutriment, and perishes 


for want of food. 
[ AcricuLturaL Report — Vot. v.] 23 


t78 ORDER DIPTERA. 


The worms acquire their full size and perfection, cast their skins, and descend to the 
ground early in August, or perhaps as late as the middle of the month. They bury them- 
selves in the soil at the depth of about an inch, where they remain through the winter. 
There is therefore but one brood in a season. The worm is speedily changed into a pupa,‘ 
in which state it remains until ready to issue from the ground in June or July of the next 
year, in the imago state, or the perfect fly. 

The means that have been proposed to destroy this kind of wheat- -fly are numerous : if 
any of them are to be effectual, it is evident they should be resorted to over the whole 
district infested by the insect. 

Among the remedies which seem to have been at least partially successful, is that of the 
abandonment of the cultivation of winter wheat for the substitution of the spring variety, 
and late sowing. The remedy operates on the principle of starvation, and would probably 
be completely successful, were it not that grasses and other grains, as oats, rye and barley, 
offer suitable recipients for the eggs of the insect, and furnish nutriment for its progeny. 

It is recommended to smoke them out. To carry on this plan of warfare, the flies must 
be attacked in the evening, when they rise from their lurking places in the depths of the 
grain. Brimstone, mingled with other combustible matter, should be burned in a position 
to give them the full benefit of the smoke and vapor when they rise upon the wing, and 
hover over the grain. 

Another recommendation is to sow fine quicklime over the field when the heads of the 
grain are moist : this may be repeated several times. 

It is recommended by Dr. Frren to first catch, and then kill them. The method of doing 
this is sufficiently simple and easy, and deserves a trial. Take a long rope, attached to a 
wide open tight bag ; and let two men, one at each end of the rope, pass through. the field, 
dragging the open wide-mouthed net over the heads of wheat. Go over the whole field in 
this way, and millions of the fly will be caught if the net or bag is properly managed. 

Deep ploughing is also a remedy that deserves trial, and indeed has been tried and 
followed with success. This, of course, is to be resorted to after harvest : the objectjis to 
bury the insects so deep that they will be unable to find their way out of the ground the 
next season. 

The Cecidomyza which has appeared in this country is now regarded as identical with 
the C. tritict of Europe, which has been known in England and Scotland for two-thirds of 
a century, and was described at an early period. In this country, especially in the vicinity 
of Albany and in the county of Berkshire in Massachusetts, it has been disappearing gra- 
dually for the last ten years, and the wheat crop has again become a profitable one ; and 
the probability is, that with our present knowledge of its habits, and of the means for its 
extirpation or for avoiding its worst injuries, we may hereafter escape its depredations. 


FAMILY TIPULID®. 179 


Cecrpomy1a RopinrA ( Haldeman). | ( Plate iv, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.) 

Color of the fly orange red; antenne and wings dusky; thorax marked by three dark 

lines : two dusky spots on the sides of the body. Length three-twentieths of an inch. 

The larva is a maggot of a whitish color, faintly tinged with orange, rather state 
towards the head : pupa or chrysalis naked, or destitute of a cocoon. 

This species inhabits the locust-tree, and was first described by Prof. Hatpeman*. The 

leaf becomes thickened on its edge, and rolled over; and thus a cavity is formed, which 


contains two or three larvee of this species. 


Crcipomy1a saLicis (Fitch). Willow Cecidomyiat. 
Color of the fly black above, paler beneath and downy ; wings smoky ; legs gray. Length 
of the body, one-fifth of an inch; expansion of wing, three-tenths. 

Inhabits a reddish gall upon the low willow bushes of wet places : it is of an oval form, 
_ three-fourths of an inch long, and is terminated by.a conical beak. Within a silken lined 
cavity, early in the spring, there will be found a single orange-colored maggot one-fifth of 
an inch long. Soon it changes to a pupa, but without moulting ; and in a very few days it 
passes from its prison, after casting the pupa skin, and takes the winged form. Its size, 
together with the rapidity of its changes, renders the species an interesting object of study. 
Its damage to the basket willow is but slight. 


Crcipomy1a cuLmicona ( Morris). 

The C. culmicola is a provisional species, whose habits have been investigated by Miss 
Marearetta H. Morris, by whom also it was discovered. Its habits are quite different 
from those of either of the foregoing species. The fly lays its eggs upon the grain, in or 
over the germ, where they remain unhatched until the grain germinates ; but when the 
plant is three or four inches high, the worm may be seen, by the aid of a glass, feeding 
above the top of the joint in the centre of the culm, until it is ready to become a perfect 
insect. It is said that the pupa resembles that of the C. destructor. 

As the fly deposits its eggs early in June, it is difficult to understand why they should 
remain unhatched so long, or until the future germination of the same ripened grain after 
it is sown, and then to feed upon the culm ; for it is the usual habit of flies to deposit their 
eggs near or upon the magazine of food on which the larve are to subsist. 

It is an interesting fact that most, if not all of the species of Cecidomyia are preyed upon 
by some one or other of the family of Icnneumonipes while in the larva or pupa state. 
These parasites deposit their eggs within the body of their victim, where they are hatched 
in due time, and the larve subsist upon and destroy the body before its change into the 


* American Journal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. vi, p. 198. t Idem, Vol. 1, p. 263. 


180 ORDER DIPTERA. 


imago state. In this way the increase of several species of destructive flies is kept in check, 
and their excessive multiplication prevented. No doubt, also, unfavorable seasons operate 
as a still greater means for preserving a balance between excessive multiplication and 
entire extirpation, 


Dr, Ereuts, of Albany, has furnished me with the following communication respecting 
the platygaster, a minute ichneumon fly. His remarks, and the facts stated, illustrate in a 
striking manner one of the most important features in the insect world, the checks which 
are interposed to the excessive multiplication of the injurious kinds. 


PLATYGASTER TIPULE (Kirby). Wheat-midge Parasite. 


This insect, though exceedingly small in size, has claims to our consideration, which 
should justly entitle it to an exalted station in the rank of publie benefactors ; for it has 
had assigned to it the peculiar and important duty of keeping in proper subjection that 
unrivalled pest of our fields, the wheat midge (Cecidomyia tritict). 

The female fly of this parasite bears some considerable resemblance to the winged ant, 
and may frequently be seen in our neighborhood during the months of July, August and 
September, in the greatest profusion, when our pernicious devastator is most numerous ; 
flying about the grasses, or running over the grains of wheat in search of the midge larva, 
for the purpose of depositing in each a single egg, and by this means preventing an im- 
mense number of them from developing themselves into a perfect state; although when 
seen thus abundantly, they have often been unjustly accused of being themselves the 
authors of the mischief. 

This insect expands to only one line and a half in breadth. The 
female is of a shining pitch black color, with long, ten-jointed, 
flail-shaped antennez or horns, slightly clubbed at the ends. The 
head is round or globose, with the eyes conspicuously placed on 
the sides. The trunk is oval, and bears a scutel terminated by a 
strong rusty spine. The body or abdomen is obovate, small, and 
narrowed at the base, with a long curved oviduct, concealed, when 
unemployed, in the abdomen. It has four transparent wings without nervures, the superior 
pair very large; and the legs are strong, and of a bright ochreous color, with the thighs 
and shanks clubbed : the feet are long, slender, and five-jointed. 

We regret that some means have not yet been discovered to multiply this interesting 
little insect, and thus effectually preserve our wheatfields from the fearful depredations 
of the midge. James Excurs. 


a 


FAMILY MUSCIDZ. 181 


Muscidae. 


Tue character of the mouth and its organs restricts and defines this natural family : it is 
formed by a distinct proboscis, which is thick and membranous, retractile, and terminated 
by lateral lobes; and it encloses two setiform organs and a pair of palpi. The antenne 
have but three joints, the third of which is the largest, and is prolonged into a seta or 
long slender bristle, sometimes articulated with its base. The nervures of the wings are 
few, and extend to the margin. 

The true flies feed upon both vegetable and animal substances. The common housefly is 
typical of the family, and its habits in some respects are very well known. They are all 
small : their larve are white, soft, and without feet, and are usually called maggots. 
MeteEn, it is said, has described 1700 European species ; from which we may infer that it 
is a large family. 


SARCOPHAGA GEORGINA. 
Color grayish, hairy ; eyes copper-colored ; face silvery white ; thorax striped with gray 
and black ; abdomen lustrous, and checked with white and black; legs black. It is 
common during most of the summer. Length about half an inch. 


Musca vomiToria ? 
Body thick, steel-blue, especially the abdomen, hairy and mixed with bristles : antenne 
pilose ; thorax bluish black; legs black. Length about half an inch. 


Genus LEPTIDA. 


Leprtis ( Plate xxix, fig. 1.) 
Eyes brownish : antennz four-jointed, small, porrect, approximate, standing a little below 
the crown, the last setiform pubescent ; thorax semiglobose, striped, hairy ; wings 
diverging ; anal areolet open ; abdomen with seven rings, tapering, and marked with 
clay-colored rings, somewhat silvery. Metallic points are scattered upon the sides of 
the thorax. . 


Leptis? ( Plate xxix, fig. 4.) 
The eyes -are brown, and larger than in the foregoing species : rings of the abdomen 
‘seven : top of the thorax less prominent. 


Leptis ( Plate xxix, fig. 10.) 
Color brown : thorax bordered with an ochreous line ; abdomen tapering and pointed, the 
three last rings being attenuate, and all of them bordered with yellowish. 


182 ORDER DIPTERA. 


Neither of the foregoing species are figured or described in Say’s American Entomology, 
but there is very little doubt that they belong to the Genus Lepripa. The flies are found 
in thickets in the summer : they feed on other small insects, and their larve.live in offal 
or on decaying wood. L 


Tabanidae. 


TaBANUS PLUMBEUS ( Linneus). Gad-fly. Horsefly. 


TABANUS PLUMBEUs (Drury). JT. RuFicorNIs ( Fabricius), TT. Limpartus ( Pal. de Beauvois). 


‘Head ash-colored ; eyes black ; antenne reddish brown; ocellus one; thorax greenish, 
‘ with a white spot at the base of each wing ; abdomen dark brown, each segment of 
‘ which on the underside is margined with gray; wings transparent, anterior edges 
‘ brown and opake ; legs dark brown, the middle ones being armed with two spines 
‘at the tip of each tibia : the ungues have two small brown scales under them. 
‘ Breast hairy; back colored, but white on the sides’ ( Werstwoop, Illustrations of 
Drury, Vol.1, p. 97). 

This species appears in New-York in July, and is most common in woody places, but is 
often in open pastures, and frequents roadsides, alighting on horses and cattle. In New- 
York and New-England they are too few in number to occasion much trouble, though 
their probosces are armed with lancets sufficiently long and sharp to wound cattle severe- 
ly. Were they as numerous as the smaller kinds of flies, our pastures could not be occupied 
during the months of July and August. 


TaBaNus AMERICANUs ( Drury). 


TaBANUS ATRATUS (Fabricius), TT. nicER ( Pal. de Beauvois). 


Head, antenne, sheath of the proboscis, extremity of the abdomen, breast and legs black ; 
thorax brownish black ; wings dark brownish, scarcely opake ; anterior part of the 
abdomen dark plumbeous ; spines of the middle legs two ; breast hairy. 

The lighter part of the abdomen appears as if covered with a whitish bloom. The eyes 
are very large, and meet at their lower edges, but are separated above by a narrow yel- 
lowish space : their color is black and bronzed. Length seven-eighths of an inch, or 
nearly one inch ; expansion of wings, nearly two inches. 

This species is rather smaller than the plumbeus, with wings less robust and strong : it 
appears at the same time, and attacks cattle and horses in the same savage way. Both are 
found as far south as Maryland. 


FAMILIES XYLOPHAGIDA AND SYRPHIDA. ' 183 


TABANUS 

Sooty black. In some lights, the abdomen above is glaucous; beneath, it has a shade of 

greenish blue : eyes faintly bronzed. Face obsolete, in consequence of the great ex- 

tension of the eyes, which meet on the top, divaricating only just above the base of 

the antenne, leaving a small triangular area through which the median line passes, 

and which is also traversed transversely by two grooves : this area is occupied by six 

or eight little glossy eminences. Legs and breast covered with a jet black pubescence. 

The form of the eye is remarkable ; the top of the head being capped, as it were, with 

the organ, which projects directly in front. The insect differs entirely from the two pre- 
ceding species, and has not probably received a specific name. 


Xylophagidae. 
MipAs FILATUS. ( Plate xxviii, fig. 11.) 
Musca ciavatus ( Drury). 
Black : second abdominal segment yellow upon the superior parts ; wings copper-brown 
and submetallic, scarcely transparent. Length 1} inch; expansion of wings, 2}. 

This species, so far as my observations extend, is a rare insect in New-York. It is easily 

distinguished by the yellow segment of the abdomen referred to, which extends only to 

the sides, the inferior part preserving the black color of the remainder of the organs. Its 

larva is a white maggot, and exists in decaying stumps and logs. It is usually found in the 

forests in its perfect state in midsummer, and is one of the largest dipterous insects of 
New-York. 


Syrphidae. 


MILESIA VIRGINIENSIS. ( Plate xxviii, fig. 3.) 


Musca virGiniensis (Drury). Miresta ornara ( Fabricius), 

Eyes black; front of the head cream-color; antenne like short hairs; thorax yellow, 
with two black rings ; abdomen black, ornamented with yellow rings, every alternate 
one of which is interrupted in the middle : it is marked with a yellow dot at the 
base, and terminated with yellow. Legs yellow ; wings dusky. Underside, breast black, ~ 
with yellow spots : ocelli distinct. 

It is rather more than three-fourths of an inch long ; expansion of wings, 1. 


CHAPTER XVII. 


ORDER VII. NEUROPTERA. 


Tue wings, in this order of insects, are made up of a fine network, membranous, and 
usually naked and without down or scales : they are subequal or equal. Sometimes the 
lower wings are broader than the upper ; but, if narrower, they are longer. The mouth is 
fitted in some families for mastication, particularly in the libellulide, which are furnished 
with transversely movable jaws. The abdomen is usually long, but is destitute of a sting. 
The antenne are not uniform in the different families : in some they are long; in others, 
short. They have two or three simple eyes. The trunk is formed of three segments closely 
united : the abdomen is sessile. The larva has six feet. The metamorphosis is not always 
complete. 

The order contains several well-known families, as the dragonflies, mayflies, white ants, 
and the ant-lion flies. In all these families, as well as in those not yet mentioned, the wings 
are formed of a fine network of nervures, so arranged in the minute details of structure 
as to constitute a great number of areolets of much beauty. 

In this order there is one family, the termitides, which are extremely interesting in their 
economy and habits, as well as an instance of a remarkable development of the faculty of 
instinct : they are social, and live Mies communities ; while most of the other families 
are solitary, and do not construct habitations for the common convenience and defence. 


Libellulidae. 


LipeLLuiipz is the family name of the dragonflies : they are insects which become familiar 
to every body, and are frequently called darningneediles or devil’s-needles. Their heads and 
eyes, especially the latter, are always large : their bodies are Jong; the thorax is thick 
and strong, and the abdomen long and rather slender, though not always so, and is ter- 
minated by two inarticulated appendages. The antenne are short. They have three ocelli: 
two lateral ones, and one seated in the median line. The mouth is well formed,,and the 
mandibles are strong and horny. They have four wings, which, when at rest, are extended 
horizontally or carried over the abdomen. 


FAMILIES LIBELLULIDZ AND MYRMELEONID. 185 


The libellule are widely extended in their distribution : they are voracious in their 
habits, of strong muscular powers, and able to remain long upon the wing. Their larve 
are quite as voracious as the perfect insect. The female deposits her eggs on the water, 
while upon the wing. They may be regarded as serviceable to man, especially in their 
perfect state, by feeding upon insects that are annoying, as musquitoes and the like. 

The family has been subdivided into three genera by Fasricius : 1. LieeLiuia proper, 
with wings horizontal when at rest, eyes large and approximate, and having also the three 
ocelli; the middie division of the lip is the smallest, and the abdomen is ensiform. The 
second genus is Asuna, having two ocelli situated on a transverse keel-formed elevation ; 
the intermediate lobe of the Jabium larger than the lateral,and armed with a strong tooth 
and a spinous appendage; abdomen narrow and elongated. The third genus is Acrion : 
it carries its wings perpendicularly when at rest; the middle lobe of the labium divided 
in two; the antenne with four articulations : there is no vesicle upon the forehead ; the 
ocelli are equal, and the abdomen filiform. 


LIBELLULA PULCHELLA. { Plate xv, fig. 5.) 
Color black. Abdomen sometimes wholly black both above and below, and sometimes 
light slate above and black below, or partly slate color : individuals seem to vary in 
this respect without regard to sex. Wings marked by three black or dark brown spots 
or bars : the basal is confined to the costa, and does not extend to the posterior edge ; 
the external covers the apical area, and sweeps around so as to form a circular curving 
edge towards the base. 
Fig.4 is closely allied in its habits and appearance to the pulchella, and its abdomen 
presents in different individuals the same varieties of color. 
Fig. f. Larva of the Libellula. 


Myrmeleonidae. 
( Plate xxxiii, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.) 

A ramity of insects familiarly known under the name of ant-lions, while in the larva 
state. The insect has always arrested the attention of the curious, from its peculiar habits, 
the singular form of its larva, and the ingenuity it displays in making traps or pitfalls 
to catch the prey that must serve for its sustenance. In its perfect state, it resembles a 
Lisetiuta ; but when it is in its larval form, we would by no means suspeet that it 
belongs to, or is the embryo of one of the most beautiful of the insect tribes. There is 
always, however, a wide difference between insects in these two states. 

In the family of the LisrLiutipa, the larva is aquatic, and is provided with the ne- 
eessary form of mouth and mandible to seize and devour other insects : it is in fact a 
voracious animal, and carries on its depredations in the water; while in the Myrmexxo- 

[ AcricuttuzaL Rerort — VoL. v.] 24 


186 ORDER NEUROPTERA. 


nip&, the larve are terrestrial, and the parent insects select for their habitations the places 
farthest removed from water, the driest sand being the only material suited to their habits 
and mode of life, or adapted to their essential wants. 

The ant-lion, which is the common name of the insect about to be described, is a spider- 
looking animal, having a thick, short, and full abdomen, and narrow and elongated front, 
which is terminated by two long or exsert mandibles, strongly toothed upon their inside 
edges, and also perforated, so that the insect may suck the juices from its victims ( See 
Plate xxxiii, fig. 2 : larva). The mandibles have three teeth each, and a row of stiff 
bristles below them, probably used partly for supporting their prey, when engaged in the 
act of suction. The mandibles are curved, and as sharp as a needle ; and in this respect are 
well adapted to the office they are designed to fulfil, the piercing or transfixing the ant, 
which seems to constitute their favorite food. The three teeth are slender, and but slightly 
thickened at the point of junction with the jaw. The body is clothed with a few bristle- 
like hairs, but in other respects it may be said to be naked. But what is quite peculiar and 
interesting in the construction and habits of our species of ant-lion, is the position and 
structure of its legs : they only permit it to move with its abdomen in front, or, in other 
words, it is obliged to walk backwards. 

To obtain a supply of food, the larva forms a conical depression in dry sand under @ 
shelving rock, where the surface will remain undisturbed ; the depression being over half 
an inch in depth. At the bottom, the owner places itself concealed in the sand, with only 
its mandibles standing a little above the apex of the depression. Now as sheltered places of 
this kind, which the ant-lion selects, are also excellent highways for all small animals to 
travel, and especially suited to the habits of the ant, if the ant is not cautious in his pas- 
sage through these dry and shelving grounds, it will probably fall into some one of these 
sand-traps : this happening, there is little chance of its escaping from the jaws of the lion, 
which are always open and ready to seize the unfortunate traveller. If, however, the ant 
does at first escape the clutches of the lion, and attempts to clamber up the side of the 
pit, it is sure to be overwhelmed with a shower of sand cast up by its cunning foe, and 
most certainly precipitated again to the bottom. 

Notwitstanding this lion is furnished with strong mandibles, they are not for the purpose 
of chewing or biting its food, but are so constructed as to hold its prey securely, and to 
extract its fluids by suction. When this is finished, the lion tosses the empty skin from its 
pitfall, by means of its long mandibles and the free and extended motion of the head in 
its thorax. 

Like other larve, the larva of the ant-lion changes its skin. When about to undergo its 
transformation, it glues together a portion of sand by mixing it with a kind of mucilagi- 
nous and fibrous or silky secretion, which it forms into a perfectly round ball having a 
sufficient consistency to bear handling freely. At the time of the final change, which 
occurs about twenty days after the ball is rolled, the pupa pierces a round hole in the side 


“FAMILY EPHEMERIDE. | 187 


of its globular envelope, and comes forth, casting off its pupa skin, which is left partly 
adhering to the orifice as represented in fig. 4. 

The myrmelion is a four-winged insect, at first view resembling a libellula ; but it will 
be perceived that its antenne are peculiar, and quite different from those of that family : 
they are larger at the extremity than at the base, generally curved, and sometimes appear 
like a hook. The eyes are wide apart, and do not_touch upon the upper and posterior parts. 
The wings are extremely delicate, like the finest gauze ; and the abdomen is rather slen- 
der, and tapers each way. The color of the insect is brown. The wings are transparent, and 
all the nervures are spotted with brown and white. The rings of the abdomen are brownish, 
but much the darkest on their posterior half : the abdomen is also clothed with short 
hairs. The wings are attached to the thorax at a distance apart, and the thorax is divided 
into two parts, the first supporting the forewings, the last the hindwings : the first has 
rounded eminences, separated by oblique fissures ; the last has properly only two, which 
are separated by oblique ridges, that begin at the sides and nearly meet in the middle. 
The abdomen has five rings. The feet are black. Length of the larva, about § an inch: 
length of the perfect insect, 1} inch ; expanse of wing, 23 inches. 

The species above described and figured were furnished me by Mr. J. Grzuarnp, Curator 
of the State Museum, and were procured under the limestone ledges at Schoharie. I have 
also found the larva of the ant-lion beneath the limestone ledges near Burlington ( Ver- 
mont) : almost every suitable place furnished specimens of the insect. 

I am unable to determine whether this American species has been described or not. 


Ephemeridae. 


Mayrty is the common name for the insects of this family. If not characterized by the 
shortness of their-lives, it is a well-known feature in their economy : they live but three 
or four hours in their perfect state ; hence the modifications of their mouth are quite dif- 
ferent from those of the libellulide, which have a much more prolonged existence, and 
are therefore provided with ample means for taking sustenance. Their antenne are minute 
and three-jointed, and their four wings are of an unequal size. The mouth is nearly obso- 
lete or wanting, and the extremity of the body is furnished with articulated sete. Their 
bodies are rather long, slender, and soft; the eyes rather large, and there are also three 
ocelli placed in a triangle between the eyes. In some species the clypeus shuts over the 
mouth. 

The name of this family is derived from the greek ephemeros, diurnal, in allusion to the 
shortness of their lives. The only function they perform is to couple and deposit their eggs 
in the water. Their larve live in the water, and their existence in this state is prolonged 
for two or three years. They take refuge under stones, or in the earth or mud. They feed 
upon the slimy mud that contains decomposing particles of organic matter, and which 
suffices for their nourishment. 


CHAPTER XIX. 


ORDER IX. TRICHOPTERA ( Kirsy). 


Tue English have given the name caddiceflies to the insects of this order. The consistence 
of the body of the perfect insect is considerable, and besides they are thickly clothed with 
hair. Their eyes are rather prominent and large, and they are provided with three ocelli. 
Their antenne are variable in length, being sometimes much longer than the body ; at 
others, shorter. They have four membranous wings; the front ones are fibrous, and the 
nerves are branching : the posterior wings are the largest, and folded when at rest. The 
mouth is imperfect and unfitted for mastication, the mandibles being only rudimental. 
The maxillary palpi are long, and almost setaceous. The larva has six legs : it resides in 
a case in water, which it forms of little fragments of shells, or of sand or sawdust. The 
mature insect is often employed.as a fish-bait. 


PHRYGANEA SEMIFASCIATA (Say). ( Plate xxxii, figs. 9 & 10.) 
Color brownish or ferruginous. Wings ferruginous, marked with irregular black lines and 


a distinct point near the inner and basal angle : inferior wings light ferruginous or 
yellowish ; the hindwings have a dilated mark near the inner margin. 


* 


CHAPTER XxX. 


ORDER X. HYMENOPTERA (Linvvs). 


‘Tuts order resembles the Nevroprera in the number, texture, and organization of the 
wings ; but they have a fewer number of nervures, and are less delicate in their construc- 
tion : the forewings, too, are larger than the hind ones, and their foldings are horizontally 
disposed upon the back. The mouth is provided with horny jaws, and the maxille are 
metamorphosed into a sheath for the membranous tongue. The eyes are large. The thorax 
is composed of three consolidated segments, and the abdomen is attached to it by a pedicle 
or thread, provided with a sting in the females, or terminated with a multivalved saw or 
ovipositor. The tarsi are five-jointed. The larva is without feet, except in one group; and 
the pupa is inactive and incomplete. 

This order probably furnishes the most remarkable families for the development of 
social qualities and instinctive powers; and if instinctive endowments have claims for 
consideration, the hymenoptera should rank first and foremost among the insect tribes. 
Some of these remarkable qualities appear in the bee, the ichneumon, the wasp, and the 
gallfly. 

This is the most populous of all the orders in the insect world, unless we except the 
CoLEoPTERA ; its estimated numbers embracing one-fourth of the insect population. 


Mr. Westwoop adopts the following divisions for this order : 


Section I. Tereprantta (Latreille) : the abdomen of the female being furnished with an 
ovipositor, which combines the characters of a saw and a perforator or borer for 
depositing its eggs. 


Section II. Acurrara (Latreille), embraces those whose abdomens in the females are 
provided with a sting connected with a poison reservoir. The antenne of the males 
have thirteen, and those of the females twelve joints. 


190 ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 


The first section has two subsections, the second containing two divisions : 


Subsection I. PuyrreHaca : Abdomen sessile : larvee feeding upon vegetable matter. This contains 
the families Tenthredintde and Uroceride. 

Subsection II. EnromopHaca : Abdomen attached by a portion of its transverse diameter : larvee 
with slightly developed trophi, and for the most part feed parasitically upon other living insects. 
Division 1. SprcuntirERA : Abdomen with an elongated plurivalye oviduct : larvee for the 
most part feeding upon other living insects. This division contains, as at present constituted, 

the Cynipide, Evaniide, Ichneumonide, Chalcidide and Proctotrupide. 
Division 2. TuBULIFERA : Extremity of the abdomen tubular, retractile, and furnished with 
a minute sting : larve feeding upon the laryee of other hymenopterous insects, or upon 


dead insects deposited by the parent with her eggs for the support of the young when 
hatched. The Chrysidide. 


The second section has two subsections : 


Subsection I. Praponzs ( Latreille) : The basal joint of the tarsi cylindrical : larvee feeding upon 
stored insects, or animal fluids provided by neuters. Families Crabronide, Larride, Bembecide, 
Sphegide, Scolitde, Mutillide, Formicidae, Vespide. 

Subsection II. Mrturrera ( Latreille) : Basal joint of the posterior tarsi dilated for pollen-bearers : 
larvee feed upon honey or pollen-paste deposited by the neuters. Families Andrenide, Apide. 


Tenthredinidae. 


Tuts family comprehends those hymenoptera usually called sawflies. The antenne are more 
variable as to the number of joints, than in most of the insects of other families. The 
families of the order are formed from considerations that relate to the number and form 
of the joints of the antenne, and the number and form of the cells of the wings. 

The insects of this family are less active than the wasps or ichneumon-flies : they fly 
sluggishly, and do not appear anxious to escape when about to be captured. The wings 
fold horizontally upon the body when at rest. The female is provided with an instrument 
resembling a saw, or rather a double saw, which is lodged in a fissure beneath the abdo- 
men, and covered by two narrow pieces that perform the office of a scabbard. The two 
blades of the saw are placed side by side, and so skilfully articulated that when withdrawn 
from the scabbard they move up and down. This saw, however, has different forms in 
different sawflies : it has, moreover, one advantage over the carpenter’s saw, which only 
cuts in one direction, and therefore is liable to pinch if’ it is not well set, especially when 
employed in sawing green wood ; but the saw of the fly has teeth upon the sides, so that 
it can move easily by cutting a free groove. It might perhaps be called a rasp or file, as its 
teeth have the form of the teeth of these instruments. When in use, the saw moves in a 


FAMILIES TENTHREDINIDZ AND UROCERID. 191 


grooved piece that serves as a back to keep the instrument sufficiently supported : the 
edge, upon which the teeth are cut, is circular. The use of this singular instrument is to 
prepare a place for the insect’s eggs : slits are made in the stems and leaves of plants, into 
which the eggs are dropped. Some of the species, after depositing their eggs, girdle the 
branch, which consequently dies, when it forms a suitable kind of food for the young. In 
other instances, protuberances are formed which become highly charged with sap, in 
consequence of which the quantity of food is greatly increased. 


CimBex uti ( Peck), americana (Leach). . (Plate xxvi, fig. 11.) 

The generic characters of Cimpex are : 

Body obscurely villose : first joint of the abdomen strongly emarginate above : joints of 
the antenne before the club, five ; club two-jointed, and soldered together. 

The insect I have figured is the Crmeex of authors ; but the antenne are properly only 
three-jointed before the club, leaving out of the number the basal support, which is fixed. 
The first joint is the longest, and is equal to the second and third together. If the support 
is a joint, then the antenne are only four-jointed. 


Description (female). Head black, shining ; antenne luteous; thorax black, margined 
in front by a circular brownish ridge similar to a collar : abdomen bluish black with 
brownish, marked upon the sides by four ovate yellowish white spots, and anteriorly 
there is a whitish space between the rings similar to a belt. The substance or mem- 
brane resembles fine parchment or paper. Wings smoke-brown, semitransparent and 
shining ; thighs blue-black ; tibiz pale brown, and armed with blunt spurs; tarsi 
yellowish or pale yellow. Length ? of an inch : expanse of wing, 1? inch. 

The body of this fentha edo or sawfly is thick and large. According to Dr. Harris, Prof. 

Peck had called this insect C. ulmi, because it inhabits the elm. 

The male is more slender, and the spots are wanting on the abdomen : length about one 
inch ; breadth, two inches. The larve feed upon the leaves of the elm. 

The foregoing species is one of the largest of the family of the TenrureEpinipz. It does 
not appear to be very common in the vicinity of Albany, inasmuch as but few are found 
in our collections. 


Uroceridae. 


WOOD-WASPS : HORNTAILS. 


Tue head of these insects is large, convex before and flat behind : antennee filiform ; wings 
long, and overlap each other upon the back; body long and cylindrical ; rings of the 
abdomen close and compact. Females are provided with an ovipositor in the form of a 
slender horn projecting from the extremity of the abdomen, or from beneath it, the sheath 
of which is attached to the inferior side of the abdomen by a hinge. In the male the horn 
is short compared with that of the female, and is either conical or triangular. 


192 ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 


The sexes differ considerably both in markings and size. The borer of the female consists 
of five pieces : the two outside pieces are grooved for the reception and support of the 
inner pieces, forming a hollow tube when closed together ; the inner pieces are needles, 
with which the trunks of trees are pierced for the purpose of depositing the eggs. Their 
young are grub-like larvee which are wood-eaters, and destroy forest trees by extensive 
burrowing in the green solid matter. Pines, elms, maples, buttonwood and fruit trees are 
all subject to attacks of the uroceride. 


Urocervus ausicornis ( Fabricius). (Plate xxxii, fig. 3.) 

Fremate : Color deep blue-black : stemmata three, situated behind the antenne in a 

triangular form ; head confluently punctured ; antenne rather long, white, the base 

and extremity dark brown or black. Behind the eyes there are two oval cream-colored 

spots. Thorax pubescent, punctured, and deeply impressed with a fissure running in a 

circular manner from the base of one forewing to the other, and also extending down 

the base of the wings, leaving an elevation with its point directed backwards. 

Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, shining, marked by a lateral oval white spot, and 

terminated by a lanceform appendage. Legs black, with white joints. Length one 

inch : ovipositor, nearly three-fourths of an inch; expanse of wing, nearly 2 inches. 

This insect resembles the female sirex, but may be distinguished at once by its white 
markings. 


.TREMEX COLUMBA. ( Plate xxxii, figs. 1, 2.) 


TREMEX (Jurine). StrEx,_( Linnzus, Drury). 8. crncrus ( Drury). 8. PENNsyLVANIcus (Degeer). 
Pigeon Tremex ( Harris). 

Head and thorax yellowish brown, thick : antenne of the length of the thorax, and made 
up of sixteen joints : abdomen bluish black, cylindric, ornamented by six rings, the 
last interrupted at the median line of the body ; extremity yellow : ovipositor short 
and stout : wings opake brown and clouded : legs and feet yellowish ; tibia armed 
with a spur. 

This insect is common in Albany county. In company with the Pimpla lunator, multi- 
tudes resorted to a half-grown maple tree in the back yard of the Old State Hall for the 
purpose of depositing their eggs. So completely was this tree riddled with holes when the 
insects escaped after transformation, that it died in a few years, when it was found to be 
perfectly mined through and through. 

I have taken this species also in Maryland, so that it appears to be widely distributed. 
The ovipositor is nearly half an inch in length ; the body, an inch and a half; the male 
less, but it frequently happens that the female is small also : expansion of wings, two and 
a quarter inches. Their wants are not confined to the maple tree : they bore or pierce the 
elm and buttonwood, which are thus killed in process of time. When a tree is resorted to 
for the deposition of their eggs, it furnishes the larve during every season of the year. 


FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDA. 193 


Ichneumonidae. 


‘Tue characters of this family, as given by Wesrwoop, are : The abdomen is attached to 
the hinder extremity of the thorax, and between the base of the coxee. The anterior pair 
of wings exhibit perfect cells upon their disc. The ovipositor is straight, and often exserted. 
Antenne setaceous or filiform, not elbowed, and composed of more than sixteen joints, 
except in a few minute adscitv. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon. The head is small and 
free : eyes lateral ; mandibles slender and bidentate ; maxillary palpi five- or six-jointed, 
pendulous : wings moderate in length and size : legs formed for running. When the 
ovipositor is retracted, the abdomen terminates in a point. 

The larve are parasitic upon other insects. 

Plate I. illustrates some of the characters of the family. 

The antenne are in constant vibratory motion. The insects themselves are exceedingly 
active, and exhibit a remarkable degree of instinct in depositing their eggs where their 
progeny will be provided for. They are very important in the economy of nature, especial- 
ly in keeping in check other species which would be highly injurious to man. They are 
particularly useful in reducing the numbers of the lepidoptera, scarcely a species of which 
are exempt from the attacks of ichneumon-flies. These deposit their eggs in the back of 
the larva, through a puncture so minute as not to interrupt its growth and perfection : 
the larva winds itself upas usual ; but in its pupa state, the eggs of the ichneumon hatch, 
and the progeny feed upon it : it is consequently destroyed ; and instead of the butterfly, 
there comes forth a brood of ichneumons. Before this subject was understood, the singular 
fact here stated was accounted for on the supposition that certain animals were susceptible 
of transformation into others. 

The ichneumons have been divided into Ichnewmones genuini and adsciti : the forewings 
of the former have two, of the latter, one recurrent nerve. 


IcHNEUMON BREVICINCTOR ? ( Plate xxvii, fig. 10.) 

Color black. Antenne with joints twenty and more : yellowish white annulus beginning 

at about the ninth joint, and ending at the seventeenth from the base. Wings light 

smoky brown. Scutel pale yellow : a sharp well defined ridge extends from each 

anterior angle of the scutel, to the middle of the ridge surrounding the base of the 
wing. Knees and tibia of the anterior feet rufous. 

This individual differs from the brevicinctor described by Say, in the beginning of the 
pale annulus, which, in his account, commences at the seventeenth joint, and extends only 
to the twenty-first. The cellules of the wing agree with his figure, and also the opake 
costal spots. 

[ AcRicuLtuRAL Rrport— Vot. v.] 25 


194 ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 


IcHNEUMON ( Plate xxvii, fig. 7.) 

Color black. Scutel yellowish, with a sharp ridge extending from the anterior angle to the 

base of the wing. Second and third abdominal rings orange, with the posterior part of 

the second black upon the top : beneath, the orange color covers the entire rings. 

Face and legs orange ; the face pale. Antenne entirely black. Wings transparent, and 
only slightly smoky. 


IcHNEUMON ( Plate xxvii, fig. 9.) 
Color black. Wings smoky brown. Antenne with a white annulus beginning about the 
sixth ring from the base. 


PIMPLA LUNATOR. ( Plate i, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.) 
Antenne brown, darker at base. Eyes black. Head brown, encircled with a ring of two 
yellow bands, and one of a pale brown : front yellow, with a brown band extending 
from one eye to the other. Thorax brown, marked upon the top by a trident, or a 
longitudinal band terminating before in three divaricating lines. Laterally there are 
two broad brown bands parallel with the first : between the wings, the middle band 
divides and forms a circle, the inside of which is yellow. Abdomen compressed, sabre- 
form and narrowed before. The seven rings of the abdomen are marked by semilunate 
bands at their posterior margin, and succeeded by a black ring : the lateral parts of 
the rings form an acute arch in the female, which enables her to flex the abdomen as 
represented in fig. 4. Abdomen greatly dilated at its extremity in the female, and 
terminated by a greatly elongated ovipositor. Wings transparent, and marked by a 
brown patch. In the male, the abdomen is slender. Legs yellow and light brown. 
The female is sometimes 1} inch long, with an ovipositor some three inches long. 


Fig. 4 : Female in the act of introducing its ovipositor into the trunk of a maple tree. 

Figs. 1 & 6 : Males. 

Fig. 5 : Female at rest. 
The yellow bands represented as lunate, are probably too sharply arched to admit strictly 
of the appellation. 

This insect formerly frequented a half-grown maple in the yard of the State House in 
this city. I supposed at first that the pimpla was attracted to this tree, in consequence of 
the sirer having also made it the place for depositing its eggs. The larve of both insects 
were found in great numbers in different stages of growth ; but it did not appear that the 
larve of the former fed upon those of the latter, for they were both in many instances full 
grown and separate. In some cases the pimpla passed her ovipositor very near to a larva 
of the sirex ; but it could not be ascertained, after a very careful examination, that the 
object of the first was to pierce the larve which infested the tree, after the manner of 
ichneumon-flies. Still the habits of the family favor the view that the larve of the pimpla 


FAMILIES SPHEGIDA: AND VESPID. 195 


feed upon the larve of the sirex. The tree was perfectly riddled with holes and burrows, 
and was undoubtedly selected on account of its sheltered position. As happens with some 
other species, the females sometimes perished from inability to withdraw their ovipositor ; 
and this does not seem at all strange, for they frequently succeeded in introducing it into 
the wood to the depth of three inches, slender as it is. 


Sphegidae. 


Tue collar is dilated laterally, and extends to the base of the wings. The legs are long, 
the posterior being more than twice as long as the head and thorax. The antenne are fili- 
form or subsetaceous, long, and composed of elongated joints. The body is long, and the 
abdomen is attached by a long peduncle. Mandibles elongate, curved, narrow, and notched 
on the outside at the base : eyes entire : legs fossorial. 

These insects appear like wasps, except in their pedunculated abdomen : they are 
exceedingly active, restless, and difficult to capture. 


SPHEX PENNSYLVANICA. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.) 

Color steel-blue and purplish : margins of the wings fading into brownish, scarcely 

observable. Head transverse, short : eyes prominent; hindwings dilated behind. 

Abdomen greenish stee]-blue, oval, acute, and attached to the thorax by a slender 
thread. Antenne brownish : thorax and head pubescent : tarsi black. 


Vespidae. 


VESPA FRATERNA. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 6.) 

Color brown. Surface without puncture and smooth. Antenne paler on the under side. 

Wings smoke-brown, translucent. First ring of the abdomen marked with a yellow 

ring. Legs brown, except the joints, and a short stripe of lustrous upon the upper 
side of the femora : tarsi luteous. 

‘The wasp and hornet exhibit skill and patience in preparing their habitations : they 
are natural paper-makers, and fabricate an article that is impervious to water. 

The wasps form their habitation beneath stones, fixing it to the inferior surface. They 
feed their young upon vegetable juices, and the softer parts of other insects which they 
capture. They are fond of the juices of our domestic fruits, and seem to have a preference 
for the expressed juice of the apple, as they are obseryed to abound about cider-mil]s and 
in apple-yards. . 


196 ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 


Evanidae ? 


Pevectnus potirurator. P. policerator ( Fabr.). ( Plate xxvi, fig. 7.) 

Antenne black, long and filiform, marked with two yellow bands at the extremities < 

ocelli distinct. Head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, and legs black. Palpi four, slender, two 

long and two short. Legs slender, but the hind-tibiz are thick and strong. Abdomen 

elongated, consisting of six joints ; the elongated rings long oval. Wings pellucid and 
brown. 

This singular insect is not uncommon in New-England and New-York in autumn. By 
the roadsides, in September and October, it is seen flying slowly, as if borne down by its 
long abdomen. When caught, it attempts to sting, and is capable of inflicting a.slight 
wound. 


Opuion MAcRURUM ( Fabr.) ; Icaneumon ( Drury). ( Plate xxvii, fig. 5.) 
Head small, dark orange : eyes large, black, oblong; ocelli shining black. Antenne ~— 
nearly the length of the insect, brown orange and thread-like. Color of all the other 
parts of the inseet brown orange, except the wings, which are transparent. Thorax 
short. Abdomen arched, three times as long as the thorax, and attached to it by a 
very narrow or thread-like base, widening in depth, but compressed laterally : ex- 
tremity obliquely truncate. Legs slender; hind ones the longest : tips of the fore- 
tibiz single, the others double-spined. Length of body one inch. 

This is one of the most remarkable of our ichneumon-flies, and appears during the 
latter part of summer and early in autumn, when it is observed busily hovering over 
places where there are thickets of brambles, solidagos, asters, etc. in search of caterpillars 
or other suitable objects for the deposition of its eggs. It is common in Massachusetts and 
New-York. 


OPpHION MUNDUS. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 4.) 
Color black : antenne, tibize and tarsi yellow : antennal nasus, anterior orbits, and front 
greenish yellow; the antenne are black or brownish black at base. Thorax clothed 
with hairs. Abdomen compressed : basal joint cylindrical ; second joint as long and 
rather longer than the first. Forelegs fulvous yellow, except a brown stripe on the 
under side : tibiz of the hindlegs fulvous yellow, except the tips, which are brown ; 

feet all yellow, except the middle, which is brownish above. Length one inch. 


OPHION GLABRATUS. (Plate xxvii, fig. 3.) 

Antenne shorter than the body. Color dull honey-yellow : head and orbits yellow ; wings 

hyaline, transparent, with an oval longitudinal glabrous spot on the large cubital 

cell just beyond its middle; eyes dusky or brownish. Metathorax with a transverse 
ridge near the articulation of the abdomen. Length four-fifths of an inch. 


FAMILY SCOLUD. 197 


OpHION PuRGATUS ? ( Plate xxvii, fig. 6.) 
Antenne nearly as long as the body. Color honey-yellow, somewhat brownish : orbits 
yellow ; wings hyaline, with two opake dots in the first cubital cellule. 
This insect, though not longer than the foregoing, is rather thicker and stouter. Length 
about four-fifths of an inch. 2 


XYLOCARPA VIRGINICA. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 1.) 
Body thick, pubescent and hirsute; thorax globular; abdomen ovate ; eyes brown; an- 
tenne short, slightly thickened at the extremities. Thorax and adjacent part of the 
abdomen clothed with yellow hair : two-thirds of the posterior part of the abdomen 
black. Wings hyaline, yellowish, tipped with a dull ochre-yellow. Beneath the body 
and legs hairy, black inclining to brown. 

This insect attacks the dry woodwork of porticos, ceilings, ete. and completely burrows 
the inside, leaving a mere shell to support the framework. It always makes its entrance on 

the lower side of the railing, whence its operations are not readily detected. 


CaLioXIs ANNULARIS. ( Plate xxvii, fig. 2.) 

Color black : face yellow : antenne black : thorax black; margins lighter, and the dise 

black : abdomen black ; rings annulated with yellowish white, pointed. Beneath the 
body and legs, black. 


Scoliide. 


ScoLiA FOSSILANA. (Plate xxvi, fig. 10.) 
ScoLIA FOSSILANA (Fabricius), SPHEX PLUMIPEs (Drury). 

Head pale yellow in front, black on the top and hairy : antenne black, shorter than the 
thorax : neck hairy, lemon-colored : thorax black, and covered with yellow hairs : 
wings dark brown, translucent : abdomen lemon-colored above, crossed by three 
black lines, dark beneath : breast and arms black : legs hairy and black ; hinder 
ones furnished with two remarkable long spines at the tips of the tibiz : tarsi fur- 
nished with strong pale yellow hairs. 


ScoL1A OCTOMACULATA. 

Thorax black : scutel marked with a yellow line. Back of the abdomen dusky rufous, and 
marked with eight yellow spots, four on each side of the median line : the middle 
spots are oval, the first and last linear. The head is black; the anterior margin of 
the clypeus and base of the antenne, dull rufous : thorax black, and feet rufous. 

The scolie are fond of dry sandy places, and feed on the honey of flowers. 


CHAPTER XXI. 


ORDER XI. LEPIDOPTERA (Linus). 


GLOSSATA (Fanrictvs). 


Tur insects.that flit before us in our daily walks, and are known under the common name 
of butterflies, are representatives of this order, to which also belong the numerous winged 
visitants around our lamps during the summer evenings. Those which are observed flying 
in the daytime, never enter our windows by night ; and neither are the moths, so common 
at night, ever seen sporting by day, or flying abroad by the light of the sun. 

Our first inquiry is, In what respect do the insects of this order differ from those already 
described ? They have four membranous wings, clothed with minute scales : their bodies 
are soft and covered with hair, and their mouth consists of a tubular filamentous organ 
designed for sucking the juices of flowers, and which, when not in use, is rolled into a 
compact coil; and, lastly, their metamorphosis is complete. We cannot fail to see how 
widely they differ from the Cotzoprera or OrtHorTERA ; although could all the species of 
the different orders be spread out before us at once, we should find that they are all con- 
nected by intermediate links. 

The lepidoptera exist in three states : the caterpillar, the pupa, and the imago or perfect 
state, in the last of which the insect propagates its kind. In the first or caterpillar state it 
grows, or increases in size; and it is during this state that it is necessitated to change or 
cast off its outer integument, in order that this process may be perfected. It changes its 
skin four times, and it frequently happens also that its colors and markings undergo a 
succession of changes. Each insect is invariably furnished with sixteen feet. The mandibles 
and maxille do not differ materially from those of the insects of other orders. The true 
legs are borne by the first three segments of the body : the other legs are called false, or 
sometimes prop-legs. 

As it is in this state that the insect grows, it becomes necessary that it should take a 
large quantity of food, which it mostly derives from the vegetable kingdom, feeding upon 
roots and leaves, and sometimes upon wood. When the larva has acquired its proper size, 
it ceases to eat, and proceeds to form for itself some kind of case, impervious to water, and 


FAMILY PAPILIONIDA. 199 


in this it undergoes a change. It is then inactive and defenceless, and appears dead ; and 
as if aware that it is about to assume a condition in which it cannot protect itself, it seeks 
a secret place where it may be secure from the attacks of foes. The transformations of the 
lepidoptera are of the most complete kind : in some other orders, the pupa is active ; 
here it is inactive. 

The Lepipoprera are divided into three great sections. The first section contains the 
Butterflies proper, Papiuiones : their antenne are thread-like, and bear a knob. The 
second contains the SpuincEs, or Hawkmoths : their antenne are thick in the middle, and 
_ often hooked at the tip. The third contains those familiarly called Moths : their antenne 
are neither knobbed at the end nor thickened in the middle, but somewhat naked, tapering 
or bristleform, or else feathered on each side. The order has also been otherwise divided 
into two sections : the Diurnal lepidoptera, which fly by day ; and the JVocturnal, or those 
which fly only during the night. 


Papihonidae. 


Tue distinguishing characters of this interesting family are taken from the feet, all of 
which are perfect, formed for walking, and furnished with simple or bifid claws. The 
antenne, which have a distinct club, have no appendage as a hook at its extremity. The 
hinder wings have a slice cut out of the inner margin, for the accommodation of the body, 
or else are grooved to receive it. 

The larve of this family are naked, and the pupa is supported by threads of silk passed 
around the middle of the body : they are both angulated and smooth in the different genera. 

The butterflies of this family are among the largest and most splendid of American 
insects : examples are the Papilio asterias, philenor and turnus. The family is advanta- 
geously subdivided into Papritonipes and Preripes. In the former, the anal angle of the 
posterior wing is concave or folded, and the middle longitudinal nervure of the forewing 
emits four branches, while no other species have more than three ; and the palpi are short. 
From their size and beauty, Linnzxus gave them the name Equites. 

The subfamily Preripes have a gutter in the inner margin of the hindwings, for the 
reception of the abdomen. The caterpillars are finely pubescent, and taper towards the 
extremities. The pupe or chrysalides are angular, slightly compressed, and terminate in a 
point at each extremity : they are supported by a thread of silk passed around the pupa- 
case. Some of the common butterflies belonging to this subfamily, the white and yellow 
ones that flit about our walks, are less beautiful than those of the first subfamily, but still 
deserve our admiration. 


200 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


The genera of the family have the following characters : 


In Papitto, the antenne are long, but the club is not flattened : posterior wings angulated. 

In GoNIAPTERIX, the wings angulated ; antenne short. 

In CottAs : club of the antenna not compressed ; posterior wings rounded, and covered with scales. 
In Preris, the club of the antenna is compressed : wings naked. 

In Ponrta, the club is compressed : forewings trigonate, and both covered with scales. 


The Coxr1as is the genus that contains our common sulphur-yellow butterfly bordered 
with black : the Goniaprerrx and Portia are white, and our Pieris is orange with a 
black border. 


Papiliones. 
PAPILIONES (Westwoop). EQUITES & HELICONII (Linus). 


Papitio AsTERIAS (Cramer). P. tRomus ( Drury, Abbott & Smith). Butterflies. 


Antenne long. Head black, marked with four yellow dots; eyes blue : body black, 
marked with four rows of yellow. Wings black : beneath there is a reflection of olive 
green; nervures strong. Forewings marked by two rows of yellow spots, about eight 
in each row : inner row, the spots are large and triangular, with apices directed to- 
wards the insertion of the wing ; outer row, smaller and nearly round. Outer edge of 
the wing spotted with pale yellow : near the anterior margin, there is a single spot 
of yellow within the rows. Posterior wings tailed : upper side marked by a con- 
tinuation of the yellow spots, the inner row being rounded and the outer lunate ; 
between which rows, there is a row of large blue spots placed betwixt the nervures. 
There is an eyelet upon the inner margin, the ring of which is orange with a black 
centre : the hindwings are margined like the forewings. Beneath, the yellow spots are 
converted into orange, except those of the outer row upon the forewings, and some of 
the orange spots are margined with yellow : the blue spots have become lunate, and 
softened into-olive-green. Expansion of wing, three to four inches. 

The caterpillar is found in the month of June, feeding upon umbelliferous plants, as 
the parsley and carrot. When perfect, it is smooth, and of an apple-green color ; each 
segment or ring being marked by transverse alternating bands of black and yellow spots. 
When first hatched, it is black, and banded across the middle : it undergoes a succession 
of changes during its moulting. It has a peculiar mode of defending itself from the attack 
of flies ; as when touched, it protrudes from the first segment of the body a pair of orange- 
colored horns, which exhale a disagreeable odor. The pupa is of an ochre-yellow or pale 
green. 


FAMILY PAPILIONIDA. 201 


PapiLio pHiLENoR ( Fabricius). P. astinous ( Drury). 


Mead, thorax and abdomen black ; the breast marked with two rows of yellowish dots : 
antenne and eyes brown or brownish black. Upper sipz : Forewings black with a 
green lustre; apical area brownish ; outer margin marked with five spots, and edge 
trimmed with black and white : hindwings polished green, silky, darker at the base ; 
posterior margin marked with five white lunules ; anal angle excavated and edged 
with white ; tail rounded, its angles trimmed with black and white, the crene being 
white. Unper sipe : Forewings black ; apical area olive ; margin marked with five 
yellowish spots ; edge black and yellowish white : hindwings highly polished, green 
and lustrous, with the outer and inner margins marked with large fuscous spots sur- 
rounded with a velvety black ring, with a single spot of yellowish white on the outer 
side ; edge trimmed with black and yellowish white ; tail dilated. Legs and feet black. 


Papitro TuRNUs (Linneus). P. arctipamas (Cramer). ( Plate xxxvilii, fig. 3.) 


Antenne black : body black above, marked with a yellow stripe beginning at the neck, 
and passing over the insertion of the wings and along the sides of the abdomen : sides 
of the breast striped with yellow; palpi yellow. Upper sipe: Wings yellow, marked 
by five subcostal bands : the first is a marginal one, extending from the shoulder to 
a yellow lunule at the anal angle; the second extends as far, but grows thinner and 
terminates in a point, and the other three are abbreviated and confined to the fore- 
wing : costal edge black. The outer marginal band is wide, black, and common te 
both pair of wings, and is ornamented with six lunules, larger and more perfect in the 
hind- than in the forewings, the first and last fulvous. Hindwings scollopped and 
tailed : tail rather long and narrow; anal angle fulvous, edged with white, and 
ornamented with three lunules, yellow, black and blue, and a ferruginous one below. 
The hindwing edges are trimmed with yellow ; the forewings with white. Benraru, 
the yellow is pale; the subcostal bands are less black and velvety, and bordered with 
greenish. Outer margin, the edge is black : there is a dusky yellow band, succeeded 
by a broader and more dusky one, showing greenish yellow, and bounded on the 
inside with a strong black line of scollops. Hindwings, the edge is yellow, succeeded 
by black and yellow lunules : the black line within is bordered with blue. Expanse 
of wing four inches. Length from the head to the extremity of the tail, 2} inches. 

This is one of our common butterflies, and resembles the Macuaon of Europe, but its 
markings and form are more like those of the Popa.irivs. Its larve are not known as 
injurious to the cultivated vegetables. 


[ Acricutturat Report — Vot., v.] 26 


202 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Heliconiidae. 


Genus DANAUS. 
The generic characters of the Danaus, as drawn up by Mr. Say, are as follows : 


‘ Anterior feet spurious in both sexes : antenne terminated by a club; palpi distant, sub- 
‘ cylindric, short : inferior wings rounded, not forming a groove for the reception of 
‘ the abdomen : nails of the tarsi simple.’ 


DANAUS PLEXIPPUS. '» (Plate xxxviii, fig. 1.) 
Head and body black, marked with two rows of white dots : sides also marked with many 
white dots : five posterior rings of the abdomen edged with white, with two rows of 
dots beneath. Wings entire, fulvous red varying in depth in different individuals : 
nervures and coste black; lateral and posterior margins trimmed with a black 
border, and two rows of white spots with a black and white edge : apical area black, 
and marked with elongate and subquadrate spots of the ground-color of the wings, 
with smaller spots of white extending along the costa. Brnratu, paler : hind- paler 
than the forewings ; in other respeets, the markings are not dissimilar to those of the 
upper surface. Eyes and legs steel-blue : tarsi velvet-black. Expanse of wing, four 

and a quarter inches. 
Common, and widely distributed. The larve are harmless, feeding on useless plants, as 
the asclepias, etc. : they are annulated with white; the pupa is green, and dotted with 

golden spots. 


LIMENITIS DISSIPPUS. ( Plate xlvii, figs. 1, 2.) 
Ground-color of the wings precisely the same as in the Danaus plexippus. In the apical 
area, a somewhat triangular spot of black extends from the apex to the outer angle, 
within which there are four oblong spots of the color of the wing, and a small one at 
the junction with the marginal border : this black spot is marked with three white 
spots, and sometimes four in the row; the lower one is a mere dot. Between these 
white spots and the apex, there is an elongate white lunule, or an elongate pointed 
spot. Beneath the costa, there is sometimes a white spot towards the base of the wing. 
The hindwing is marked by a narrow black belt, extending from near the middle of 
the costa, across the wing to the anal angle. Brneatn, paler : upon the forewing 
there are two subcostal bluish white spots, and a dash of white on the costa near the 
black triangular spot. In the apical area, the fulvous spots are five in number, and 
more distinct than those above. Hindwings, the black bell is bordered on its basal side 
with three or more bluish white spots placed between the nervures. The border in 
both pair of wings is trimmed with black, upon which the inner row of spots forms 


e 


FAMILY HELICONIIDZ. 7 203 


a distinct lunule, succeeded on the outside by interrupted curved blue lines : edge 
trimmed with black and white. 

Head and body black : the back of the head is marked with four white spots, the first 
pair placed at the base of the antenne. Antenne black, tipped with rufous : palpi 
black, striped with white on the outside. Eyes blue, with a white spot posteriorly. 
Each side of the thorax is marked with three large white spots : coxe white; the 
ventral portion of five rings, white, and an abbreviated lateral white line. Legs black : 
tarsi of the forelegs striped with white in front. Expanse of wing varies from two 
and a half to three inches. 

This species is found accompanying the D. plexippus in the vicinity of Albany, and is 
usually regarded as a mere variety of the same ; but the many differences in the markings, 
taken in connection with the constancy in size of the numerous individuals I have exa- 
mined, leave no doubt of its distinct character. 


LIMENITIS URSULA. ( Plate xxxiii, figs. 1 & 2.) 
Color black above, black and brownish beneath : antenne black ; knob rather slender : 
eyes brown : head black. Behind the antenne there are two white triangular spots, 
and a white line beneath and outside of each eye. Thorax and abdomen black above: 
sides of the former marked with three white spots; on the latter, the edges of the 
rings of the venter white, and sides marked with a wide white stripe. Outside palpi 
white : upperside of the imperfect forefeet white. Forewings subfalcate ; outer margin 
slightly sinuate ; nervures of the wings with four branches : posterior wings slightly 
angulated, without tail, subtrigonal. Upper sine, velvety black : forewings marked 
with submarginal bluish and rather obsolete lunules ; apical area marked with two 
white triangular spots; edge trimmed with white and black : hindwings marked 
with two rows of pale blue quadrangular spots, the third upon the inner row from 
the anal angle being a lunate spot. Outside of these there are two rows of sublunate 
spots, the outer white, the inner blue ; the former are placed upon the edge. Benratu, 
the apical area is brownish, and marked with white spots, which beconie obsolete as _ 
they extend towards the outer angle. Base of the wing bluish in some lights, and 
marked with two brown and four blue subcostal spots : the blue spots are small, and 
stand two and two; the margin is trimmed with two rows of lunules, and the edge 
with white and black. Behind the disk is brownish, similar to the apical area, and 
the base is marked with a cluster of rufous and blue spots. The margin inside has 
five rufous spots surrounded with black, and two rows of lunules parallel with the 
edge, which is trimmed with white and black. 
This species is found as far south as Georgia, yet does not appear to be common any 
where : it feeds on the gooseberry leaf and wild cherry, and is figured in Azgorr and 
Smity’s Lepidoptera. 


204 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Pierides, 


PIERIDES (Westwoop). DANAT ( Linnzvs). 


Conras puLopicE (Godart). Clouded-sulphur Butterfly. ( Plate xxxv, figs. 1, 2,4&9.) 


PAPILIO PALZNO? (Linnzeus). CoLIAs EUROPOME (Swainson). 


Mate : Antennse ferruginous ; knob blackish above, ferruginous beneath, tipped with 
ferruginous or rosy color : palpi yellow, clothed with long hairs, greenish at base : 
eyes brown. Head blackish above; tips of the hairs often reddish. Trunk and abdo- 
men blackish above, or rather greenish ; beneath, yellow. Wings yellow, broadly 
bordered with black. Anterior wings above marked with a central diamond-shaped 
black spot, which is matched by a faint yellowish spot upon the posterior wing : 
beneath yellow, with a greenish tinge, especially beneath the black border of the 
forewings. Posterior wings of a deeper tint of sulphur-yellow than the anterior, and 
marked with two brownish spots each : the first is near the middle of the wing, and 
coalesces with a smaller spot towards the anterior margin, and both are ornamented 
in the centre with a spangle of silver; the other, a reddish oblong brown spot, is 
placed directly midway upon the anterior margin of the wing, pointing to the coa- 
lescing central spots. Wings ciliate : ciliz rosy red. 

Femace : The colors of the wings are much like those of the male. The border is rather 
paler, and shows six spots of the ground-color of the wings, placed two and two : 
four of the spots are nearer the apical angle. The posterior wings show obsoletely the 
marks placed beneath : the black border is fainter and narrower than in the male. 
Beneath, the anterior wings scarcely differ from those of the male; the posterior are 
paler, and, if any thing, show a faint rosy tint, with three or four small dots. Ex- 
panse of wing, about two inches. 

The females differ as to depth of coloring : some are nearly as yellow as the male; in 
others, the yellow is pale and whitish. The caterpillar is described as pubescent, green, 
with yellow lines and black dots. 


Fig. 1, male; 9, upper side female ; 2, lower side female ; 4, lower side male. 


Pontia oLerAces ( Harris). Potherb Pontia. 


Knob of the antenne flattened, black, and tipped with ferruginous ; setaceous part, white 
beneath ; above black, with the lower margin of the rings white. Head white, with a 
black spot upon the back of it. Thorax and body black, with the ends of many hairs 
and scales white : the sides of the abdomen are striped with white. Anterior wings 


FAMILY HELICONIID. 205 


‘ 


white, and tips and base dusky, which color extends outward along the nervures. 
Posterior wings white above, slightly yellowish green beneath. 

Dr. Harris has given a minute description of the eggs and caterpillar of this species, 
from which it appears that the female lays its yellowish eggs upon the leaves of cabbages, 
radishes or turnips, about the first of June; that they are hatched in about a week, and 
that the caterpillar attains its full size in three weeks : it measures an inch and a half in 
length, is of a pale green color, and feeds indiscriminately upon any part of the leaf, 
perforating it in many places. The pupa state lasts about eleven days. 

This butterfly, as may be supposed from its habits above described, is injurious to 
garden plants. There is no other way to save cabbages, etc. when attacked by the cater- 
pillar, than to crush it under foot. It is common, but less so than the Colias. Neither inflict 
very extensive injury upon the farmer ; and if the birds could have their own way so far 
as to inhabit the trees about the garden without molestation, they would always keep these 
minor evils in check : the indviduals of any species of insect would never increase to an 
extent such as to call the husbandman or gardener from his other duties. | 

The Pontia oleracea has a resemblance to species of the Genus Arrerix : in all these, 
however, the antenne are shorter, not flattened, but clavate, and the wings are angulated ; 
and finally the individuals are all larger than the P. oleracea. 


PIERIS NICIPPE? ( Plate xxxv, fig. 7.) 


Head and body black above, but crossed at the back of the head and thorax with yel- 
lowish ; beneath, yellow and orange along the sides. Antenne rather short : knob 
yellowish. Wings yellow or orange: border wide, black, and edged with orange about 
the middle : below the anterior edge there is a short black line; the anterior border 
rather greenish. Beneath yellow, with a few splashes of red particularly on the hind- 
wings. Forewings, the outer border is yellow, while the basal part is a deeper yellow: 
the outer edge of the forewing is dotted with brown ; and the fore-edge of the hind- 

. wing shows many sharp dark lines, but frequently obscure. 

Though this species does not agree in every particular of coloring with the nicippe, it is 
not so far removed as to admit much doubt of its being the same. It has a wide range, 
being found in Pennsylvania and Virginia as well as in New-York ; but here it is far from 
being common. 

Some of the figures have been colored of a deeper orange than the specimens ordinarily 
exhibit : indeed some individuals scarcely partake of this color at all, bearing mostly 
upon yellow. 


Fig. 7, upper side ; 6, lower side. 


206 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Nymphatidae. 


Tue distinguishing characteristics of this family are found in the forelegs, the antenne, 
the posterior groove of the hindwings, and the peculiar manner in which the pupa is sus- 
pended. The anterior legs are defective, being short and unfitted for walking : the antenne 
have a distinct club, it may be compressed or somewhat prolonged below, but never hooked 
at the tip : the two hind pair of legs are furnished with bifid claws, the hinder tibia with a 
single pair of spurs ; and the posterior wings receive and protect the abdomen in a groove. 
The larve bear spines or else tubercles, and are cylindric : the pupa is angulated, and 
suspended by the tail. 

This family embraces the beautiful species that have received the common names of red 
and white admirals, ‘painted-ladies, fritterlaries, etc. Their flight is strong, and more than 
makes up for the imperfection of their feet. 

The genera may be known by the following characters : 


The VANnEss# have angulated wings ; antenne rather abruptly clavate ; eyes pubescent. 

The CynTH1# have rather rounded wings, or only subangulated : in other respects, they closely re- 
semble the vanessze. 

In the Limentrss, the wings are more or less rounded ; the antenne are straight ; the club gradually 
thickens : eyes pubescent. 

In the Hrpparcut4, the club of the antenne gradually thickens, and is more or less curved. 

The ARGyNNEs have the antennz rather abruptly clavate, and club short ; eyes naked ; wings broad, 
and the head large. 


Nymphalides. 
Vanessa ANTIOPA. Wallow Butterfly. ( Plate vi, figs. 5, 6, 7.) 


PAPILIO ANTIOPA ( Linnzeus, Donovan). 


Above the medium size. Wings angulated : upper sides deep purplish brown; surface 
appearing like velvet, bordered with a broad wavy belt of black, in which there are 
angular violet-blue spots : outer margins cream-colored, sprinkled with dots arranged 
somewhat in lines; the salient angles of the border more distinctly marked. The 
anterior margin of the primary wings has cream-colored spots beyond the middle, 
towards the outer edge : the underside of the wings darker brown, terminating in 
the scollopped mottled gray border, in which there is a row of darker angular spots. 
The secondary wings are prolonged slightly into tails. 

The caterpillar is black, with a series of spots along the back, and each joint armed with 
spines. It consumes the leaves of the poplar, willow, etc., but injures more especially the 


FAMILY NYMPHALID. 207 


elm, from the branches of which it often hangs in clusters; and when once stripped of 
its foliage by the larve of this species, which are more numerous some years than others, 
the tree rarely recovers. 

The pupa is suspended by its tail from the underside of a stone or rail, and is pointed 
and armed with a double row of spines upon its ventral surface. 

The antiope or willow butterfly survives the winter : it seeks a warm secluded place, and 
hence in the spring it appears early. The young butterfly comes forth from the chrysalis 
state in July ; and in August a second brood of caterpillars appear, which pass through 
their changes before winter. 

In consideration of the extensive injury these caterpillars inflict upon some of our best 
kinds of shade trees, it is very desirable that they should be destroyed, by shaking them 
from the limbs on which they congregate, and crushing them under the foot It is only by 
taking this advantage of its larval state, that the increase of the species can be effectually 
checked. 


VANESSA INTERROGATIONIS. Semicolon Butterfly ( Harris). ( Plate xxxv, fig. 5.) 


Head and body brown, hairy. Anterior wings angulated and reddish or dark reddish 
orange, with their borders broadly shaded with black and obscurely marked with 
reddish spots, of which the longest is situated at the superior and outer angle, and 
dotted or marked within with black : middle spotted with seven angular black spots. 
Posterior wings all black except their bases, but the black is not sufficient to conceal 
rows of reddish spots : posterior and lateral margin edged with a black line, within 
which there is a reddish white line extending and spreading over the short tails. 
Underside of both pairs of wings the color is rust-red or marbled : the border of the 
hindwing is also ornamented with faint bluish green lunate spots. The centre has the 
pale silvery comma. Expansion of wing, 24 — 2? inches. 

The caterpillar is spinous, brownish and variegated with yellow and brown, and lives 
upon the hop. 

There seems to be some variety in the markings of this butterfly, though the general 
pattern is much the same. 


VANESSA PROGNE (Fabricius). Progne Butterfly. 


Antenne brown : knob dark brown, tipped with lighter ; outside spotted with black and 
white ; beneath light brown. Head with a black spot at the base of the palpi. Body 
brown, light beneath and black above. Wings angulated, brown, and spotted with 
black. AnTERion wines : Outer margin black, marked near the centre with five 
round spots placed in a right angle : above and near the margin there is an oblong 


208 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


larger spot than either of the five; beyond, a dusky patch with the apex black. 
Posterior wines, mostly dusky black, but brownish towards the base : tails and 
margins powdered with reddish white : beneath grayish, mottled reddish or orange, 
and with obscure spots of lighter and darker color partaking more or less of brown. 
Hindwings marked with a silvery ¢ opening outwards. 

This species furnishes considerable variation in the markings, as well as in expansion 
of wings. It is a common species, generally smaller than the red admiral and comma but- 
terfly. 

Dr. Harris regards this species and V. argentea, described by the late Rev. W. Kirsy 
in the Fauna Boreali Americane, as the same. 


Vanessa comma ( Harris). 


Dr. Harris has recently described an American comma butterfly, which had been 
regarded as identical with the European : although closely resembling the latter, the 
hinder wings are not so deeply indented, which feature may serve to distinguish the two. 
For description, see Haxrris’s Injurious Insects, 2d edition, p. 241. 


VANESSA POLYCHLOROS? Comma Butterfly. 


ANTERIOR wines, dusky orange, darker at base, marked with four large subquadrate spots 
upon the disk, of which three are in a line, and the other is placed below the middle 
spot of the three : costal margin with three large abbreviated fascie, the middle one 
the largest, the apical one smallest and whiter : outer margin dusky, and marked 
with an irregular pale line. Posterior wines have a large black or dark brown 
costal spot : outer margin marked with crescents, which are not sufficiently distinct 
to warrant insertion in this description, owing to injury : a slender pale line is visible 
running parallel with the edge. Beneath the wings are clouded, the basal portion much 
the darkest ; the higher portion, or broad band is striated transversely by numerous 
darker interrupted lines. In the middle of the posterior wing there is a silvery curved 
line. 

The individual above described differs about as much from the English polychloros, as 
our Vanessa atalanta or Cynthia cardut from theirs. The most important point not made 
out, relates to the bluish lunules upon the outer margin; but on applying our polychloros 
to the English figure, I find it fits in length and breadth, and also the angulated and scol- 
lopped edges. There is a close correspondence in the patterns above and beneath, and the 


general resemblance is so near that it will not be safe to treat our species as distinet from 
the English. 


FAMILY NYMPHALID. 209 


Vanessa urtTicm? Tortoise-shell Butterfly. ( Plate xlvi, figs. 8, 9, 10.) 


PAPILIO URTIC ( Linnzeus). 


Upper sides of both pair of wings bright red-orange, dark at the base, and covered with 
long olive-brown hairs. Costal margin of the forewings marked with three large black 
subquadrate spots : between these spots, pale orange, with a whitish figure towards the 
apex, but within the border. Under the three black spots mentioned, there are three 
quadrangular spots upon the disk : the one nearest the base, rectangular and largest, 
and bordered on the outer edge with yellowish ; above which are the two smaller 
spots. Exterior margin of both pair of wings black, and ornamented all around with 

blue lunules : beneath, the basal half of the hind-pair is nearly black ; outside of 

’ which there-is a belt of brown marked transversely by darker lines, and then the 

blackish border ornamented with obscure or black lunules. On the forewings there is 
a large pale orange patch, corresponding to the reddish orange markings above. 

ANTENNE : rings marked with white and brown; knob brown, terminated with pale 
orange; palpi gray, from an intermixture of white and brown hairs. Expanse of 
wing, 1$ —3 inches. 

I am unable to say whether this is a common species in this State, or not : it has been 
taken in the vicinity of Albany this season (1853), and I believe frequently. It resembles 
Say’s V. furcellata, obtained in the Northwest Territory ; but in the latter there are two 
subquadrate yellow and reddish spots near the costa upon the black ground, and the broad 
belt is orange, bearing upon the costa a large black spot. 


Vanessa ATALANTA (Fabricius, Curtis, Stephens). Papilio atalanta (Stephens). 


Base of the anterior wings rich brown ; of the apical half, brownish black with a tinge of 
blue, in which there is a series of white spots arranged in a curved line, the two 
largest spots separated by the two smallest. Between the broad orange fascie and the 
series of white spots, there is a large white spot upon the costa. The orange fascia 
crosses the wing, but does not quit the posterior angle : the scollopped edges are 
trimmed with white. Posterior wing, two-thirds of the basal part rich velvety brown, 
ornamented with a broad border similar in color to the fascia of the forewing, and 
dotted through its middle with black, besides the two confluent blue spots of the 
anal angle. Brnratu, the forewings are black ; and between the middle orange band 
and base, there are red and blue lines : apex ashy brown. The hindwings are brown, 
black and grayish, traversed transversely by black narrow interrupted wavy bands : 
beneath the orange belt the color is ashen, marked with black angular lines. On the 
costal margin there is an ashen patch, with a darker middle. 

{ AcricuLturaL Report — Vot. v.] 27 


210 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Cyntia carpuil. Vanessa cardui (Godart). ( Plate xlvi, figs. 1, 2.) 


Anterior wine : Disk reddish orange, extending near the base ; apical part nearly black, 
marked with quadrangular spots, the two smallest placed just to the right of the other 
two : the large costal spot within the four spots spoken of, is divided into three parts 
by the nervures : margin and edges trimmed with white brown, and an interrupted 
line which reaches the costa between the white spots and apex. Postrrior wines 
reddish orange, their inner margin covered with long brown hair : upon the disk of 
orange there are four regular round black spots, an imperfectly formed bar within, 
with two rows of black spots without, placed with long diameters at right angles to 
each other ; the edge is trimmed with white. The hindwing is orange, spotted all over 
with black spots : the costal margin, which is connected under the forewings, is 
white. Brneatu, the coloring is brighter on the forewings, but the pattern is much 
the same as above. The hindwings are ornamented with four distinct eyes, the two 
smallest in the middle : the centre is black ; then a partial ray of blue, then of black, 
then a distinct one of buff margined with black. Towards the outer angle there is 
often a fifth much smaller eye, arranged on a line with the others. The whole of the 
portion within the eyes, and the nerves, are all white, with numerous large and small 
white and light brown angulated spots and bars. 


CyNTHIA HUNTERA ( Kirby). 


PAPILIO CARDUI VIRGINIENSTS (Drury). P. tore (Cramer). Vanessa HUNTERA (Dale, Stephens). 


Edges of the wings rounded, or only subangulated. Disk of both pair of wings orange red, 
brown at base, and darker at, the apex ; disk broken by black irregular transverse 
bars connected by delicate lines : apical part marked with four silvery white spots ; 
the two smallest are outside of the larger, and the costal one is divided by the black 
nervure into two parts. There is also a large subquadrangular spot resting on the 
costa : outer margin trimmed with parallel scollops of white, brown and orange. On 
the posterior wing the ornaments consist of two black circles with blue centres, be- 
tween which are two black spots. The margin does not differ much from that of the 
forewing, except that the scollops take the form of lunate spots : upon the anal angle, 
these spots have blue discs. Brnzaru, there is much greater complexity as well as 
beauty of coloring. The principal and characteristic ornaments are the eyes on the 
apical angle of the forewings, and two large eyes surrounded with black upon the 
hindwings : the disk is a patch of white composed of mealy scollopped lines. The 
margin below resembles that above. 

The caterpillar is said by Drury to be green, with black rings around the body, and 
feeds on balsam or lady’s-jewels. 


FAMILY NYMPHALIDA. 213 


Limenitis artuemis. JVymphalis arthemis (Drury). (Plate xliii, figs. 2-9.) 


Wings black, marked by a broad white band common to both pair, reaching very nearly 
to the margins : apical portion marked with three white spots, to which a fourth is 
sometimes added. Beneath, the basal portion is black, perhaps greenish, and orna- 
mented with a cluster of brown spots and bluish green bars situated near the base : 
at the apex there are three white spots. Posterior wings beneath are marked with six 
or seven brown spots outside of the white band : margin trimmed with white, black 
and blue. The last-mentioned spots are in two parallel lines, and bear the form some- 
what of lunules. 7 

The anterior pair of feet are white before : abdomen black, and the venter has a yellow 
stripe on the specimen before me. 

This species seems to have a wide range ; being found as far north as Lake Winnepec, 
and south into Virginia. 


ARGYNNIS APHRODITE. 


Stipe of the antennez long, bufi-brown ; knob black. Head and body buff, with black upon 
the thorax and upper side of the abdomen. Color of the wings bright buff-yellow or 
fulvous : forewings spotted and banded with black, and both pair darker at base as 
well as hairy. In front there are six or seven black subcostal bands > the four from 
the hase are connected with a zigzag band which extends across the wing ; or they 
may be regarded as a connected series of lunules, having in front of their concavities 
a row of six round black spots, beyond which is a regular row of seven lunules 
smaller than the former : margin trimmed and edged with two black lines, which 
are dilated where they cross a nervure. Hindwings marked with distant rows of lu- 
nules, between which there is a row of roundish spots : they are trimmed and edged 
like the forewings. Brnearu paler, and the subcostal bands are more distinct : there 
is a double row of lunules, with three spots between. At the apex, the black spots 
and lunules of the upper sides are replaced by silvery ones. Hindwings, base deeper 
colored than the wide margins, and ornamented with three parallel rows of bright 
silvery spots, and several more which cluster at the base : among the rows, there are 
small silvery spots scattered about without order : margin trimmed with a plain 
brown band edged with black. The silvery spots are surrounded with a black ring 
wholly or in part; and there is a straight line also on the forewings, between the 
third and fourth subcostal bands. Expanse of wing, 2? inches. 

This species si very common in the western part of Massachusetts and Eastern New- 

York. 


212 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


ARGYNNIS IDEALIA. 

Antenne brown, tipped with rufous. Forewings a buff brown : costa and margin black, 
marked by five subcostal bands, besides the straight band which forms a delta with 
the fourth : apex black, marked with four white elongated subcostal spots : disk 
marked by a row of five round spots, besides which there are two lunules in reversed 
position with respect to each other, and two rather quadrangular spots; the outer 
margin is trimmed with black, bearing a row of eight or nine white spots. Hindwings 
dark or very dark brown, but lighter at the base, and marked with two rows of large 
white spots. Brenratu, the forewings present much the same pattern, except that the 
white border spots are more distinctly in the form of short arrowheads bordered with 
black. Hindwings very uniformly dark brown, and spotted with large white spots : 
there are three parallel rows, and the basal cluster might be called a fourth; the 
shoulders have also a white stripe running along the edge of the wing. Expanse of 
wing, four inches. 

This species is far less common in the vicinity of Albany than the aphrodite. 


MELITHA PHETON. ( Plate xliii, figs. 4, 7.) 

Stipe of the antenne ringed with black and white : knob, base fulvous, middle black, 
tip gray : palpi, eyes and feet rufous. Head black, with a ring of white around the 
eyes, and a row of white spots passing around the head just behind the antenne. 
Thorax and upper side of the abdomen black, with a few white dots along the top, 
and two rows along the sides. Beneath the abdomen is marked with a rufous red 
series of largish spots on each side, and the venter with a row of yellowish white 
spots. Upper stipe : Wings black : outer margins ornamented with four rows of 
spots ; the outer row rufous, resting on the nervures, and divided ; the three inner, 
yellowish white ; the innermost row short : beyond the rows there are two or three 
dashes of red, parallel with the costa. Hind- marked like the forewings, except the 
short row of spots is wanting. Brnraru, the surface of both pairs is marked with 
four rows of yellow spots between two of brown, except the inner brown row of the 
forewing is replaced by two large brown subcostal spots : on the hindwings, there is 

a cluster of brown and yellow spots at the base. It should be noted that the yellow 
spots of the outer row are all lunules opening outwards. Expanse of wing, 2 inches. 
This season (1853) this butterfly is quite common, while in former years it was scarce. 


MELITEHA PHAROS. ( Plate xliii,*figs. 5 & 6.) 

Head, body and wings black, marked with numerous red and yellow spots. Hindwings 
marked with six orange-colored spots extending across the wing, the concavities 
turned towards the base of the wing. Outside of these spots, there is a row of six 


FAMILY NYMPHALID®. 213 


ocellate spots with black centres : these ocelli stand between the nervures. Near the 
base there is a lunule, with a round spot in its concavity. Underside reddish clay- 
colored, mottled and clouded. Forewing the red is deeper, and the outer angle or 
apex has a dark triangular space dotted with red : outer margin clouded with red- 
dish of different hues. Spread of wing, about one and a half inches. 

This beautiful species is less common here than the preceding. 


Hipparchiides. 


HIPPARCHIIDES (Westwoop). SATYRIDES ( Botspvvat). 


Tue palpi of this subfamily are three-jointed and elongated, and their antenne thickened 
very gradually at the tips. The insects are not robust, but rather feeble in flight. Their 
colors, though frequently beautiful, belong rather to the neutral tints : they are brown 
and yellow, with ocelli for ornaments. The larve feed upon the grasses during the night 
season : their bodies are widest in the middle : some of them undergo their transforma- 
tions in the earth, and others suspend themselves by their tails. 


HIppaRCHIA ALOPE. ( Plate xxxiii, figs. 5, 6.) 
Brown ; paler beneath. Antenne slender and arcuate : knob a mere dilatation of the 
upper end; stipe annulated with white. Upper sine : Forewings marked with a 
broad luteous band, or rather oblong spot placed upon the outer half of the wing, 
and ornamented with two eyelets with a black iris and bluish pupil. Hindwings more 
distinctly crenate than the forewings, and marked towards the posterior margin with 
a single small eyelet with a black iris and blue pupil. Brnrarn, the eyelets are 
rather more distinct than above. Wings barred transversely by darker lines : posterior 
are marked by six small eyelets arranged in two lines, three in each; the largest in 
the middle, and each surrounded with a perfect brown ring outside of the black iris. 
The margins of the wings are traversed by black and brown lines running parallel 
with the edge, which is densely ciliate. Legs ashen. Common. 


HipparcHIA NEPHELE. Clouded Hipparchia. (Plate xxxiii, figs. 3, 4.) 

Color brown above and beneath, but paler beneath. Antenne annulated with white ; knob 
slender. Upper stipe is marked with an obsolete but broad submarginal band, in 
which there are two eyelets with a clouded white or bluish white pupil, and a black 

iris with a very indistinct brown ring. The posterior wings are crenate, and marked 
with a minute or obsolete black spot. Unprr stvr, the belt of the anterior wings is 
much more distinct, the eyelets bright, and the outer ring of brown plain : margin 

of the wing traversed with two or three lines parallel to the edge. Outer half of the 
hindwing paler, and marked with six small eyelets, which form three rows, the largest 


214 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


eyelet being in the middle : the anal angles divaricate, leaving a wide triangular 
space. 
This species was first described, I believe, by the Rev. Mr. Kirzy in the Fauna Boreals 


Americana. 


Lycenidae. 


LYCANID (Lracu), POLYOMMATID A (Swatnson). 


Tue insects of this family are small and weak, but finely and delicately colored and 
marked. The forelegs are fitted for walking, and the last joint of the palpi is small and 
naked. The caterpillar has a small head nearly concealed under the first ring, and secures 
itself, when about to undergo transformation, by the hindfeet and a loop about the body. 
The chrysalis is flat on the underside ; its ends are round : the imago six-footed. Social, 
and often collected into groups upon sweet-scented flowers. 


THECLA ACIS. ( Plate xliii, figs. 2, 3.) 


Potyommatts ( Latreille & Godart). Papriio acis (Drury). P. rxron ( Fabricius). 


Superior wings immaculate and dark brown above, paler beneath : posterior, bicaudate ; 
the two inner the longest, and immediately above are two red spots, and two more 
upon the anal angle. Unper sip, the wings are lead-colored, crossed by a narrow 
white and black line running parallel to the external edges ; the posterior are crossed 
by an indented irregular line : the four long reddish spots stand above four black 
ones. 


THECLA HUMULI ( Harris). 


Anterior or primary wings dusky brown on their upper sides, tinted with bluish gray ; 
and, in the males, they are also marked with an oval spot on the front edge. The 
posterior wings are slenderly tailed, but, unlike those of the acis, they are tipped with | 
white ; and the margin posteriorly is also marked by a row of pale blue spots, among 
which is a crescent of orange marked in the centre with a black dot. It is a little 
larger also than the acis ; expanding about an inch and a tenth, while the acis is only 
about an inch. 

In its caterpillar state, the T. humuli feeds upon the heads of the hop, as is implied by 
its specific name : its color is green, and its skin is downy. Described by Harais in his 
work on insects injurious to vegetation, p. 235, 2d edition. 


FAMILY HESPERIIDA. 215 


Hesperiidae. 


SKIPPERS. 


Heap large, with large and prominent eyes : bodies short and thick ; feelers short, hairy, 
and ends square or angular. Antenne short and distant from each other, ending in a 
knob prolonged and bent into a hook, and pointed. Legs six, and the four hindshanks 
furnished with two pairs of spurs. 

Larva : Head large : body tapering from a cylindric middle, spineless, and generally 
naked. Solitary, concealed within a rolled leaf; their transformations taking place 
in envelopes of leaves and fragments of straws bound together by a few silken threads. 
Chrysalids taper from one end, and are rounded : they make imperfect cocoons, which 
are formed of rolled leaves and threads. 


Evpamus tityrus. Tityrus Skipper. ¢ Plate xxxviii, figs. 4, 5.) 


Antenne brown : eyes brown, with a white spot beneath. Upper sine: Head, body and 
wings brown, lighter at base. The middle is crossed with a wide yellow band, nar- 
rowing towards the posterior angle : between it and the apex there are two yellow 
dots or spots. Hindwings tailed, rounded upon their anal angle : beneath they are 
marked by a large oval and central white spot; the edges trimmed with yellow or 
yellowish brown. Expanse of wings, 2-24} inches. The larva is pale green, and 
striped transversely with darker green and dotted : head and neck red and tubercu- 
lated ( fig. e) ; fig. f, pupa. 

The tityrus inhabits the locust-tree, making its habitation of the leaves drawn and kept 
together by threads of silk, which serve also for its transformation : it feeds on the leaves, 
and sometimes nearly strips the tree of foliage. 

This season (1853), which has furnished many other rare insects, this skipper has not 
been common. 


PAMPHILA PHYLEUvS. 


Upper stipe : Thorax and abdomen yellowish olive. Superior wings tawny yellow, mar- 
gined with a black toothed border : three dark brown spots traverse the wing, the 
outer corner one coalescing with the border. Inferior wings yellow, subangulated : 
margin with a dark brown border, sharply indented : anal angle truncate. Benzatu, 
the wings are paler, marked with brown somewhat triangular and lined spots : one 
elongated spot near the shoulders. Expansion of wing, 1} inches. The caterpillar 
feeds upon the panic and buffalo grasses. 

This is a very common butterfly in Western Massachusetts, in August, in meadows. 


216 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


CuRYSOPHANUS PHLEAS. Copper Butterfly. ( Plate xlvi, fig. 4.) 


Color copper-red above. Forewings margined with black : area of the disc marked with 
six or seven oblong black spots. Hindwings, disc and base dusky black : posterior 
margin red, trimmed with about six black spots, and furnished with short tails. Br- 
neatH : Forewings, the disc is orange or cupreous orange, spotted with black, and 
margined with ash. Hindwings, base and disc ash, spotted or dotted with black, and 
bordered with faint copper-red. 

Common at midsummer in the vicinity of Albany and Western Massachusetts. 


Hesperia PEcKius (Kirby). Peck’s Hesperia. ( Plate xxxii, fig. 8.) 


Color brown, paler beneath. Both pair of wings widely bordered with brown : area of the 
dises bright yellow, with a band of brown extending outwards from the base, ciliate ; 
cilie fuscous. Brneatu, the area of the discs is occupied with yellow patches, ir- 
regular in form ; that upon the hindwing is usually double. The body is clothed with 
long yellowish brown hairs, especially upon the breast. 

There is considerable diversity in the form or shape of the yellow patches on the discs : 
in some, the whole area of the disc of the forewings is yellow. It is very probable, how- 
ever, that this may prove a species distinct from the peckius. The latter is common in fields 
in Western Massachusetts and Eastern New-York, in July. 


‘Sphingidae. 


HAWKMOTHS. 


Tus family of Lermortera has received the special attention of naturalists from Linnzus 
down to the present time. They fly with great strength and vigor, with a bird-like motion 
of their wings; and are capable of sustaining their flight for a long time, and of poising 
themselves in the air like the hummingbird while sucking the nectar of flowers. The 
tongue is coiled compactly when not in use, and frequently exceeds the body in length. 
The antenne are prismatic, presenting in a cross section the segment of a circle on one 
side, while others are formed by two curved lines meeting in such a way as to make an 
edge on the opposite side : it often terminates in a feather-like tuft. The labial palpi are 
broad and compressed ; but the labrum and mandibles are rudimentary, as they are not 
required for taking food. 

The larve are naked, cylindrical, and supplied with sixteen feet, and ordinarily a horn 
is placed on the eleventh segment of the body : they are commonly ornamented with 
oblique stripes on the sides. They usually descend into the earth when their transformation 


FAMILY SPHINGIDZ. 217 


is about to take place. The pupa too will be found naked, and sometimes an appendage 
exists in the form of a bent hook, like the handle of a pitcher : this is a distinct case, 
and contains the tongue. Where this organ is short, the appendage is absent. The wings 
are generally covered with scales ; but in some cases they are transparent, as in the Srsra, 
from the absence of scales. 

Many of the larve, when not engaged in feeding, fix themselves by the hindlegs, and, 
elevating their bodies at a considerable angle, remain stiffly fixed in that position for 
hours : in color and position, they then resemble a broken twig of the bush upon which 
they have been feeding (See Plate xxxvi, fig. a). 

The hummingbird moths, or sphinges, fly in the early morning, or in the dusk of the 
evening, when they visit the garden or the wild flowers of hedges, flitting rapidly from 
one blossom to another, and poising themselves with the utmost ease by the rapid motion 
of their wings, which are long and pointed, but of unequal expanse, the forewing being 
the longest. Their bodies are thick and robust, and frequently pointed behind; or else 
they terminate in a fan-like tail, as in the Sesrm. 

There is a diversity in habit in this family, as in all others : while some fly swift, others 
are slow and sluggish in their flight; and while some prefer the twilight of the morning 
or evening, others take the wing only during the day. The Smerinthus has a slow heavy 
flight, and flies only in the night; and it is doubtful whether it takes food in the imago 
state, as its tongue is too short to be useful for that purpose. When at rest, the wings are 
horizontal or a little inclined ; and the posterior have an apparatus consisting of a setiform 
process at its base, which passes through a hook to the anterior, for the purpose of re- 
gulating the extent of their motion. 

This family contains but few genera, which may be indicated by observing the following 
characters : 


1. Smerintuus : Wings more or less angulated ; flight heavy : tongue very short : antennee in the 
males biciliate beneath. 

. Spurnx : Tongue long : wings entire, acute : labial palpi robust : antennee not clavate. 

. DerLepHinta : Antenne clavate. 

. SesrA : Wings partially clear and transparent : abdomen terminates in a short flat brush. 

. PHILAMPILUS : Wings subfalcate ; inner margin sinuous. 

. Coa@rocampa : Antenne short, arcuated, terminating in a long slender hook : margins of the 


oS OF ~e & 


wings sinuate ; hind-angle angulated. 
7. CeraTocaAmMpA : Antenne in the males with distinct joints, doubly bipectinated : wings entire. 
Larva with horns upon the shoulders. 


[ AcricuttuRAL REeport— VoL. v.] 28 


218 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Spuinx Brontes ( Drury). ( Plate xl, fig. 1.) 
Antenne white within and brown on the outside, and tapering to a hooked bristleform 
point. Upper spr, fuscous and clouded, but traversed transversely by two or three 
sets of black crinkled lines, the outer one forked at the outer angle of the anterior 
wing, having the shape of the letter U : disc of the wing dirty yellow, and marked 
with a white spot. Posterior wings, outer half brown ; base gray : the brown part is 
traversed obliquely by a curved gray line. Head and neck dark brown ; thorax and 
abdomen gray : the rings marked on each side of the median line by narrow black 
bars. Unper sipE : Breast white; abdomen white, marked by four reddish spots 
placed along the middle ; posterior wings dark gray brown, but gray upon the corners 
and abdominal edges ; ciliz white and brown ( Drury, Plate xxix, fig. 4). 


SPHINX OCTOMACULATUS- ( Plate xxxviii, fig. 2.) 
Color black. Forewings marked with two oblong yellow spots; hindwings with white 
spots : thorax has also yellow spots. Rings on the upper side of the abdomen white ; 
extremity black. 
This insect makes its appearance very early, and feeds upon the tender leaves of the 
grape-vine ; its larva goes into the ground, where its transformations are completed. 


SPHINX CAROLINUS. ( Plate xlii, fig. 10.} 
Color gray, grayish brown. Forewings marked with narrow zigzag bands, and with white 
spots, one at the base, and a small central one : hindwings banded. Abdomen marked 
with two rows of orange-yellow spots, five in each row. Expanse of wing from three 

to four inches. 


SpHinx convyotvuti. Potato Hawkmoth. 
This species has eight transverse bands upon the abdomen : the ground-color is red- 
dish. Its posterior wings are marked with oblique black bands. The larva feeds upon the 


sweet-potato vine. 


SPHINX CHIONANTHI. Fringetree Moth. 
This moth has three yellowish round spots on each side of theabdomen. The larva is 
greenish yellow, and is marked obliquely with black and yellow on the sides. 


Spuinx vitis. Vine Hawkmoth. 
Wings margined with red, and marked with yellow stripes : two interrupted stripes on 
the back, and several transverse on the abdomen. 


FAMILY SPHINGIDA. 219 


SpHinx 


2 ( Plate xlv, fig. 9.) 


Forewings subfalcate, and sinuate upon the anal margin. Color of body and wings buff of 
various shades. Antenne strongly and doubly pectinated. Forewings banded ; inner 
margin marked with a quadrate brown spot. Beneath banded : middle of the hind- 
wing marked transversely with a light ferruginous band. 

This species I obtained at Williamstown ( Massachusetts). It is closely allied to the 

Philampelus in the form of the forewing : the abdomen, however, is terminated by a short 

brush as represented in the figure. I have been unable to refer it to a described species. 


SPHINX CINEREA. 

Wings greatly elongated and narrow. Color gray, and the forewings dashed with black 
lines : there is a black spot at the base. Hindwings gray, and banded with black ; the 
bands are broad, transverse, and towards the outer margin. Margin of the abdomen 
marked with alternate bands of black and white : abdomen more pointed than in the 
5-maculatus. Back gray, without spots, but marked with a longitudinal line along the 
middle. 


SPHINX QUINQUEMACULATUS. 

Forewings gray : area of the disc darker than the margin. Hindwings gray, and marked 
with four black zigzag lines, the outer broadest ; the next is a zigzag line : the basal 
is scarcely more than a spot. Abdomen broad at the base, upon which there are black 
and white bands : margins ornamented with four or five yellow spots, alternating 
with black bands and square spots. Expanse of wing, 3 — 34 inches. 

The pupa-case is brown, and furnished with a long curved handle which encloses the 
tongue. This is the common potato-moth, the larva of which descends into the earth to 
transform, where it forms a rounded smooth chamber with its sides. The larva is green, 
and marked with oblique whitish stripes upon the body : it is also furnished with a horn 
placed posteriorly. 


PHILAMPELUS SATELLITIA. ( Plate xlv, fig. 5.) 


Color above light, and marked with spots of dark olive. Head light olive, with two spots 
of light olive on the front of the thorax ; below which is a large angular spot of dark 
olive, which extends to the base of the forewing, and forms an abbreviated band. 
Back of the thorax there is a transverse band, which connects itself with a dark hairy 
olive spot upon the base of the hindwings. The basal half of the margin of the fore- 
wings light olive, clouded, and extending itself to near the posterior margin, where 
it meets a darker submarginal band, the latter extending to the apex, and banded 


220 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


inwardly by wavy lines of olive and flesh-color : outer half olive, but marked with 
transverse abbreviated lines of darker. Apical area has a patch of flesh-color, but 
branched so as to include a costal spot of olive : posterior margin olive, and the olive 
marked with wavy bands. Hindwings marked with a row of submarginal olive spots. 
The conspicuous dark olive spot near the body has been noticed : there are also al- 
ternating abbreviated transverse lines of olive and flesh-color near the inner margin. 
Beneath buif or fuscous, traversed by narrow bands or lines : posterior margin darker. 
Expanse of wing about four inches. \ 

This is not an uncommon species in New-York and Western Massachusetts. The larve 
feed upn the grapevine, and hence Dr. Harris has given the generic name Philampelus, 
‘I love the vine.’ They also feed upon the Ampelopsis. 

The larva may be known by the recurved slender horn of the back when immature, 
but which is lost at the last moulting, leaving a smooth eyelike spot. Color pale green : 
sides marked with oval cream-colored spots. The head is retractile, which makes the insect 
appear shortened and blunt before. 

When mature, the insects are three inches in length : they are great feeders, and, when 
in numbers, injure vines in proportion to the leaves consumed. 


PHILAMPELUS (Harris). Sphinz pampinatriz? ( Plate xliv, fig. 2.) 
Color olive. Head olive, from which proceeds divaricating bands along the angles of the 
thorax, lighter between the forks. Antenne light buff. Forewings banded : at the 
base olive, marked with a costal spot of flesh-color : middle band broad and flesh- 
color, with a dot of olive : external band olive, wide, subbanded or marked with a 
stripe of flesh ; edge brownish. Hindwings flesh-colored, with an olive spot or im- 
perfect band upon the anal angle. Brnearu, buff : basal part of the forewings 
slightly ferruginous ; the apical area buff; margin light olive. Hindwings, base light 
buff; outer half darker buff, marked with a wavy line parallel to the edge; edge 
lighter. Body beneath buff : thorax colored like the base of the hindwings, and the 
abdomen like the outer half, without spots. 
Supposed to be a female. The general appearance is much like the satellitia, but smaller. 
Obtained in the early part of August, but does not appear to be common. Its larva not 
observed. Expanse of wing, 2} inches. 


Genus SMERINTHOS. 


Wings angulated, entire. Antenne biciliated in the males. . 


FAMILY SPHINGID. 221 


SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS. ( Plate xl, fig. 4.) 


SmERiIntTuUvs ( Latreille). Spuinx asryzvs ( Drury). 

Head, thorax and abdomen rusty gray-brown. Wings cinnamon-brown : anterior, orna- 
mented upon their outer margin by three curved yellowish stripes, situated between 
brown stripes ; margin brown : posterior wings reddish or cinnamon at the bases, and 
marked centrally by a round black spot, the centre of which is yellow. This spot is 
placed upon an oblique yellowish belt running from the base to the lower and outer 
angle of the wing. Unper sive : Breast, abdomen and wings cinnamon-brown, and 
marked as upon the upper side ; legs black : black spots absent. Expanse of wing, 
234 inches. 


Genus SESIA. 


In this genus of the sphinges, the antenne are gradually thickened towards their ends, 
and terminate in a minute feathered style. 


Srs1a PELAscus (Cramer). ( Plate xxxii, fig. 9.) 


Color brown, with all the wings transparent in the middle, terminated with a plain brown 
border. Antenne brown, if viewed from their tips towards their base; steel-blue or 
blue-black, if viewed from their base towards their tips : breast and underside of 
the palpi cream-white : legs and tarsi brownish. Azove, the thorax is clothed with 
olive-colored hairs. Base of the hindwings purplish brown : two first segments or 
rings of the abdomen light purple-brown; third and fourth, deep purple-brown ; 
fifth and sixth, purplish upon the top, lighter upon the sides terminating in tufts, 
purplish brown in the middle and black outside : the fifth and sixth segments have 
one side or patch of yellowish hairs. Brneatu, abdomen brown. 


Sesia FuciFrormis ? (Abbot & Smith). ( Plate xxxii, fig. 10.) 


Wings with large transparent discs, trimmed upon the margins with dusky brown or 
nearly black, with apical area rusty red. Antenne black above, brown below. Thorax 
and breast with the palpi clothed with pale yellow hairs, and marked by a black 
stripe running from the insertion of the forelegs through the eyes. Four first segments 
of the abdomen black, with steel-blue reflections where the scales are thin; sixth 
and seventh clothed laterally with a patch of yellowish hairs : the terminal tufts are 
mostly black, with brownish yellow hairs upon the middle. Expands two inches. 

Less common here than the foregoing. | 


222 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Aegeridae. 

(See Plate xxvi, figs. 1, 3.) 
Tue peculiarities of the insects of this family are, the translucency of their wings, elon- 
gate form of body, and the absence or rather deficiency of scaly covering when compared 
with the Spuineipm. They bear some resemblance to the Hymenoptera : their antenne 
are simple, and often terminated by a small pencil of hairs. The insects are interesting, 
from the fact that they are highly injurious to trees, especially fruit trees. They are fleshy 
grubs of a cylindrical shape (fig. 4), with brown heads and strong jaws ; but unlike many 
of the larvee of this order of insects, they have no caudal horn. They have the ordinary 
true six legs, eight ventral feet, and two feet at the extremity of the abdomen. 

The different species feed upon different kinds of trees ; some upon the currant, moun- 
tain ash, etc. The most destructive one is the geria exitiosa of Say, which preys upon 
the peach-tree. The egg is deposited upon the bark near the root, and, when hatched, the 
young penetrates to the wood, when it either continues its course into the wood, or burrows 
between the wood and bark : usually, however, it proceeds into the soft wood, sometimes 
just below the surface of the soil, at other times above. In either case, such is the extent 
of the injury inflicted, if allowed to maintain possession, that the tree is killed. Probably 
the peach-trees in this country have suffered more from the geria, than from all other 
insects put together. 


JEGERIA EXITIOSA. (Plate xxvi, figs. 1 — 5.) 


Fig. 5, female ; 1, male; 4, larva; 2 & 3, cocoon and pupa. 

Color steel-blue. Wings of the male transparent, and bordered behind with steel-blue : 
palpi, feelers, edges of the collar, and shoulders yellow; smaller than the female. 
Fema eg, steel-blue : wings steel-blue ; hindwings transparent : middle of the abdo- 
men marked with an orange-colored ring or belt. Expanse of wing, 14 inch. 

Mr. Harris remarks that the egeria does not confine its attacks to the peach-tree, but 
may be found also on the cherry, its larve being developed in the black knotty branches 
of the tree. It does not always locate itself at the base of the trunk of the peach-tree, but 
frequently bores into the limbs, in which case much less injury is done to the whole tree. 
The infested tree may be discovered by the presence of the dust and cuttings which the 
larvee throw out around the roots; but it is often necessary to remove the surface soil, in 
order to detect their presence. 

The mode that is most successfully pursued for extirpating these insects, is to cut them 
out with the knife, avoiding the sound parts of the tree as much as possible. A wire thrust 
into the burrows may destroy the larvee, without cutting the tree. 


FAMILY GERIDA. 223 


The cocoon is constructed partly out of the castings of the larve, which, by means of 
gum and silk, is formed into a common oval shell surrounding the pupa : these may be 
destroyed at once. 

To protect a tree, Dr. Harris long ago recommended the use of sheathing paper, secured 
by strings and matting to the neck of the tree after removing the earth. This paper should 
be cut in strips eight or nine inches wide, and fixed below the soil by means of mortar and 
fresh loam. The application requires renewal every spring; but whatever means may be 
adopted, careful examination during the months of June and July should not be neglected. 
Wounds that may be made in the removal of living bark and wood, should be covered 
with grafting wax, or something to protect the surface from water. 

The currant-bush is injured by the geria tipuliformis, which is not a native of this 
country, but is of European origin. The eggs are laid near the buds, and, when hatched, 
the larvz penetrate the bark and wood, and even into the pith : the stems become brittle ; 
but, before this, they show marks of disease by yielding an inferior fruit. 

Dr. Harris describes another insect allied to the Mexrria, the Trochilium denudatum 
( Harris) : the color is brown; the edges of the collar and of the abdominal rings, the 
shins, the feet, and the underside of the antenne are yellowish ; the forewings opake, and 
the hindwings transparent. It attacks the ash : this tree, especially the english mountain 
ash, when planted for ornamental purposes, seems to be quite as liable to the attacks of 
these borers, as the peach ; and hence it requires the same attention and treatment. 


GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS. ( Plate xl, fig. 3.) 


GLAUCcOPIS (Fabricius). SpHinx PHOLUS ( Drury). 
Antenne black, and thickest in the middle. Upper side black : basal half of the wings 
orange. Beneath the color is paler, but after the same pattern. 


The larva feeds on lichens growing upon stones, and hence is more common in bleak 
stony places. 


CHAPTER XXII. 


ORDER XI. LEPIDOPTERA (Continued ). 


BOMBYCIDES. 


PHALANZ (Linnavs). MOTHS. 


Tur antenna of moths, as has already been observed, tapers from the base to the apex : it 
may be simple, or plumed like a feather ; but the organ differs much according to sex, 
the pectinated antenna being more strongly marked in the males, who are also provided 
with a sucking tube which takes the place of a tongue, and is rolled up very compactly, 
being sometimes very long, in other cases very short. The palpi grow from the upper lip, 
curve upwards, and cover the face, the tongue being coiled up between them. 

The larvee of the moths differ much among themselves. The number of legs is usually 
sixteen, but some have only ten, and some are obscure and incomplete. They differ too as 
to their clothing, some being very hairy, others nearly or quite destitute of hairs ; some 
are smooth, others warty or spinous : some go into the earth to transform, others remain 
above ground. 

In treating this division of the Lepmorrera, I shall follow very nearly the arrangement 
of Dr. Harris. By Liyyavs, the moths or spinners were divided into eight groups, viz: 
1, Attaci ; 2, Bombyces ; 3, Noctua ; 4, Geometre ; 5, Tortrices ; 6, Pyralides ; '7, Tinea ; 
8, lucite. 


Lithosudae. 


Tue moths of this family have slender bodies, are never very large, and their wings when 
at rest lie flat upon their bodies. The antenne are bristleform and rather long, and but 
slightly feathered in some of the genera; in others, in the males, there is a double row of 
short hairs on the under side. The tongue is distinct, but only moderately long. The back 
is not woolly, and the thorax is not erested. The wings are often beautifully spotted or 


FAMILIES LITHOSIIDA AND ARCTIIDA. 225 


* speckled upon a white or yellow ground. The larve dwell in stony places, and many of 
them feed upon the lichens that grow on the stones : some feed upon grass. 


Deropeia BELLA. Beautiful Deiopeia. (Plate xlvi, fig. 5.) 
Color of the forewings yellow, traversed by five or six white bands : bands dotted in row 
with black. Posterior wings scarlet, though pale, and bordered irregularly with dusky 
black or dark brown. Body white : thorax spotted with black. Expanse of wing, 
nearly 2 inches, or 13 inch. 
It is found in Albany county in midsummer. , 


Arctiidae. 


Tue feelers and tongue mostly short and thick. Antenne doubly feathered : feathering 
narrow on the inner or upper side, and less distinct in females. Wings inclined : thorax 
thick. Both the caterpillars and moths hairy or downy, especially the thorax and head of 
the moths. They are more or less white, and ornamented with black or dark-colored spots 
upon a white or buff-colored ground. They are nocturnal, or fly only by night. 

The caterpillars move rapidly, and are covered with hairs that spread out in tufts from 
warts. They make, in clefts of rocks and sheltered places, rough cocoons of the hair of 
their own bodies, interwoven with some fibres of silk. The chrysalis is smooth, and its 
joints movable. 


Sprtosoma acrma. Saltmarsh Caterpillar. ( Plate xli, figs. 2 - 5.) 
Spitosoma (Stephens). Paatana (Bompyx) AcreA (Drury). Bompyx acria ( Fabricius). 
ARCTIA PSEUDERMINEA ( Peck). 

Mate, wpper side : Head and thorax white on the upper side; lower side yellow buff, 
embracing the wings, abdomen and thorax. Forewings cream-colored, marked and 
margined with many black spots : hindwings buff, and marked with six somewhat 
angular spots ; the lower side is deeper colored. Antenne and eyes black. 

Mate, lower side, buff-colored. Forewings margined with five or six elongate black spots, 
the posterior margin dotted with black : the other black spots upon the dise show 
through the wing, and appear to belong to the upper side. Hindwings marked with 
seven or eight spots somewhat lunate in form ; one of which is quite prominently so, 
near the middle and outer margin of the wing, but stands in reverse position to one 
upon the margin. Abdomen of a buff upon the upper and inferior sides; the sides 
being marked with a white line, which also extends to the tip of the abdomen : upper 
side ornamented with a row of black spots,and two rows that stand upon the margin 
of the white lateral line, and another line upon the lower and central part or face of 


the abdomen. 
[ AcricuLTuRAL Rerort — Vot. v.] 29 


226 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Femate : Head, thorax, wings, and lower abdomen white or faint cream-eolor : upper 
part of the abdomen, and lower part of the thorax except extremity, buff. Wings | 
spotted with black : hindwings prominently marked with a black lunate spot near 
the centre. Abdomen marked with black spots as in the male. 

The caterpillars appear in the salt marshes in the vicinity of Boston, according to Mr. 
Harris, towards the end of June, and grow rapidly till the first of August, when they 
attain their size, which is about 1? inch long, and clothed with hairs. They then retreat to 
the uplands, in order to undergo their transformation : for this end, they seek a sheltered 
place, and construct of silk and the hairs of their bodies a coarse cocoon, and soon change 
to a chrysalid ; in which state, in the latitude of Boston, they continue until the next year, 
when they are transformed into moths. The caterpillar is clothed with long tufts of hairs, 
which grow from warts, either brown or black, or of various shades of brown’: the skin 
is yellow, though shaded at the sides with black ; the back is also marked with a blackish 
line*. 

This insect not only inhabits the coast or saltmarshes, but is found abundantly inland 
in Berkshire county, and in Albany and vicinity. It is destructive of the grass of salt- 
meadows; and when it retreats from them to undergo its transformation, it devours the 
more valuable vegetables, as corn, beans,and garden plants. The remedy proposed hy Mr. 
Harris is to mow the marshes early, while the caterpillar is immature ;: it is thereby 
destroyed. 


SpILOsOMA ARGE. ( Plate xli, fig. 3.) 

Antenne doubly pectinated : teeth short on the upper side. Color at the base whitish, or 
cream-colored ; extremities dark brown. . 

Morn : Upper side cream-colored, somewhat variable in its shades. Collar marked by two 
black lines; upper side of the thorax by three black lines, widely separated. Anterior 
wings cream-colored, and marked with many triangular spots : the inner margin has a 
wide line running parallel with it ; the other spots are small acute triangles : margin 
beneath pale fuscous. Posterior wings marked mostly on the posterior margin by four 
black spots, sometimes only dusky. Posterior margins of both pair ciliated ; and just 
within this border there is a fuscous or reddish line. Inferior surface dusky cream- 
colored, and marked like the superior, except that the anterior margin of the anterior 
wings is bordered with fuscous. Neck covered with vermilion red hairs ; throat black. 
The cream-colored abdomen is ornamented with five rows of black spots ; two upon 
the sides, and one upon the centre of the back. Femora red anteriorly : joints and 
tibize black in front ; tarsi black. Expansion of wing, nearly two inches, but variable. 


* Harris : Insects injurious to vegetation, p. 269, 2d edition. See also 7 vol. Mass. Agr, Rep. & Jour. 1828. 


FAMILY ARCTIDE. 227 
The flight and habits of this moth are much the same as those of the S. aera, which it 
also resembles in figure, but is smaller. The caterpillar is brown, with five pale longitudi- 
ral lines, and covered with long hairs growing from fulvous tubercles : it feeds upon 
plantain, leaves of indian corn, peas, etc., and is frequently quite injurious. 
The moth appears in the vicinity of Albany, and in Western Massachusetts, in June ; 
perhaps earlier. While they are said to be occasionally injurious to corn in the Southern 
States, the insect is too rare here to give rise to much apprehension. 


EUCHETES EGLE. | ( Plate xli, fig. 11.) 
PHALENA EGLE (Drury). Spriosoma EGLE ( Westwood), Eucnres* ( Harris). 


Antenne slightly pectinated. Head, thorax, underside of the body, and legs gray. Wings 
thin, bluish gray, paler on the front edge, immature. Neck cream-colored : top of the 
abdomen indian yellow, and marked with three rows of black spots, one on the top 
and two on the sides, each row consisting of about seven spots. Unper sipe : Tongue 
spiral, a little longer than the head : abdomen pale yellow : wings gray; margins 
entire. 

CATERPILLAR : Head, body and legs black, and marked with a light-colored line on each 
side, hairy ; hairs grow in short tufts from warts. The first and second rings support 
four long pencils or tufts, which bend over the head. 

The caterpillars feed upon the milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), and may be regarded as 
harmless : they are social, and, when feeding, their heads are turned to the edge of the © 
leaf. 


CaLLimorPHA viRGuNCULA ( Kirby). ( Plate xlvii, fig. 5.) 
Color black. Head and thorax striped with black and orange. Forewings, ramifications of 
the nervures orange : hindwings orange marked with black, roundish. Abdomen 
orange above, marked along the middle with triangular black spots : beneath paler. 
Lateral portions of the abdominal rings marked by a double row of angular spots 
placed close together : venter pale orange. Expansion of wing, 13 inch. 
This is a common species in the vicinity of Albany : found in meadows in August. 
Figured in Ricuarpson’s Fauna Borealt Americune. 


CALLIMORPHA PARTHENICE. ( Plate xlvii, fig. 6.) 

Body beneath black. Head and thorax pale orange, marked with five oblong spots, two 
before and three behind. Forewings black and orange : the orange follows mostly the 
nerves, but transverse bands are sent off so as to form many triangular spots. Hind- 
wings red, marl:ed with large black patches surrounded by narrow luteous rings ; 
beneath paler and more dusky. Beneath, the rings of the abdomen are black, and the 


* EvouztTes; meaning fine flowing mone; a name applicable to caterpillars. 


228 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


extremity pale and pointed. On the top there is a row of triangular spots, the apices 
of which point towards the thorax. Expanse of wing, 24 — 24 inches. 
The markings of the forewings are quite similar to those of the virguncula found in the 
vicinity of Albany. 


CALLIMORPHA EPIMENIS. Phalena epimenis (Drury).  ( Plate xliii, fig. 10.) 


Urrer sive, black. “Anterior wings ornamented with a single large yellow spot just out- 
; side the middle of the wings. Posterior wing ornamented with a large single red spot, 
whose outer margin is nearly parallel with the posterior margin of the wing. UnpER 
sipE, black, and similar to the upper, except two additional straw-colored spots be- 
tween the large ones and shoulders.” Drury, Vol. iii, p. 40; pl. 29, f. 3. 


CALLIMORPHA PHYLLIRA ( Latreille). ( Plate xliii, fig. 8.) 
PHALZNA PHYLLIRA & BoMBYX ( Drury). Hyprrcampa (Stephens). 


Uprer sive : Anterior wings black. Cilie cream-colored. The margin next to the body 
marked with cream-color : the outer half is marked with a B. The posterior wings 
are scarlet, marked with four angular spots, and margined with black. The under 
side is like the upper, but with fainter colors. 

The caterpillar is marked with small diamond-shaped yellow spots upon its back and 
sides, emitting fascicles of hairs : it feels on corn, peas and wheat, and breeds most of the 
summer. 


Sprtosoma Nats (Stephens). Phalena ( Drury). ( Plate xli, fig. 9.) 

Antenne black and pectinated. Head and body light yellowish brown. The thorax has 

three black longitudinal marks, and several spots upon the abdomen. Anterior wings 

black, marked with broad ochre-yellow lines : cilize light yellowish brown. Posterior 

wings light yellowish or ochre-brown, marked with a faint black spot on each, and 

having a broad irregular border of a dusky black running along the external edges, 

but very narrow in the middle : wings entire. Under side marked like the upper, but 
paler. ( Westwoop : Illustrations of Drury, Vol.i, pp. 15, 16.) 


Sprtosoma cuneA ( Drury). ( Plate xlvii, fig. 7.) 

“Antenne pectinated, black : no tongue : head white; back and abdomen ash-color. 

Anterior wings white : spots numerous, of many forms, and of a sooty black : exter- 

nal margin marked with five spots ; those nearest the tips, triangular. Posterior wings 

white, with dark spot near the external edge, and faintly marked near the external 
angle. Expansion of wing, one inch and five lines.” Drury. 

This moth has not fallen under my notice either in the vicinity of Albany, or in Western 

Massachusetts. 


FAMILY ARCTIIDZ. 229 


ARCTIA ISABELLA (Harris). Isabella Tiger-moth. 

Antenne filiform, tawny yellow. Thorax tawny and brownish. Abdomen tawny, deeper 
color beneath, and marked with three rows of black spots, about six or seven in each 
row running upon the back and middle of the sides. Forewings tawny, and marked 
with a few black scattering spots. Hindwings nearly transparent, slightly tawny, and 
marked with six tawny spots. Legs black or dark brown. 

I have found this moth in Williamstown, though it does not seem to be very common, 
as only a few individuals are taken by the different collectors here. The caterpillar, how- 
ever, is common, and is frequently seen travelling aeross our paths in autumn, always 
moving as if in great haste. It is brown, and thickly clothed with hairs of a uniform 
length, stiff and short : the hairs are black on the first four and two last rings. On being 
taken up or touched, it rolls itself up. It feeds upon sundry kinds of herbs, but it is not 
to be ranked among the decidedly injurious insects. 


Arctia vireinica. White Miller, or Virginia Ermine-moth. 

Color white. Forewings marked with a black point, and two black dots on the hindwings. 
Abdomen marked with three rows of black dots, one on the top of the head, the two 
others upon the sides, between which there is a yellow stripe. Thighs of the forelegs 
ochre-yellow. i 


Arctia (var. of vireinica). 

The wings of this moth are entirely white, except that the hindwings have two black 
dots upon the underside, and one at the base of the forewings. The abdomen is ochreous, 
with the three rows of black dots, and a broad belt of ochre-yellow between. 

The Arctia figured on Plate xlv, fig. 4, may also be a variety of the virginica, but its 
abdomen is white. 


Arctia virco. American Tiger-moth. ( Plate xli, figs. 3 & 4.) 

Wings deflexed : color pink-red, with two central triangular black spots ; spots above 
and below, angular, oblong : near the posterior margin, a thick black mark extending 
nearly its whole length ; outer margin bordered with a fine black line. There are 
twelve black angular spots in each wing, the smallest upon the upper and outer angle. 
Secondaries yellow and red : in the male, the black dots large, and arranged some- 
what in the form of a triangle. The spots near the anterior margin have quite a small 
one between them. The female has about nine black spots on the posterior and middle 
half of the wing. 

CaTERPILLAR brown, with four yellow or yellowish white and green stripes, interrupted 
with paler brown, upon each bulging ring, and ornamented with a double row of 
round dots ; below which, upon the sides, there springs a heavy brush of brown hairs 
arranged in a thick pencil. 


230 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


> 


This insect feeds upon corn and a variety of other plants, as the plantain, peas, etc. : 
when the corn is young, its feeding is injurious to the plant. 


Liparidae. 


Antenne doubly pectinate, short, and bent. In the males, the teeth are longer than those 
of the females, which are also narrow. Feelers hairy, like those of the arctude, but 
longer. Tongue short and invisible. Frma.es : Body thick, and furnished with only 
rudiments of wings. Mauers : Body slender; wings broad. 

These singular moths are hairy like the arctians ; but the female, being wingless, is 
always found upon or near the cocoon from which she has escaped, and hovering around 
her is the male or mate. When at rest, the forelegs are extended considerably forward ; 
while the wings, sloping but little, are folded together over the back. 

Some of the females of this family are provided with wings, though only imperfectly, 
as they fly but sluggishly. The males are diurnal, and fly during the day in search of the 
females. . 

The caterpillars are also peculiar, being half naked ; and the covering of the remaining 
portion consists of long tufts of hairs growing from the sides of the body, and from warts, 
of which there are some six or eight. Some have four or five thick tufts of hair upon the 
back, cut short and even; and from the extremities, or from the first ring, two beautiful 
tufts of long hair project forward in the form of feelers. . 

These caterpillars are called tussocks, from the tufts upon their backs. They resort to 
trees and vines of different kinds, and feed upon their leaves. Their cocoons are oval, thin, 
and made of silk interwoven with the hair of their bodies. They are more or less injurious 
to vegetation : indeed some of them inflict fatal injuries upon fruit-trees. 


Orcy1A LEucostiemA. Pale Emperor Moth. ( Plate xxxvii, figs. 1 & a,b,c : female.) 


Antenne of the males brown upon two-thirds of the posterior part, whitish upon their 
anterior margin. The markings are two transverse waved lines and one white towards 
the base, with four thick dashes towards the outer angle : there is also a white an- 
gular spot upon the middle of the posterior margin. Secondaries brown and black 
upon the nervures, and margined with a lighter shade of brown. 

Frmae Wingless, or with only rudiments of wings : color ash or brownish ash : abdomen 
large. { 

CarErPILLaR cream-colored, longitudinally banded with brown, and black upon the back. 
Head red, with two large jointed pencil-shaped tufts of hairs upon the posterior part 


FAMILY SATURNIADZ. 231 


of the head, and one of equal length upon the posterior extremity. It is also orna- 
mented with four equal cut brushes of hair upon its back, situated upon the anterior 
half of the body, and is fringed along its abdomen and extremities with long hairs. 
This caterpillar is common here in the spring, and feeds upon the leayes of the oak and 
the horse-chestnut. 


Saturniadae. 


BOMBYCID (Stephens). 


Tue caterpillars of this family,are naked, cylindrical, and, as Mr. Harris describes them, 
have hunched backs. They are furnished with warts, which are often bristled, and may 
be either simple or compound in form. They construct a cocoon of silk, which is placed 
within a single leaf, or else within several drawn together so as to form a partial protection 
against the outside; or sometimes they are fastened longitudinally to a twig by gummy 
matter. They are unlike the pupa-cases of the Papritionrs, which are angular, spinous, and 
suspended by a short thread with the head downwards. 

The antennz of the moths are strongly and doubly pectinated, especially in the males, 
and their bodies are thickly covered with a dense mat of hairs or wool. The tongue is 
rarely visible. The wings, when the moth is at rest, are extended horizontally so as to 
exhibit both pair : they are also destitute of hooks. The wings are commonly ornamented 
by one or more conspicuous eyelike spots. 

The insects shun the broad daylight : their eggs are large and numerous : their cocoons 
are composed of a strong silk, which might possibly be converted to use ; and they offer 
this advantage, that they feed on the leaves of the common forest-trees, and hence there 
would be no danger of the loss of silkworms from an accidental scarcity of food, occa- 
sioned by untimely frosts, etc. 

The Saturniapm may not be regarded as specially injurious to the farmer, or to forest 
or fruit-trees : at least the injury they produce is small, compared with that inflicted by 
cankerworms, leaf-rollers, etc. which are far less conspicuous in themselves. 

The males of this family, according to Mr. Stepuens, fly well, and go abroad in the after 
part of the day. The females fly sluggishly, probably from the weight of the abdomen. 
The wings are gray or drab, usually of a neutral tint; and the ornaments consist of ocel- 
late spots, some of which exhibit the brightest of colors. 


Sarurnra Mara. Corn Emperor Moth. ( Plate xxxix, figs. 2,3, & ¢; d, e.) 

Wings black, with a broad band of pale yellow traversing the middle, translucent and 
thin. Forewings marked by a yellow lunar spot near the margin of the inner black part 

of the base of the wings : lunar spot also upon the middle of the yellow of the pos- 


332 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


terior wings; the wide black border margined interiorly with dark gray. Antenne 
brown, pectinated in both sexes. Front of the thorax yellow, hairy ; hairs of a rust- 
color posteriorly. Abdomen black, marked with three reddish rings, and the male 
has the last ring of the same color. 

The male and female have a very close resemblance : the male, however, is a little 
smaller, and has two tufts of reddish hair upon the lateral parts of the thorax ; while the 
females are marked with forked reddish lines upon the anterior wings, which terminate 
in the yellow stripe across the thorax. Pupa-case black. 

The caterpillars of this species are of two kinds, or rather are marked after two different 
patterns. The head and feet are red, and each ring is ornamented with three pair of red- 
dish compound spines. These spines sting sharply ; and though not at all common, they 
have been found in an oak and hickory grove three miles south of the city of Albany, 
together with the larva or cocoon of the insect: The figures were copied from Assorr & 
Smitu’s Insects of Georgia. 


Fig. 2, female; 3, male; c and d, varieties of caterpillar ; e, pupa. 


Saturnia 10. Corn Emperor Moth. 
Antenne pectinate : head and thorax purplish brown : abdomen ochre-yellow. 


Upper sipE, MALE : Color indian yellow. The anterior wings are marked with two oblique 
wavy lines towards the hinder margin, a zigzag line near the same, and several spots 
arranged so as to form the letters A H, all of a purplish red color. Posterior wings 
hairy and purplish, red at the base : on the posterior margin there is also a curved 
band of the same color; and within this band is a curved black line, and on the 
middle of the wing a black spot with a bluish centre, upon which there is a silver- 
white line or dash pointing to the inner and posterior angle. 

FemaLe : Anterior wings purplish brown or cream-color when faded, and marked in the 
middle with a brownish spot. Thorax and legs purple brown. Abdomen same as male. 

Greatest expanse of wing about three and a half inches. 

The caterpillar measures two and.a half inches when fully grown : its color is pea- 
green, marked on the sides by a brown stripe edged with white, the stripe beginning at 
the fourth ring. The surface is covered with stinging prickles, standing and spreading in 
clusters and terminating in black. 

The moth is hatched in July from the pupa, in which state it has remained through the 
winter. ; 

These caterpillars feed upon the leaves of the elm, poplar, dogwood and sassafras, and 
also upon clover and indian corn. During a part of their lives they are social, and, when 
they move, they march in regular files, 


FAMILY SATURNIAD. 233 


Artacus tuna. Green Emperor Moth. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 1.) 
Actras (Leach). PHALANA LUNA ( Linneus.) 


Head small, white, encircled with a faint brown and narrow ring. Antenne brown, pecti- 
nated. Thorax pale yellow and woolly, ornamented with a stripe in front continuous 
with that upon the front margin of the wings. Wings pea-green, marked with eyelike 
spots near the middle : outer margin bordered with purple brown. Posterior wings 
prolonged into long narrow tails bending outwards. Body covered with a white wool- 
ly substance, and rather close-pressed : legs purple brown. Expansion of wing about 
five inches. 

The caterpillar is fully grown about the first of August. It is of a bluish green color 
[wrongly colored in the figure], striped with yellow on the sides, and transversely also 
between the rings : rings marked by about six small reddish or purple warts. Length, 
when in motion, nearly three inches ; but when at rest, only about two inches. 

In feeding, it prefers the leaf of the hickory, though it may be kept upon the leaves of 
several of our*forest-trees. In North-Carolina it feeds upon the leaves of the liquidambar 
or sweet gum, as also upon the persimmon. 

N. B. In some of the figures I have observed that the body and abdomen are colored a 
light brown, the thorax and neck being yellowish white or cream-color in the animal. 


Hyprocampa? nivauis ( Harris). Delta-moth. 
Upper sive: Antenne filiform and brown. Wings pearly white, ciliated, and cilia brown. 
Unver sipE white pearly immaculate. Expanse of wing 1} inch. 


DryocaMPaA IMPERIALIs ( Harris). ( Plate x1, fig. 7.) 


PHALZNA IMPERIALIS (Drury) ; P. mpERATORIA (Abbott & Smith, Insects of Georgia); CERATo- 
CAMPA (Harris, Catalogue of Insects of Massachusetts) ; CERocAMPA, Kirby & Spence) ; 
LAsrocaMPaA (Latreille, Schrank.) ; Bompyx (Fabricius) ; OponxEsTIs (Germar, Stephens); 
Bombyx DIDYMA ( Pal. de Beauv. Ins. Lep. pl. 20). 

Mate, upper side : Antenne broad in the middle, pectinated, filiform, naked, and curved 
at the extremities ; in the females, filiform, naked. Color reddish and yellow. Thorax 
yellow, clouded by five brownish spots, the anterior one placed upon the median 
line. Abdomen yellow, each ring of which is marked with broad heartform bands. 
Wings yellow, sprinkled with brown purplish linear dots; the outer edge broadly 
margined with brown, which connects itself from its middle by a curved band with 

_ the basal curved band : the connecting band curves and extends to the anterior 
margin below the middle, and bordexs it to the base : the basal band extends along 


the posterior margin beyond its middle, where it expands and encloses a yellow dot- 
[ AGRICULTURAL REPoRT— VoL. v.] 30 


234 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


ted patch. The posterior wing is marked by around spot with a yellow centre, below 
which there is a distinct transverse brown band: the base is also marked with four 
roundish spots, or which appear to have become confluent. 

INFERIOR suRFACE yellow, sprinkled with elongate dots as above. Upper wings marked 
with two round spots, the smaller above the other : anterior margin bordered with 
brown half its length; outer margined with a broad reddish band, and scollopped 
upon its interior margin. The posterior wings are marked with a single central spot, 
bordered with purplish brown. 

The male expands nearly five inches, and the female six inches. 

The species is said to breed twice in the year : its caterpillar feeds upon the buttonwood 
(Platanus occidentalis, Linnmus), oak, and sweetgum. The caterpillar is greenish, tawny 
green or orange green : body spinous, hairy, and the second and third segments armed 
with two pair of short rugose horns. . 

Almost every season, I have seen a few specimens of the Dryecampa : it is, however, 
a rare insect in the vicinity of Albany, or in the western part of Massachusetts. 


Mr. Harris has removed the foregoing species from the Genus Creratocampa, where he 
had placed it in his Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts ; and refers it, though with 
some hesitation, to the Genus Dryrocampa*. 


Lasiocampadae. 


Tue caterpillars of this family are hatched from eggs glued into a gummy substance 
insoluble in water : the substance entirely surrounds a small limb, forming thus a thick 
protuberance, in which are contained some three or four hundred eggs. These eggs are 
hatched as early as April or the beginning of May, or with the development of the leaves. 
They immediately spin from their mouths a tent like a spider’s web, into which they retire 
at midday and evening, and where they remain until the sun has warmed the air the next 
morning. 9 y 

The caterpillars are sparingly hairy, and free from warts : they are social in their habits, 
and congregate by hundreds in their impervious tents. They travel with considerable speed. 

The moths are woolly, and their wings are without hooks ; but the anterior edge of the 
hindwings is turned up, and laps upon the forewings ; and when at rest, they are inclined 
and cover the back of the insect like a steep roof. The under wings project beyond the 
upper, when closed upon the body. The moth flies only by night. 

The Jastocampians are among the most injurious insects the farmer has to contend with : 
they are, however, easily managed, and only require attention and industry when they first 


* Harris : Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, p. 809, 2d edition. 


FAMILY LASIOCAMPADA. 235 


appear in April or May. Their habits enable us to take advantage of them, and destroy 
whole breods at once : numbers of them retire in a body to their tents at stated times of 
the day, when both houses and inhabitants may be destroyed by one sweep with a pole 
properly armed. 


CuistocAaMpa AMERICANA ( Harris}. American Tent Caterpillar. (Plate xlv, fig. 1.) 
| (Plate xlvii, fig. 6 : eggs.) 

Color rust-brown or reddish brown, variegated with gray especially on the middle and 
base of the forewings. Anterior wings crossed obliquely by two dingy white parallel 
lines : margin ciliate and whitish. Hindwings without lines or spots : a portion of 
the costal margin whitish. Beneath darker. 

The caterpillar has a black head, and its back is marked by a whitish Jine. On each 
side of this white line there is a broad longitudinal stripe, formed by a yellowish ground 
marked by crinkled lines coalescing below, so as to make a row of spots upon each ring 
of the body, in the middle of which is a small blue spot : below is a narrow wavy yellow 
line ; and lower still, the sides are variegated with black and yellow lines. Underside of 
tbe hody dusky. The eleventh ring bears a small blackish hairy wart, and the body is 
sparingly clothed with hairs. 

The caterpillars come to maturity and begin to leave the trees by the middle of June ; 
or, in other words, they then break up their encampment, and each seeks some suitable 
crevice in which to make its cocoon. 

This is one of the most injurious caterpillars known to infest gardens and orchards. As 
the eggs are deposited upon the trees, they are enabled, as soon as hatched, to begin their 
depredations upon the young and tender leaves. We cannot, as in some other instances, 
prevent the ascent of the young caterpillars up the trees, for they are already there ; but 
we may, after the fall of the leaves, search for the eggs, which are deposited in quite 
conspicuous rings around the twigs, and remove them by hand, whereby an entire brood 
will be totally extirpated ; and if a general attention be given at this period, an orchard 
need never suffer from the operations of this insect. 

The damage that trees occasionally suffer by neglect is very great; for the tree, when 
deprived of its leaves, will die, or else must put forth a new crop, an alternative that 
seems always to produce a state of great exhaustion, and from which the tree scarcely ever 
entirely recovers. From this cause, when a tree has been neglected for several seasons, and 
consequently has become stocked with these devourers, it barely sustains itself, and soon 
shows marks of old age and premature decay : many limbs actually die the first season, 
and the whole tree wears the appearance of poverty and distress. 

The direct means to be instituted for ridding an orchard of these destructive visitors, 
must be such as can act upon the whole brood while sheltered in their tents. These means 


236 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


are various. Some farmers blow and burn off the tents, and all their inhabitants, with a 
small charge of gunpowder : others twist off the tents with a forked stick, or a pole with 
a stiff brush fastened to its end, and trample the dislodged insects under foot ; others still 
employ a swab charged with whale-oil soap, a very little of which article will kill many 
of the insects, and compel others to disperse. Whichever of these means is resorted to, it 
must be put in requisition either late in the day, or at noon, or early in the morning before 
the insects go out to feed. It is also advisable to begin early in the season, with the first 
appearance of the caterpillars : their tents are then small, and a whole community may 
be destroyed with the greatest ease. 

To eradicate completely the tent caterpillar, it will be necessary to give attention to the 
wild cherrytrees that are scattered over the farm and by the sidesof fences : the cherry, 
it will be seen, is a favorite tree with this insect, and scarcely passes a season with entire 
freedom from it. 

It will be observed, that if the foregoing remarks are true, the farmer has no need of 
receipts to heal the ravages of these insects; for, to ensure freedom from their attacks, he 
has only to examine his trees after the fall of the leaves in autumn, for the rings of eggs 
on the small branches, which may be removed by the hand or a knife ; or if this has been 
neglected, then search for the tents of the young caterpillars when the buds begin to open 
in the spring. 

As the caterpillar grows, the tent is enlarged by the construction of an additional web 
over and around the first, enclosing thereby a space large enough to meet the demands 
arising from increased size; and so it continues to add successively new webs over the 
old, which have become filthy, and unfit and unhealthy as dwelling-places, though a few 
of the weak and more indolent remain still within them. 


ATTACUS POLYPHEMUS. ( Plate xliv, fig. 1.) 
Color dull ochre-yellow, somewhat clouded with black. Wings ornamented with an eyelike 
spot : adjoining their margins there are two parallel belts, the outer one reddish and 
the inner black. Outer angle of the superior wings marked with a black spot, divided 
by a reddish white line. Eyelike spots round outer narrow border black ; inner ochre 
yellow, surrounding a white centre. Posterior wings are ornamented with a similar 
eyelike spot, but surrounded by a large bluish black spot extending upward towards 
the base of the wings : inner posterior angle truncate. Thorax traversed in front by 
a narrow grayish belt, and connecting itself with a similar border on the front edge 

of the wing. The wings expand to six inches. 
The caterpillar inhabits the oak and elm, and may be found in August and September. 
The absence of yellow stripes on the sides and transverse bands on the back, and the 
presence of a mark of the shape of the letter V, will serve to distinguish these caterpillars 

from those of the /una moth. 


FAMILY LASIOCAMPAD. 237 


ATTACUS CECROPIA. ( Plate xliv, fig. 4.) 
Color dusky brown, reddish brown. The pattern of both pairs of wings is nearly alike. 
The base is reddish, bordered with white. The broad middle is dusky brown, in the 
centre of which are lunate spots, centrally white, but bordered with light brown. 
The middle of the wings is traversed by a narrow reddish white band, beyond which 
there is another broad dusky brown band; in the outer and upper corner of which, 
there is a black velvety eyelike spot, marked by a narrow lunate line placed upon 
the inner edge : this outer border is bounded by a distinct black waving line, beyond 
which is a white border edged with brownish. The posterior wings, however, instead 
of the black waving line, have a row of black spots amounting to twelve or more, 
placed by a dusky brown waving belt : margin dusky white. Expansion of wing, 
six inches. 

This moth appears early in the summer, in sheltered warm places : it is out as early as 
the middle of May. 

The caterpillar is of a fine light green color. The second and third rings bear two red 
globular warts, around which are numerous bristles : the seven succeeding rings bear oval 
yellow warts; and upon the eleventh ring, there is only one large wart. The sides are 
ornamented with two rows of elongated blue warts, and the five first rings have an ad- 
ditional row below. 

The young is yellow, and marked with rows of small warts upon its back. It fastens its 
cocoon longitudinally to the side of a twig : the cocoon is usually three inches long, tapers 
from the middle, and is constructed of double walls of silk separated by loose fibres of the 
same, and has a resemblance to brown paper. ; 

The caterpillar is found upon several of our fruit-trees and shrubs, but I have never 
been able to discover that its injuries were very serious. It is not very common : some 
seasons, however, furnish more than others. 


ATTACUS PROMETHEUS. ( Plate vi, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.) 

Mate, upper side : Color deep smoky brown; the shoulders and basal parts deeper than 
the borders, succeeded by a central band of lighter color : this is terminated towards 
the border by a wavy line, beyond which is the clay-colored border, ornamented on 
the anterior wings by a wavy line, and on the posterior by black oblong spots between 
the line and middle band. Outer angle of the superior wings is ornamented also by 
a black eyelike spot, upon which there is a lunate line or crescent. 

Frmate, color brown, deepest upon the basal parts, which are marked by a curved whitish 
line. Each wing bears spots, sharply lunate on the anterior wings, and bordered by 
black : besides which, the anterior wings are marked by an eyelike spot at their 
angles, within a bluish white crescent. The moth expands about four inches. 


238 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


The eggs are deposited on the twigs of trees in clusters, and are hatched in July. By the 
first of September, or as late as the middle, the caterpillar acquires its full size, when it 
measures about two and a quarter inches : it is naked, of a green color, and marked by 
six or eight small dark warts, and is furnished with a pair of simple coral-red spines for 
the second and third rings. There is a short spine upon the last ring but one, and the last 
is furnished with about six short black bristles. 

The lilac seems to be the favorite shrub to which the prometheus attaches its cocoon, 
which is about an inch long, and gray like paper : it is attached longitudinally to a leaf, 
that serves to protect and conceal it. 

This moth is one of the most common in and about Albany, some lilacs furnishing as 
many as a dozen cocoons. The caterpillar, though not perhaps entirely harmless, yet in 
this respect scarcely deserves attention. The large moths, appearing late in the season, 
after the leaves are fully grown, do not seem as injurious as they might be if they arrived 
when the leaves were expanding and tender; and trees do not suffer so much from the 
loss of foliage in the early autumn, as in the spring. 


CERATOCAMPA REGALIs ( Harris). Regal Walnut-moth. 


“Antenne short, and, in the males, pectinated on both sides ; in the females, thread-like. 
Wings without hooks : forewings olive-colored, ornamented with several yellow spots, 
and veined with broad red lines.” 

This insect I have not yet seen : it is fully described by Mr. Harris, and, according to 
his description, it is one of the finest and largest of our moths, having an expanse of wing 
equal to six inches. The larve are spinous, but harmless ; that is, they do not sting when 
handled. When fully grown, it is four or five inches long and three-fourths of an inch in 
diameter, and of a green color banded with pale blue transversely*. It feeds on the walnut. 

The moth is said to appear in June, and is more rare than the Dryocampa imperialis. 

From the old family of Bomsycipz or Saturnians, Dr. Harris has separated the Cerato- 
campa and Dryocampa, and a few others, and has constituted a new family under the name 
of CeraTocamMpaDs, after the name of the chief genus contained in it : the name signifies 
horned caterpillars. On the second, and sometimes also on the third ring, these horns are 
stiffer, more rigid and curved, agreeing more perfectly with their definition as horns. 

All the species here referred to feed upon the leaves of forest-trees : they go into the 
ground where they undergo their transformations, and this without making cocoons. The 
chrysalides are notched or toothed, with the design of assisting their ascent from the 
ground at the time just prior to their final and last change. 


* Harris ; Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, p. 807 - 8, 2d edition. 


FAMILY LASIOCAMPADA. 239 


DryocaMPA PELLUCIDA. ( Plate xxxvi, fig. 1 - 3.) 
a. Pupa : c. Larva (ApBort & SmiTH). 


Mate, upper side and forewings : Color of the costal margin and base brown, reddish and 
purplish ; in the angle of this marginal and basal part there is a white spot : central 
part clear ; posterior margin reddish or purplish. Posterior wings buff, similar to the 
antenne, head, thorax and abdomen. 

Frma.e, buff with a white central spot ; outer margin paler. Beneath buff and uniform. 

I have a specimen of the male, the color of which is purplish buff without any variation 
of tint, but preserves the pellucid wing with its white central spot. The wing is abraded, 
but still has a close agreement with Mr. Harris’s description of the ‘pellucida, which 
certainly does not agree with Assotr & Smirn’s figure. 


DryocaMPa VIRGINIENSIS. ( Plate xl, fig. 5.) 


PHALZNA VIRGINIENSIS (Drury). P. PeLLUcIDA (Abbott & Smith). 


Upper stipe : Antenne, basal half doubly pectinated. Wings pellucid, brown. One half of 
the anterior wings darker upon the upper part, in the middl@é of which there is a 
single white dot : lower margin of the posterior wings lighter brown than the basal 
parts. 

Unper sink, the legs, sides, thorax and abdomen are dark orange. Wings divided into two 
unequal parts by a bar : above the bar, the color is reddish yellow ; below, the same 
as the upper side. 

I have taken a single pair of this species in Albany county, and it is of rare occurrence 
in this State, although during the present season (1853) it has been somewhat more nu- 
merous, so that specimens have been obtained and placed in several collections. 

The larva is described as being naked, striped, rigid, and supplied with acute tubercles : 
the second ring has two threadlike horns. It subsists on the leaves of forest-trees : the 
moths were found in a young forest of oaks and hickory. 

The spring of 1853 has been unfavorable to the growth and perfection of this caterpillar : 
at an early day they were quite numerous, but the subsequent cold weather seems to have 
killed many in their tents. I have numerous balls consisting of dead dried caterpillars 
inside of their habitations, which appear to have all perished from excess of cold when 
about half-grown. 


CuistocaMpaA syLvatica ( Harris). Tent Caterpillar of the Forest. 


Head blue. First ring marked with two yellow spots and four black dots : the next eleven 
rings are marked upon their tops by a row of white spots, and also two small elevated 


240 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


black hairy dots, except that on the eleventh ring there is only one large dot:Sides 
of the back marked by a reddish stripe, which is bordered by slender black lines : 
they have also a yellow stripe between two black lines. Belly blue-black. Harzis. 

This caterpillar inhabits oaks and walnuts : less common on the cherry and apple. It 
attains its full size in June, and is then two inches long. It is also social in its habits, and 
constructs tents like the C. americana. 

The moth appears early in September, and is of a light drab, brownish or yellowish 
color. The anterior wings are marked by two oblique, brown, straight, and parallel lines. 
The greatest expansion of wing is a little less than two inches. 

The trees upon which the caterpillars of these moths feed are injured in the manner 
represented in the foregoing sketch; and though few persons are so patriotic as to give 
their services to the public for the purpose of destroying noxious insects, much private 
benefit would accrue from the extermination of these forest caterpillars. To this end, our 
special friends the birds come in aid, and rid us of thousands of them : the cuckoo, cat- 
bird, robin, jay, and many others feed upon them, and thus diminish their numbers very 
materially. The murderous gun should therefore never be pointed at birds who make it 
their business to serve us so effectually, especially as we seem little disposed to do any 
thing this way for oupselves ; and even were the disposition not lacking on our part, the 
birds are certainly better adapted to do the work, and, no doubt, if spared by the fowler, 
would be competent, from their consequent increase of numbers, to hold the increase of 
insects so much in check as to save us from serious danger from that source. Indeed any 
man has a perfect right to prevent the destruction of birds, on the same ground that he 
has a right to protect himself from personal harm. 

The direct means for destroying the forest tent caterpillar are the same as required in 
the case of the C. americana, namely, destruction of the webs and their contents at the 
proper time, that is, when the inhabitants are at home. 


CLISIOCAMPA NEUSTORIA. (Plate xxxvii, fig. 2-4, and a, g, pupa and larva.) 


Primaries of the male pale sulphur-yellow, marked with two distinct dark brown bands: 
the outer margin banded with brown, interrupted with two oblong sulphur-yellow 
spots near the outer angle. Secondaries dull brown, with a deeper marginal stripe 
parallel to the posterior margin, and marked with deeper brown also on the nervures 
running from the base to the posterior margin. Frmate yellow, inclining to orange on 
the primaries, with the same distribution of brown and brown stripes as in the male. 

CaTERPILLAR green, with a row of oblong white spots on the back, enclosed in rectangular 
markings of yellow, which are formed by two yellow parallel stripes upon the sides 
of the back, connected regularly with serrated cross bands : enclosed rectangles 
shaded with black. Head brown. Body furnished laterally with greenish and yellow 


FAMILIES HEPIALIDA AND NOTODONTID. 241 


hairs, and brushes on each side of the head ; when mature, two inches long. The tail 
is terminated by an oval spot surrounded by yellow enclosing green and white, the 
white in the form of a stripe. 


Cocoon bluish, oval, tapering, with eight rings, and dotted along the sides; less than one 
inch in length. 

This insect feeds upon oak leaves, and does considerable damage to the white oak by 
nearly defoliating it. The caterpillar appears as early as the first of May. It is regarded by 
Axssort and Smiru as identical with the European insect of the same name. (See Ansort 
and Smirn’s History of the Insects of Georgia, pa. 117, pl. 59; and the figures I have 
given are those of Asgorr and Smiru, from which it will appear, on reference to plate xlv, 


that they differ from those of our common orchard moth named by Dr. Harris Clisiocampa 
americana.) 


Hepialidae. 


Tue antenne of the insects of this family become gradually attenuated at the tip : they 
are short and filiform, but never feathered at the tip; but those of the males are some- 
times doubly pectinated at the base. The tongue is either very short or obsolete. The 
abdomen is elongated, and provided with an ovipositor. The thorax is never crested. The 
wings are narrow, but complicated and strengthened by numerous nervures. The larve 
have sixteen feet : they are white or reddish, soft and naked, only slightly downy, and 
furnished with brown heads : they feed upon wood, and construct their cocoons of bits of 
the wood upon which they have been feeding. The chrysalids are ridged transversely, and 
notched. . 

This family does not appear to contain many species in this country. Dr. Harris has 
described the Hepiolus argenteomaculatus belonging to the same genus as the European 
hopvine hepiolus, and figured the same in the Lake Superior Expedition conducted-Ly 
Prof. Acassiz, plate vii, fig. 7. 


Notodontidae. 


Tue wings of the moths of this family are folded, and slope like the roof of a house over 
their backs : they are held by bristles and hooks. The antenne are rather long, usually 
doubly pectinated in the males, and become narrow and short towards the tip. The feelers 
and tongue are small and short : the body is long. 

The larve are provided with toothlike prominences upon their hunched backs : they 


are usually naked, or only downy. The posterior appendages used for feet are sometimes 
[ AcricuLtuRAL REport— Voz. v.] 31 


242 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


modified so as to exhibit a forked shape, upon which the soles of the feet only are seen. 
The cocoons are formed of silk intermixed with fragments of wood and bark. The chry- 
salids are not notched upon the back. The larve feed upon leaves. 


PYGERA ALBIFRONS. { Plate xxxvii, fig. 3 — 5.) 


Wings deflexed : primaries clouded; anterior margin marked with an elongated spot of 
cream-color terminating in the outer angle and dotted slightly with brown, trans- 
versely banded with white, black or dark brown : secondaries brown, margined with 
a lighter shade. Thorax of the male banded with two distinct black lines joined by 
two short parallel connecting lines, between which there is a square yellow or eream- 
colored or light buff spot. The thorax of the female is ornamented with three cross- 
bars : antenne setaceous, with a terminal enlargement. Antenne of the male? 

CaTERPILLAR Striped upon its back with yellow and brown ; underside lake, and furnished 
with three pair of legs and four pair of proplegs : it is half an inch long. It spins a 
thin white web between the leaves late in autumn, and appears early in the spring in 
perfect state, feeding upon the leaves of the white and other oak trees. They are 
gregarious when young. The cocoon is 3? inch long, and has eight or nine segments. 

The larve of this species feed at times upon the leaves of the oak, and sometimes nearly 
defoliate a tree when they are numerous. An instance has fallen under my observation, in 
which a tree of this kind was well nigh deprived of leaves by these insects for two or 
three years in succession. 


Evpryas erata. Woodnymph. ( Plate xlvii, fig. 8.) 


Forewings pearly white ; basal half trimmed with purplish brown : outer margin widely 
bordered with purplish brown, the inner edge of which is banded with olive, which 
extends and widens upon the posterior border, forming near the middle a large patch: 
exteriorly, upon the border and near the edge, it is ornamented with a delicate bluish 
line. Hindwings a yellow buff, bordered behind with purplish brown, which does not 
reach the outer angle, but extends along the inner edge : it is trimmed with silver- 
gray ciliez. Brneatu, the forewings are pale buff, marked upon the basal half with 
brown, but confined to the costa, which terminates in two roundish spots. Hindwings 
paler yellow buff, and marked in the middle with a single brown spot. Abdomen buff 
brown, silky; the rings are banded with lighter, and terminated with a zone of the 
lighter buff. 

This beautiful moth is rare here. I have taken it only in Berkshire ( Massachusetts), 
but it exists in collections in Washington and Albany counties in this State. 


FAMILIES NONAGRIADA AND AGROTIDA. 243 


 Nonagriadae. 


Tux body of the moths of this family is long; the thorax is smooth; the colors are yel- 
lowish or clay-colored, and the forewings are faintly streaked or banded. The larve are 
naked, long awd slender, and taper at each end : they live within the stems of reeds, and 
feed upon the pith and upon the inside of roots, and hence are destructive. When about 
to transform, they gnaw through the stem to the cuticle, which is left entire, but is easily 
broken through afterwards by the nymph. They are known by the common name of 
spindleworms. Some attack corn, to which they do great injury ; others, the stems of garden 
flowers, such as the dahlia, etc. 

The Gortynia zea of Harris belongs to this family, and is described by him as having 
its forewings of a rusty red, and mottled with gray almost in bands : there is also an 
irregular tawny spot near the tip, and on the veins a few black dots. Expanse of wing, 
an inch and a half. 

Another Gortynia attacks the roots of columbine, and has been named by Dr. Harris 
Zeucostigma. The forewings are tawny yellow, sprinkled with purple brown dots. (See 
Harnis, Insects injurious to vegetation, p. 341, 2d edition.) 


Agrotidae. 


Tue larve of this family are subterranean, and come forth from the soil to feed in the 
night, and return to their burrows before morning : they are called cutworms, and are 
exceedingly troublesome in cornfields. The moths are usually brown, and sometimes fly 
by day, and feed upon the honey of wild plants : their wings are nearly horizontal when 
at rest, and the forewings completely conceal the hind ones when closed. The thorax is 
not crested. The antenne of the males are sometimes pectinated at the base, but taper to 
slender filaments. The forelegs are spiny. 

The larve are smooth, cylindrical, dirty white, and rather thick bodies, naked or fur- 
nished with only a few scattering hairs : their rings are dotted. They change to chrysalids 
in the ground. 

The attacks of these larve extend to many of our most useful cultivated plants, corn, 
cabbages, wheat, buckwheat, grasses, together with cultivated flowers. In the maize-fields, 
however, about the middle of July, they seem all at once to cease their injurious work to 
the corn plants. 

It appears from Dr. Harris’s researches that we have many different species of this 
family, all of which have the similar habit of feeding upon young and tender plants, and 
of cutting off their stems just above the soil. 


244 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


AGRoTIS (Plate xlv, fig. 11.) 
Color dusky brown. Forewings dusky or blackish, especially along the costal edge : one 
half of the subcostal base is blackish ; and, beyond the middle, this dusky subcostal 
band extends towards the inner margin, forming a partial transverse band : apical 
and marginal area light brown and silky, of the same color as the area of the disc. 
Hindwings white with a pinkish hue in certain lights, silky and eiliate : beneath, 
quite pale, and without markings. Body dusky, and as dark as the forewings : the 
venter is slightly ferruginous, and terminates in a short brush. Expanse of wing, 
two inches. ; 
This is one of the common species of Agrotis in Western Massachusetts and Eastern 
New-York. 


AGRoTIS . ( Plate xlv, fig. 2.) 


Color mottled gray : thorax and head brown. Forewings gray at the base : in the middle, 
resting upon the inner margin, is a large quadrangular spot of a cinnamon-brown, 
beyond which is a broad transverse grayish green band ; margin brown : costal mar- 
gin mottled with gray and brown, with an intermixture of short slender transverse 
lines. Hindwings smoky, especially upon the posterior and inner margin : costa 
pearly and yellowish white, beneath smoky and pearly. Hindwing beneath marked 
with a central black dot. Expanse of wing, two inches. 

A common species in Western Massachusetts. 


Acrotis? ( Plate xlv, fig. 10.) 


Color of the thorax black, from which a longitudinal band extends upon the forewing, 
reaching its middle ; the extreme end, however, is separated from it by a small space 
of gray. Costa black in front : outer margin banded transversely by two dusky white 
bands, between which are broader bands of dusky brown. Hindwings pearly white. 
Abdomen whitish, or of the color of the hindwings. 


Noctuidae. 


Tue antenne of the insects of this large family are mostly simple : the bodies are thick, 
stout and strong ; their wings are of a moderate length, and strengthed by their nervures, 
and their tongues are long. The wings, when not in use, are deflexed upon their sides, and 
the body is clothed with scales rather than wool or hair. The majority of the larve of 
the different genera are naked, and have sixteen feet, though in some the second ventral 
pair, in others the first ventral pair, are wanting : they undergo transformation under 
-ground, and form cocoons of silk in which particles of sand are often glued. The moth 


FAMILY NOCTUID. 245 


flies by night, and corfeeals itself during the day : its thorax is crested. The larve are 
solitary. The colors of the perfect insect are not bright, but often have a silky lustre. 


Noctua SQUAMULARIS. ( Plate xlii, fig. 1.) 


Antenne filiform, brown. Superior surface, basal portion chocolate, outer portion slate- 
colored ; the junction of the two colors deepest. The anterior wings are traversed by 
two scollopped lines; the inner running entirely across, the outer only across the 
inferior half. Posterior wings traversed by a chocolate band, apparently between two 
black parallel bands ; the slate on the posterior half shaded into chocolate, or paler : 
margin slate, and slightly dentated. Expansion one inch and nine lines. 


Noctua unpuLaris. Phalena undularis ( Drury). ( Plate xlii, fig. 4.) 


Antenne filiform, brown, slightly toothed. Insect very dark brown, bordering upon black. 
Wings slightly dentated, and obscurely marked by five or six narrow transverse bands 
of black, imparting a very black hue to the whole animal : both pair of wings marked 
and colored alike. Inferior surface lighter, exhibiting the same kind of markings. 


Noctua MARGARITATA ( Drury). ( Plate xlii, fig. 9.) 
Upper sip—e : Antenne setaceous, brown. Thorax and abdomen silvery white. Anterior 
wings silvery white at the shoulders, the remainder being of a shining red-brown ; 
edges fringed with white : there is also a large silvery marginal spot on the outer 
half of the anterior wing. Posterior wings silvery white at the base, and extending 
over one half of the wing; the remainder brownish, but margin silvery. 
Unper sive : Breast, legs and abdomen white. Anterior wings silver gray, but fringed 
with yellow. Posterior wings colored as on the upper side, without markings. Drury, 
Vol. iii, pl. 21, fig. 6. 


PHALANA QUERCARIA. SAlmerican Oak-beauty. (Plate xxxvi, figs. 2&4, b-k.) 


(Asport & Smiru, pa. 205, pl. 103.) 


Antenne of the male pectinated : wings brown. Mate : Primaries banded parallel to 
the outer edges; marginal black, succeeded by a waved cream-colored band, which 
is bordered with black : towards the base there is a parallel] shorter band shaded 
with brown. There are two black central spots encircled with light brown, extending 
towards the posterior margin, and also dashes of black lines from the base outwards. 
Secondaries banded with black upon the margin and central part, with a lunate black 


246 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


line towards the base ; broad radiating dashes of brown uporf the nervures from the 
base backwards, and reaching the posterior margin : posterior edge slightly scolloped. 

Fema.e : Primaries mottled and dotted with cream-color, centrally banded with brown 
and cream-color, which has a cream-colored oblong spot towards the upper margin ; 
below, it has waved black coalescing spots : upon the margin, two large brown spots 
with cream-colored spots. The secondaries exhibit a similar pattern; the brown is 
placed upon the base and posterior margin, with cream and black angular spots 
within. Body brown, with a row of spots down the abdomen : the posterior third of 
the abdomen has the sides cream-colored, and spotted with buff or brown. 

CATERPILLAR a looper, brown ringed with black at each joint, the last with yellow, and 
striped on the side with white. It is two inches long, and has the habit of fixing itself 
in an oblique position. Feeds upon the black oak : it spins its cocoon on the ground 
in May or June. 

Cocoon brown, and about one inch in length. 


Nocrua (AcoNnTIA) NUNDINA. ( Plate xlii, fig. 7.) 


Antenne filiform, reddish brown : tongue coiled spirally : head and thorax ash-color. 
Anterior wings greenish, faintly marked with brownish, and with a darker angular 
mark placed towards the outer angle. Posterior wings silvery white, marked with 
faint discoidal spots, and bordered with a light brown. 

Beneary, the anterior wings are silvery white, indistinctly bordered with brown, with two 
dark spots just opposite the single dark spot on the upper side. Posterior wings sil- 
very white : oblong brown spots appear as on the upper side. 


Eregus Epusa ( Latreille). Phalena ( Drury). ( Plate xlii, fig. 3.) 


Uprer sipE : Antenne filiform, sandy brown, deeper color towards the margin. Anterior 
wings ornamented with two large bluish white spots upon the outer margin, and 
several crooked spots on or near the basal part. Posterior wings marked with one 
large oval spot on the posterior half, and margined with brown dots : edges crenate. 

UnpvEr sipE brown; but the anterior wings are marked with two whitish spots placed 
upon the external edges, one near the tip, the other at the lower angle : they are also 
crossed by a whitish bar one-fourth of an inch from the body, and a small white spot 
appears next the shoulders. Posterior wings brown, marked by a whitish oblong spot 
placed along the external edges : cilia brown. Underside, paler beneath, and marked 
with obscure dark spots. 


FAMILY NOCTUIDZ. 247 


CATOCALA 


( Plate xliv, fig. 3.) 

Color grayish brown. Head marked with a white spot between the eyes. Thorax black, 
marked by three transverse reddish bands. Abdomen dusky, with a reddish hue. 
Forewings brown, marked with pale cinnamon bands. Hindwings black, marked with 
two carmine zigzag bands, and a submarginal one more or less interrupted : edge 
dressed with carmine. 


CATOCALA EPIONE. ( Plate xlii, fig. 8.) 


Thorax and abdomen sooty ash-color. Wings crenate ; the anterior ones dark chocolate, 
marked with an undulating dark ferruginous line running from the anterior to the 
posterior edge : another line-of the same color crosses the wing near its articulation ; 
a broad dark patch occupying one-third of the wing’s surface, showing within two 
oval lighter spots. The whole appearance of the wing is nebulous, exhibiting broad 
belts and dark and ferruginous lines arranged transversely. Posterior wing dark or 
black, lighter along the abdominal border : cilia white. 

InFrerior sipE, the anterior wings are dark ashy at the base, and become black towards 
the outer edges, but the tips are soot-colored : external margin ornamented with 
seven whitish spots, above which there is a white line running from the anterior to 
the posterior margin, and narrowing as it goes. There is a large oblong whitish spot 
between the line and shoulders. Posterior wings, upon their abdominal margin, ash- 
color, deepening to black : a faint white streak runs a short distance down the wing 
from the anterior margin. Spread of the wings 2 inches 6 lines. 


Carocata AFrinis. Painted Catocalla. ( Plate xlii, fig. 5.) 


PHALZNA ( Linneus). CaTocaLa (Schrank). 


Antenne filiform, obscurely serrate upon the inferior side : tongue coiled, of a moderate 
length : feelers thick, hairy and pointed. Anterior wings ashy gray, marked by a 
wide line or narrow belt of a chocolate color, running from near the base of the 
anterior margin towards the outer posterior angle, when it becomes a zigzag line 
terminating in the anterior margin towards the outer angle : outer margin marked 
by obscure short lines of a chocolate-color. Posterior wings orange, marked by black 
or dusky belts parallel with each other; the outer belt parallel with the posterior 
margin, leaving an orange patch upon the outer angle, and dots posteriorly : a black 
line runs parallel with the inner margin, terminating at its base. Inferior side marked 
by alternating belts of orange and fuscous; margin and base lighter colored : the 
colors are all dull and faded below. Head and thorax dusky. Abdomen dusky above 
and light below. Expanse of wing 13 inches. 


248 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


There seems to be considerable variation in the size and colors of this painted moth, 
possibly due in part to sex. In the figure of Drury, the anterior wings are dark, with 
yellow marginal dots. A Catocala found in Western Massachusetts has the dark anterior 
wings and dotted margin; while the moth is larger, the red belts of the hindwings are 
brighter, and the posterior margin is almost ciliate and yellowish gray. But another, near- 
ly as large, is pale and ashen, and the inferior wings have yellow instead of vermilion red. 
Another still is small, about 1} inch in expansion, with yellow also; but has the angular 
spot, and other markings similar in fashion to Drury’s figure. 

There seem to be gradations both in size and depth of coloring, which are not sufficient 
to distinguish species, but may establish varieties ; but as I have before me only six in- 
dividuals, I may be mistaken in my estimate of the importance of their differences. 


Geometridae. 


SPANWORMS, LOOPERS, &e. 


Tue insects of this family move over the ground, or along the branches of trees, in distinct 
steps, as if measuring their progress, by alternately flexing and extending their bodies from 
point to point. The maneuvre is performed by first extending the anterior extremity of the 
body as far ahead as it will reach, and then bringing forward the posterior extremity by 
elevating the middle portion of the body, so that the extremes are brought into contact, 
and the whole takes the form of a loop ; and thus by successive steps they measure their 
route according to the length of their bodies. Their legs, which are usually ten on each 
worm, are employed rather in fixing the body at its successive points of rest, than in in- 
dependent movements of the feet. They necessarily move slow ; and as they occupy bushes 
and trees in feeding, and must seek the ground to undergo transformation, they are pro- 
vided with the apparatus and means of spinning a thread, by which they are enabled to 
let themselves quickly down to the ground ; and in cases of alarm they frequently do this, 
remaining suspended until the danger is past, when they return to their feeding by aid of 
mouth and feet, seizing the thread above with the jaws, and then drawing up the body by 
doubling it as before described. They are destitute of hairs. 

When the spanworm goes to rest, it fixes itself by the posterior feet, and lifts its body 
up and sustains it stiffly in an angular and motionless posture, thereby counterfeiting the 
appearance of a short broken dead twig of the branch on which it reposes, with the instinct 
of eluding if possible the searching eyes and devouring beaks of hungry birds. 

To the Family Geomerrips belong some of the most destructive moths, particularly 
the cankerworms. Those which are injurious to fruit-trees have usually thin angulated 
wings ; but they are wanting in the female, or merely rudimentary, and hence are very 
unequal in this respect : this fact gave origin to the name anisopteriz, ‘unequal-wings.’ 


FAMILY GEOMETRID. 249 


GEOMETRA TRANSVERSATA. ( Plate xlii, fig. 2.) 
Antenne filiform, orange brown. Wings angulated, dashed with short darker lines, and 
shaded with about three dark parallel stripes. Anterior and posterior wings marked 
with a waving continuous line, beginning at the acute outer angle of the former, and 
terminating a little below the middle of the latter : they are also bordered with a 
narrow belt of a similar color. Underside of the wings similar in color and markings, 
except in the brown waving line. Expansion of wing, two inches. ( WEsrwcop’s 
Illustrations of Drury, plate viii, fig. 2.) 


GEOMETRA SERRATA. ( Plate xl, fig. 6.) 

Antenne setaceous or filiform. Head reddish buff-color. Thorax, abdomen and wings 

yellowish buff. Both pair of wings scollopped, and broadly bordered with brownish 

or deeper buff : also the same color is found at the base of the forewings, but paler ; 

and a transverse band upon the posterior, with dashes of the same over the yellow 

part. The border of the forewings is forked near the outer angle, and the anterior 

edge is ornamented with brown and white oblong spots. ( Westwoop, Illustrations of 
Drury, plate xx, fig. 4.) 


GEOMETRA CATENARIA ( Drury). Chain-dotted Geometer. (Plate xli, fig. 10.) 


PHALHNA CATENARIA. BUuPALUS CATENARIUS ( Leach). 


Antenne in the male doubly pectinated, slender. Head orange. Thorax, abdomen and 
wings white : the former is marked with three orange-colored spots, and each ring 
of the abdomen with dots or black transverse lines ; the wings are also marked by 
two parallel denticulated lines running across them. The wings are rounded behind, 
and margined with a black dotted line having some resemblance to a chain. (See 
Westwoop, Illustrations of Drury, plate viii, fig. 3.) 


GEOMETRA ? 
Wings subangulated, subcrenate on the outer margin. 

This moth I am disposed to refer to the Genus Gromerra, relying upon the form of the 
wings and the pattern of their ornamental marking. The color is cinnamon-brown, and the 
white transverse band near the middle is bordered by a deeper brown on the basal side. 
The costa is darker, being connected with the transverse band already referred to. Hind- 
wing lighter colored at the base than the outer half. 

I have been unable to obtain the larva, and hence it cannot be determined whether it 
has the progression peculiar to the geometride. There is some doubt as to the genus to 
which it should be referred. 

[ AcricutturaL Rerort — Vot. v.] 32 


( Plate xlvy, fig. 3.) 


250 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Tortricidae. 
LEAF-ROLLERS. 


Tue insects of this family mostly have the habit of rolling up the young leaves of trees, 
either one or more ina single roll, and confining them with silken threads. They are small, 
seldom in the larval state exceeding an inch in length. The moth is nocturnal, small, 
usually gray and obscurely banded, rarely ornamented with bright colors. The larve have 
sixteen legs each, and their bodies are naked, or only clothed with a few hairs in tufts : 
they spin a thread of silk from the mouth, with which, when disturbed, they let themselves 
partly down to the ground, where they remain suspended until the danger is past. The 
moth, though small, is broader across the forepart than in those of other families. They 
inflict serious injuries upon trees, by feeding on the buds and blossoms. 


Loxora@nia rosaceana? Rose Leaf-roller. ( Plate vi, figs. 8 - 11.) 


Color light brown, grayish brown, light cinnamon-brown. Forewings traversed by two or 
three narrow brown bands : when the wings are closed, the bands form a quadrangu- 
lar figure on the back ; these bands are variable, as well as the colors of the moth. 
Hindwings yellowish white or grayish yellow. Expanse of wing about one inch. 

The larva is green, naked : head brownish, smooth, glossy : rings of the integument 
sheathing the head, yellowish white : six true legs, eight middle and two prop-legs. 
At the extremity of the abdomen, two or three small greenish warts, which give 
origin to a few hairs. Feeds upon plum, rose, and other leaves and flowers. Largest, 
three quarters of an inch long; sometimes one inch, but usually a little less : the 
figure is smaller than common. 

The pupa is brown, enclosed in the rolled leaves, and suspended by the tail. 

This is a very troublesome insect. In my garden, the larve every year destroy most of 
the plums on a fine tree, besides checking the regular growth of the young limbs, which, 
when the buds are destroyed, never grow more than an inch or two in the spring; and the 
effects of the insects are also seen in the knotty condition of the young shoots. The eggs 
are laid in patches upon the bark in the month of June or July, where they remain until 
the tree begins to put forth its leaves, when the larve make their appearance, and almost 
every twig has been for some years infested with them. 

The best way to deal with this species of Tortriz, is to rub the bark of the trunk and 
limbs of the tree with a knife or some other proper instrument, by which means the eggs 
will be destroyed ; and then wash the bark thoroughly with an alkaline solution, or with 
whale-oil soap : or if the trunk and limbs are whitewashed in the autumn or spring, just 


FAMILY TORTRICIDA. S51 


as the eggs are about to hatch, it will mostly destroy the eggs; and if any escape, the use 
of a syringe with soap and water, will probably finish the work. 

This leafroller attacks the rose, and several other plants belonging to the different 
orders : it is not, therefore, particular as to its food ; but it effectually puts a stop to the 
expanding blossoms, whenever it makes its habitation in the leaves that surround the bud. 

I have referred this insect to the species rosaceana, although it does not agree in every 
respect with the descriptions within my reach. It is variable in its markings and size, in 
both the larval and perfect states. It does not spin a cocoon, unless one is constituted by 
the few threads of silk it employs to bind up the rolled leaves with, in which its trans- 
formation takes place. 


CarPocaPsA POMONELLA. (Plate xlvii, fig. 4.) 


This insect is a native of Europe : it was brought to this country with the apple, and 
has become naturalized. The moth is gray, but lustrous like satin, and is delicately streaked 
and dotted. The posterior border of the forewing is marked with a reddish brown spot, 
which is surrounded by a golden mark in the form of a horseshoe. The hindwings are 
brownish inclining to yellow, and surrounded by a fringe : they are sparkling and bril- 
liant. The thorax and abdomen are yellow and brownish gray. 

The moth appears in the evening, having been secreted in a secure place during the 
day. It may then be seen busy about branches of apple and pear-trees, selecting the fruit 
for a depository of its eggs : in a few days, if the weather be warm, they are hatched. It 
requires three or four weeks to come to perfection, when it is reddish or flesh-color, with 
a brown head and collar. Before it changes to a pupa, it leaves the fruit,and seeks a secure 
place in the cracks of the bark, where it spins its cocoon. 

According to Kotiar and other authorities, two broods are produced in a single season. 
The first pupa changes to a perfect insect in a short time, and, by the last of August, much 
fruit will be injured. If the weather and season be favorable, numerous insects of this 
kind will come to perfection, and the quantity of fruit injured will be in proportion to the 
number of insects hatched from the eggs of the first brood. 

The means to be adopted for diminishing the numbers of this moth, are mostly of the 
palliative kind. It is evident that all infected fruit should be immediately gathered and 
destroyed. The tree should be shaken, that all diseased fruit may fall as soon as possible, 
and before the larva leaves it to change into the pupa state. The defective fruit may be 
picked, removed and scalded, and fed to swine. It is obvious that the nearest approach to 
the extirpation of this injurious insect will happen when cultivators of apples and pears 
shall unite their efforts in the use of the remedies proposed.’ 


252 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


Yponomeutidae. 


A ramity of the LeprporrEra, made up of very small moths, whose labial palpi are long 
and slender, and still but slightly developed : it is allied to the Torrriciom and Tinripm; 
but from the former it differs in the length of the palpi, and from the latter in their non- 
development. 

The body of the insect is slender, and somewhat elongated and depressed. The antenne 
are very long and simple in both sexes. Wings also long, or a long oval and acute : they 
are entire, but often ciliate or fringed. The colors are white or slate, marked by a few 
bands of black : some, however, are ornamented with brilliant metallic colors. 

The larve are often highly injurious to fruit-trees, especially those living in communi- 
ties, which inhabit a common tent after the manner of the American tent caterpillars. 
They have sixteen feet, and form cocoons in the midst of their webs. 

Plate xlvii, fig. '7, represents the typical form of the family : it is the Adela degeeredla, 
from Westwoop. The species have not always the long antenne of this one. 


Tineidae. 


Tus family contains some of the smallest of the Lerrporrera. Their wings are narrow, in 
which respect they differ from the Tortricipm; and their palpi are well developed. The 
head is often densely clothed with scales in front : the antenne are only moderately long ; 
the spiral tongue is short; and the wings are entire, but convoluted when at rest. 

The larvee are very destructive to woollens and household furniture, carpets, clothing, 
furs, etc.; and when once they have taken possession of a house, it is difficult to dislodge 
them. They are usually of a dirty white, sometimes of a brown color, with long hairs from 
the posterior extremity ; but sometimes also naked, or furnished with a few hairs scattered 
over the body. They form cocoons, which they frequently carry about with them; and 
their depredations consist in gnawing holes through the woollens, and other goods, when 
they get possession of them ; so that when unfolded and held up to the light, the articles 
are often found to be perfectly riddled. They undergo transformation in the little cases or 
cocoons they have formed, and which may often be found in great numbers adhering to 
spots where they were fixed by the larvee when about to undergo transformation. 

One of the most effectual modes of preserving woollens, furs, etc. from the depredations 
of the moth, is to expose them to sunlight, and subject them to frequent examinations. 
When such articles are kept in dark closets, and left undisturbed during the months of 
June and July, they will suffer more or less from moths. Tobacco leaves, camphor, tur- 
pentine, are poisonous to the moth, and may be employed as protectives against it. 


FAMILY TINEID. 253 


TINEA CERELLA (Fabricius). Honeycomb Moth. 


This moth is notorious for its depredations in the beehive : its larva feeds upon the 
honeycomb, or beeswaz. 

Koxvar, in his treatise on injurious insects, describes this moth in detail ; and from the 
matter he has furnished, I have derived the following facts : 

The color of the male is yellowish; the antenne, head and back clay-yellow; the 
abdomen yellowish brown, and feet yellowish gray with lighter spots. Upon the back and 
behind the scutellum there is a blackish brown tuft of hair, the point of which is white. 
The upper wings are broad, short and obtuse, of a dusty ash-gray, banded from the base 
to the middle, and dotted with brown : the fringes are brownish white and jagged. The 
hindwings are light ash-gray, marked by a yellowish spot on their inner boundary. 

The female is larger than the male : her color is of a dark rusty brown on the head 
and back; the forewings are darker, obtuse and straight, while the hindwings are much 
lighter. Length of the male, six lines : expanse of wing, one inch. 

The caterpillar is cylindrical and spindle-shaped, and, when fully grown, is nearly an 
inch long : it is of a dirty white color, and has sixteen feet of a cream-color. 

Following its singular instincts, the larva, immediately after it is hatched, forms its web 
of silk, which becomes for it a covered way and protecting screen, wherewith it boldly 
enters the hive if hatched without, and establishes its home in the midst of enemies. 
When the bees are at work, however, it does not appear abroad; but when they are at 
rest during the night, it feeds voraciously upon the wax. It increases rapidly, and comes 
to its full size in about three weeks : it then makes its web stronger, and is transformed 
to a pupa. If it is late in the season, it remains till spring before it changes to an imago. 

The effect of these intruders is first to diminish the wax of the bee-cells, which occasions 
the loss of the honey ; and when this takes place extensively from the presence of nu- 
merous larve, the bees cease working. 

. There are two generations of moths in a season, according to Kotxar ; the first appearing 
early in the spring, and the second in July. The female lays her eggs in the cracks of the 
lower part of the hive, in the night, and the larvee feed at first upon the young comb ; but 
they afterwards ascend to the upper part of the hive, where the older kind is deposited. 

Many inventions have been proposed and resorted to, to secure the bees from these 
intruders : none, it is said, succeed perfectly ; and so far from requiring no attention, it 
is maintained by Koxuar that the only sure method of cleansing beehives from this moth 
is to look after and destroy them, both larve and pup. The moth is fond of sweets, and 
may therefore be attracted to dishes of sweetened water and vinegar in the night, and by 
that means may be drowned : some other kinds of obnoxious moths may be destroyed in 
the same manner. 


254 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


RuinostA POMETELLA. Chetochelus pometellus (Stephens). 


A moth has been described by Drs. Harris and Fitcu, belonging to the family Tine1pz, 
which has done considerable damage to the apple orchards in the vallies of the Hudson 
and Housatonic during the spring of 1853. Dr. Harris has called it Rhinosia pometella, 
and furnishes the following description : 

‘ Forewings ash-gray, sprinkled with blackish dots, three of which are larger than the rest, 
‘and placed triangularly near the middle : a dusky transverse band near the tips, 
‘and a curved row of seven black dots at the origin of the terminal fringe. Hind- 
‘ wings dusky, with a leaden lustre, black veins, and very long black fringes. Body 
‘and legs beneath yellowish white, with the lustre of satin. Expansion of wing, five 
‘ eighths of an inch’ ( Journal of the N. Y.S. A. Society, September). The markings, 
however, according to Dr. Fircu, are somewhat variable. 

The larva is cylindrical, has a pale greenish color, sixteen feet, and a dusky stripe on 
the back : above this is a narrower whitish stripe, which runs along the middle of the 
back. The head is yellowish and polished. Length about half an inch. Its marks and colors 
are variable. 

This larva has inflicted considerable injury upon orchards during the past season (1853). 
It eats not only the leaves, but also the apples. Like the fortriz, it sometimes rolls up a 
leaf for a habitation ; and when the tree is shaken, many let themselves down by threads 
of silk. 

Whale-oil soap, dissolved in water and thrown freely upon the trees, is found to be an 
effectual remedy against this insect. 


BuTais CEREALELLA. /lngoumois Grainmoth. 


Color pale cinnamon-brown ; lustre silky : hindwings ashy or dusky lead-color : feelers 
blackish near the tip ; second joint blackish on the outside : body pale brownish gray. 
The head is smooth : antenne threadlike, jointed : feelers long and curved upwards, 
with the terminal joint naked and acute ; basal joint hairy and short : tongue about 
half an inch long, and spirally coiled. Forewings rather long and narrow, pointed at 
the end, and fringed : surface sprinkled with blackish dots, especially near the tips. 
Hindwings blackish with a leaden lustre, narrow, and obliquely contracted to a point 
at the tips : fringe blackish, widest on the inner margin. Forelegs blackish ; hind 
ones fringed on the inner side with long hairs. 

The caterpillar, when fully grown, is whitish with a brown head : legs six, with ten 
wart-like proplegs. Chrysalis is obtuse at both ends : rings of the body smooth : wing- 
cases extending nearly to the hinder extremity. The skin of the chrysalis remains in the 
kernel of grain upon which the larva has fed. The insect hatches from June til] August. 


FAMILY TINEIDE. 255 


The community is greatly indebted to Mr. Harris, for his discoveries in relation to the 
Angoumois grainmoth. He had expressed his conviction, in the first edition of his treatise 
on insects injurious to the farmer and to vegetation, that a certain grainmoth would prove 
to be the true European angoumois grainmoth, and it seems that this prediction is fully 

“sustained by farther discoveries of our indefatigable and distinguished entomologist. 

This insect, in its perfect state, is known to lay from sixty to ninety eggs in clusters of 
twenty or more upon each grain : these hatch in about five or six days into threadlike 
worms, which disperse themselves about the grain-bin. After selecting a kernel by fixing 
upon its tender part, the worm burrows into it, and there remains feeding until it arrives 
at maturity : it then spins a web, dividing its cavity longitudinally into two unequal parts 
by a silky partition, where it undergoes its transformation, the larger cavity serving the 
purpose of a cocoon. 

It appears that infected wheat, when sown, may germinate, but the plumule will be 
weak and small : the insect, however, still remains in the grain, feeding upon the starchy 
matter, till it is ready to undergo its changes. These take place while the grain is still in 
the field, and the mature insects may be found flying about the fields in the night, and are 
ready in due time to deposit their eggs in the growing grain. 

It appears that the angoumois moth not only attacks wheat, but also indian corn. Mr. 
Ricuarp Owen, of New-Harmony, first called the attention of the public to this fact ina 
communication to the Cultivator in 1846. In indian corn it attains a rather larger size than 
in wheat, the wings expanding to about six-tenths of an inch. 

The method that has been found most effectual in destroying this grain-worm, consists 
in exposing the grain to a temperature of 167° Fahr. for twelve hours; or if the heat is 
only 104 or 5°, it is sufficient to destroy the worms, provided it be continued for forty- 
eight hours. Fumigation is another remedy which has been successfully employed. Expo- 
sure to cold destroys both the larva and its eggs : if the grain, for example, in New-York 
and New-England, is housed when it will be exposed to a cold at zero, the insect will be 
destroyed. 

In addition to the foregoing, it is recommended to thresh the grain at an early day ; 
inasmuch as by that operation the insect is destroyed to a great extent, after which the 
grain may be preserved in bulk. Grain, however, should not be exposed in open casks 
when it is liable to become infested : the insect may be excluded by keeping the grain in 
closed boxes or hogsheads after threshing. Corn in the husk, too, is less exposed to de- 
predation than when husked, especially when it remains standing in the field. 


256 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 


TINEA GRANELLA. European Grainmoth. 


Forewings marbled with white or gray, light brown and dark brown spots, and one square 
dark spot near the middle of the outer edge. Hindwings blackish. Head tufted. 
Length three- to four-tenths of an inch. Hararis. 

Moths appear in May, June and August : they breed twice a year. 

The caterpillar of this grainworm, instead of burrowing in the grain like that of the 
angoumois grainworm, feeds upon the external surface only, and spins a web in which it 
entangles several grains for that purpose. When the period for transformation arrives, it 
leaves this web, and seeks a crevice in which to spin its cocoon. Altogether they occupy 
about six weeks in feeding on the grain, which they soil and otherwise injure by covering 
it with their webs and excrements. 

Such are the characters of the European grainmoth. It appears from the observations of 
our distinguished entomologist, Dr. A. Fircu of Salem, that he observed many years ago 
that grain in some of the mills in his neighborhood was aifected much in the way described 
above, only the caterpillar formed its cocoon within its web. 

Although the habits of the foregoing grain insects differ somewhat, the remedies that 
have been successful in destroying one are equally efficacious against the other, to wit : 
fumigation with carbonic acid ; exposure in close vessels to heat of 130 to 140° Fahr. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


— 


BARBARUS ANNULATUS, Plate vii, fig. 3 (FrrcH’s Catalogue). 
Antennz, mandibles, legs, thorax, rudimentary wings, green ; eyes prominent, black ; posterior part of 
the head, and all the upper parts reddish; sides greenish : legs long. Inhabits bushes in meadows 
and borders of woods in September. 


CANTHARIS ATRATA, refer to Pl. iv. 
CALIMORPHA PARTHENICE, refer to fig. 3. 
CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZII, refer to Pl. xxiv, fig. 2. 
CERAMBIX, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 9. 
Lamia, Pl. xxvi, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 8. 
Leprura, Pl. xxvi, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 11. 
PRIONUS LATICOLLIS, refer to Pl. xxxiv. 
Srenocorus cinctus, refer to Pl. xxxiv. 
SAPERDA TRIDENTATA, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 6. 
RHAGIUM LINEATUM, refer to Pl. x, fig. 1. 
LEPTURA MALACHITICA, refer to Pl. xxxi, fig. 7. 
SaPerDA VESTITA, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 4. 
SaAPpERDA ——, page 122, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 7. 
Refer THEcLA acts to figs. 1 & 3. 
Page 232, for Pl. xxiv, refer to Pl. xxxix, fig. 1. 
PHRYGANEA FaASscraTA, refer to Pl. xxxii, figs. 7 & 9. 
Correct GRAMMOPTERA, p. 128, and read TeLEpHorvs, PI. xxxiv, fig. 3. 
TELEPHORUS, refer to Pl. xxxiv, fig. 3. 
PopaBRUS MODESTUS, instead of TeLEPHORUS, PI. xxxiv, fig. 1. 
MEGACEPHALA VIRGINICA (Fab.), Pl. xvii, fig. 15. 
Ciytus notatus? p. 118, Pl. viii, fig. 3. 
Lyazvus Turcicus, Pl. xxx, fig. 9, var. « (Fitcn’s Catalogue). 
PHYTOCORIS LINEOLARIS, Pl. xxx, fig. 7. 
Puytocoris coccineus, Pl. xxx, fig. 2 (Frrcn’s Catalogue). 
| AcricuLTuRAL Report — Vot. v.] 32 * 


256* ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


PHYTOCORIS BELLUS, Pl. xxx, fig. 1. 

PENTATOMA CARNIFEX, Pl. xxx, fig. 3. 

PENTATOMA PENNSYLVANICA, Pl. xxx, fig. 4 ; young (undetermined), fig. 8. 

Page 168, for Repuvius, read Sines sTIMULATRIX, Pl. xxix, fig. 8 (Fircn’s Catalogue). 

LapHira TERGISSA, Pl. xxviii, fig. 6. 

LAPHIRA THORACICA, Pl. xxviii, fig. 5. 

LAPHIRA SERICEA, Pl. xxviii, fig. 8. 

LAPHIRA (undescribed), Pl. xxix, fig. 3. 

SYRPHUS PHILADELPHICUS, Pl. xxviii, fig. 1. 

Syrpuus? Pl. xxix, fig. 6. 

JTENOPHORA TRIMACULATA, PI. xxix, fig. 5 (Frrcm’s Catalogue). 

For GriILuus, substitute ORCHELLIMUM GRACILE (Harris), Pl. ix, fig. 1 (female). 

Color green shaded with brown, especially on the back and wings; wing-covers and legs green, faintly 

tinged with brown ; ovipositor brown, and cimetar-shaped : } inch in length. This grasshopper is 
common in meadows in August. 


LErTis onNaTA? PI. xxix, fig. 1. 

LEPTIS QUADRATA? PI. xxix, fig. 4. 

Lepris (undescribed], Pl. xxix, fig. 10. 

Page 195, for Vespa FRATERNA (PI. xxvi, fig. 6), read POLISTES ANNULARIS. 

Vespa, Pl. xxvi, fig. 8. 

Plate x, fig. 5, appears to be closely allied to the Genus SINODENDRON ? (Fab.). Antenne 10- 
jointed, shorter than the thorax; second short : club 3-jointed. It agrees better with the Genus 
SINODENDRON, than with either of the genera of the Lucanip#. Referred in the description of the 
plate, erroneously, to the Genus Scarires. The specimen from which the drawing was made is lost ; 
but the insect is very common, especially south, in decaying wood and trees. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 257* 


\ 


ARCTIA AMERICANA. Great American Tiger-moth. 


Mate. Back of the antenne white, tipped with brown; pectina brown. Head and thorax 
brown, covered with long hairs : front, at the base of the hairs, ornamented with a 
white band, surmounted with a crest of hairs trimmed with crimson, and which 
extends around the thoracic part. Forewings buff-brown: base of the wings marked 
with white branching spots, which resemble somewhat a cross : wing beyond the 
middle also marked with 4 white irregular cross something like an X, extending 
entirely across the wing, except to that portion which is directed towards the apex : 
anterior margin has two white spots, a large and a small, between the two crosses : 
inner margin has an oblong patch of brown parallel with its edge. Hindwings orange, 
taarked with three round blue-black spots ; between them is a lunule : on the under 
side, the margin has two brown. patches. Abdomen orange, marked in the middle with 
four transverse lines; beneath brown, except at the extremity. Thighs crimson ; legs 
brown. 

In the female the markings resemble the male, but the white is more conspicuous. 

Expanse of wing of the female, 24 inches. 

Captured near Albany. 

This moth closely resembles the English Caja, or Great Tiger-moth. It is rare in New- 
York, or rather but few have been taken to my knowledge. Dr. Harris received a speci- 
men from Trenton-falls, of which he has given a description in his Treatise on Insects, 
p. 267, 1852. It is easily distinguished from all our moths by its peculiar markings. 


ACHETA ABBREVIATA .see= 
PRCOUtAN «ie 6 fk RS 
AcRYDIUM FEMORRUBRUM . 


AcRYDIUM FLAVOVITTATUM, 


AEN in cee es SER 
FNGERIA EXITIOSA eoeeees 
AMGERIA TIPULIFORMIS 2.0. 
ADIMONIA Pe bas 
AGONIDERUS PALLIPES.... 
AGONUM CUPRIPENNE ..-. 
AGONUM OCTOPUNCTATUM . 
AGRILUS RUFICOLLIS «+... 
AGROTIS 
AMARA IMPUNCTICOLLIS .. 
American Oak-beauty..... 
American Tent-caterpillar . 
American Tigermoth ..... 


Page 
143 
246 
146 
147 
233 
222 
223 
134 

47 

45 

45 

85 
244 

46 
245 
235 
229 


ANCHOMENUS EXTENSICOLLIs, 49 


Angoumois Grainmoth .... 


254 


ANISODACTYLUS AGRICOLLIS, 47 
ANISODACTYLUS BALTIMOREUS,47 


ANISOPACTYLUS RUSTICUS . 
MOM E-LONS . 5 5 on aipiedk ode bs 
APATE BASIDARIS 010% 0% 5s 
Aphidians 
APrHopius 
APrHopius 
APHODIUS 
APHOoDIUS 
APpHoDIUs 
APHODIUS 


ATERRIMUS .... 
BICOLOB isis safes 
COPRONIMUS.... 
FEMORALIS .... 
BREVAT; + va ¥¥ 55 
STRIGATUS .... 
APHODIUS TERMINALIS.... 
Appletree Blight ........ 
ADLETS | s Kald'w scented CUS 
AREODA LANIGERA ....+. 
WANRCTIA ISABELLA» is p's 


[ AcricutturaAL Rerort — VoL. v.] 


47 
185 
93 
158 
69 
69 
69 
69 
69 
69 
69 
161 
148 
76 
229 


INDEX OF SPECIES. 


ARCTIA VIBGINICA eesees 
ARCTIA ‘VIRGO See's 
ARGYNNIS APHRODITE... 
ARGYNNIS IDEALIAs.eees 
ATTACUS CECROPIA 4.4... 
ATTACUS LUNA sides 00's Fs 
ATTACUS POLYPHEMUS... 
ATTACUS PROMETHEUS... 
ATTELABUS ANILIS see. 
ATTELABUS PUBESCENS ,. 
ATTELABUS SIMILIS ...6+ 
BALANINUS RECTUS ose 
Bark-lices ssc obi Tiwe é 
Beautiful Deiopeia ...... 
BEMBIDIUM HONESTUM... 
BEMBIDIUM INEQUALE ... 
BEMBIDIUM INORNATUM.. 
BEMBIDIUM SIGILLARE... 
BemBIDIUM 
BeEMBIDIUM VARIEGATUM , 
LATTA, NIVEA .,. > sevisis 
BoLETOPHAGUS CORNUTUS 
BracHINUS CEPHALOTES.. 
BRAcHINUS CONFORMIS... 
BracHINUS FUMANS ees 
BracHINUS PERPLEXUS .. 
BRENTHUS SEPTENTRIONIS 
IBRUCHUS IPIST nie’. ee aeletes 
Burrestis 
BupreEstTIs 
BurreEstTis 
Burrestis 
BurpreEstIs 
BurreEstIs 
BurrestTIs 
BupreEstIs 


DENTIPES .... 
DIVARICATA .. 
FASCIATA 2.0. 
FEMORATA ... 


LURIDA peewee 
VIRGINICA 


33 


. 


TRIPUNCTATUM, 


AMERICANA.... 


. 


. 


FULVO-GUTTATA, 


Page 
229 
229 
211 
212 
237 
234 
236 
237 
107 
107 
107 
109 
149 
229 


106 
100 


BuTALIS CEREALELLA..... 
Caddice-flies ...0..00c00s 
CALANDRA GRANARIA..... 
CALATHUS GREGARIUS .... 
CALLIMORPHA EPIMENIS... 
CALLIMORPHA PARTHENICE, 
CALLIMORPHA PHYLLIRA .. 
CALLIMORPHA VIRGUNCULA, 
CALOSOMA CALIDUM...... 
CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR .... 
CANTHARIS ATRATA seeee. 
CANTHARIS CINEREA .....- 
CARABUS LIMBATUS ...e.. 
CARABUS SERRATUS ...... 
CARABUS VINCULUS ...... 
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA .. 
CASSIDA CLAVATA seceees 
CATOCALA AFFINIS ......- 
CATOCALA EPIONE ......- 
CECIDOMYIA CULMICOLA... 
CECIDOMYIA DESTRUCTOR.. 
CECIDOMYIA ROBINIA..... 
CECIDOMYIA SALICIS...... 
CECIDOMYIA TRITICI...... 
CERAMBIX ood TERT 
CERATOCAMPA REGALIS ... 
CERESA BUBALUS ....cece 
CERESA DICEROS......... 
CETONIA FULGIDA....eee. 
OETONTA INGA pets aces tet 
Chigres®...2ss sen ahes ve 
CHLceNIUS EMARGINATUS.. 
CHLENIUS LITHOPHILUS .. 
CHLGNIUS NEMORALIS,..., 
CHLENIUS SERICEUS...... 
CHLENIUS TOMENTOSUS... 


Page 
254 
188 
101 
48 
228 
227 
228 
237 
52 
51 
97 
97 
51 
51 
51 
251 
130 
247 
247 
179 
173 
179 
179 
176 
116 
238 
155 
155 
89 
79 
148 
47 
48 
48 
48 
48 


258 


Page 


CurYSOMELA AMERICANA... 133 
CuRYSOMELA BANKSI..... 183 
CHRYSOMELA C@RULIPENNIS, 132 
CHRYSOMELA DECIPIENS... 131 
CurysoMELA PHILADELPHICA,130 


SHR YSOMELA 
CHRYSOMELA 
CHRYSOMELA TREMULA 


CHRYSOMELA 


PULCHER.... 
SCALARIS) 74 «dark 


133 


TRIMACULATA, 132 


132 


CHRYSOPHANES PHLEAS... 216 
CICADA CANICULARIS..... 152 
CICADA NOVEBORACENSIS.. 152 
CIcADA SEPTENDECIM..... 150 


CicINDELA ALBILABRIS.... 36 
CIcINDELA CAMPESTRIS ... 38 
CICINDELA DUODECIMGUTTATA,37 
CICINDELA GENEROSA..... (34 
CIcINDELA GUTTATA...... 89 
CICINDELA HS MORRHOIDALIS, 37 
CicINDELA HIRTICOLLIS ... 386 
CIcINDELA PATRUELA .... 85 
CicINDELA PUNCTULATA... 87 
CicINDELA PURPUREA .... 30 
CIcINDELA REPANDIS ..... 35 
CICINDELA VULGARIS 1.3... . 34 
CIMBEX AMERICANA...... 191 
CIiMBEX ULMING26%. Jteee tl Ol 
CiMEX LECTULARIUS...... 169 
CIMES PURCISS2N6 2730 PLES 
CIMINDIS PILOSUS ....... 42 
GUSTELA BREVIS. 24 .fceek yd AGT 
CLERUS APIARIUS........ 91 
CLISIOCAMPA AMERICANA .. 235 
CuisiocAMPA NEUSTRIA ... 240 
CLISIOCAMPA SYLVATICA... 239 
CLIVINA. LINEOLATAs....:7/44 
CLYTUS CAMPESTRIS...... 118 
Ciyrus .cApRUA.e0d. 4 (027117 
CLYTUS HAMATUS.....<-- 118 
Cryrus NobILs 2. a1 
Guyrus Picts a2. Avie AT? 
Ciytus sPEciIosus....... 117 
CLytus UNDATUS........ 118 
CoccINELLA ABBREVIATA . 138 

/OCCINELLA BIMACULATA.. 137 


INDEX. 


CoccINELLA BOREALIS .... 


Page 


136 


CoccINELLA DECIMMACULATA,138 


CoccInELLA 12-NoTATA... 
CoccINELLA IMMACULATA.. 
CoccINELLA INCARNATA... 


CoccINELLA NOVEMNOTA TA, 


CoccINELLA 5-MACULATA.. 


Cocc. TRANSVERSOGUTTATA, 


CoccINELLA TRIOCULATA .. 
CoccINELLA 20-MACULATA,. 
C@LIOXIS ANNULARIS..... 
CoLIAS PHILODICE ....... 
CopRIS CAROLINUS ....... 
CoPpRoOBIUS LEVIS........ 
CoREUS TRISTIS 2.2.06: 
Corn Emperor-moth...... 
CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZII, 
CREMASTOCHEILUS SCABER . 
CriocErIs 12-puNCTATA .. 


Cucusus CLAVATUS .... 


CUPES CAPITATA 4... 
CycHRUS VIDUUS .... 
CYNTHIA CARDUI .... 


. 


CYNTHIA HUNTERA....... 
CYRTOSIA ARCUATA ...... 
CyRTOSIA FULIGINOSA ...; 
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS 4.050. 
DEIOPEIA. BELLA .....00¢ 
Delta-moth .. . . ieee bh. 
DENDROIDES CANADENSIS... 
DERMESTES LARDARIUS ... 
DeEsMOCERUS PALLIATUS... 
DicHELONYCHA ELONGATA 


Dica@Lvus DILATATUS ..... 
Dica:Lus ELONGATUS..., 


DicTyopTERA RETICULATA . 
DicTyOptERA TERMINALIS . 
Dryocampa IMPERIALIS... 
DrvyocaAMPA PELLUCIDA ... 


Dikyocampa vine NIENSIS 


DyscuHirivs GLOBULOSUS .. 
DyTICUS HARRISH........ 
IXLAPHIDION PUTATOR..... 
ELAPHIDION VILLOSUM.... 


FXLAPHRUS RUSCARIUS .... 


137 
137 
136 
137 
136 
138 
137 
136 
197 
204 

70 


233 
239 
239 
44 
55 
124 
124 
52 


ELATER 
ELATER 
ELATER 
ELATER 
Eater 
ELATER 


APPRESSIFRONS... 
CINEREUS eovcees 
COMMUNIS,..++.. 
NOCTILUCUS ....- 
OBESUS seccsece 
OCULATUS esoce:- 


EINGIS FASCIATUS-..¢.scs~s 
EINTILIA CONCAVAcceevcsss 
ENTILIA EMARGINATA ...-¢ 


EINTILIA SINUATA....e00% 
Ephemerides......:0 00%. 
EPICAUTA VITTATAsseecs. 
EREBUS. EDUSA.... ceece 


EriosoMa NIVALIS ... 79, 


HUCH UTES BGLE. tad woke 
EUCHLORA CQZLEBS......> 
EUDAMUS TITYRUS ecoeess 
HupRYAS GRATAs is ae 
EXUMOLPUS AURATUSecees 


Forricuta 4 deaeus 


GARGARA 


P1608. scion cae ney eee 
GALERITA AMERICANA .... 
GALERUCA CALMARIENSIS, . 
GALERUCA VITTATA ...... 
Galerucides see's aise ae 
GALGULUS OCULATUS ..... 
GARGARA CINEREUM. se... 
GARGARA DISCOIDALIS .... 
GARGARA 
GARGARA 
GARGARA 


INERMIS 5345588 
MACULIFRONTIS . 
MAJUS 4. 04. See 
NIGRICEPHALA .. 
PECTORALIS .... 
GARGARA PUBESCENS ..... 
GARGARA QUERCI...<+-4. 
GEOMETRA CATENARIA,... 
GEOMETRA SERRATA ..... 
GEOMETRA TRANSVERSATA, 
GEOTRUPES SPLENDENS ... 
GERRIS MARGINATUS ..... 
GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS...e..-- 
GORTYNIA LEUCOSTIGMA,.. 
GoRTYNIA 2eaeiiss) ae 
GRAMMOPTERA are oh 
GRILLOTALPA BREVIPENNIS, 


GARGARA 


Page 


88 


Page 
Harica cHALYBEA....... 185 
Haiptus 12-puncratus,. 59 
HaieLus IMMACULATICOLLIS, 95 
HAMMATOCERUS PURCIS... 168 
HArvatus sBicotor’...... 49 
HARPALUS ERRATICUS .... 
HARPALUS FAUNUS ...... 
BPONVOSt=fO8 or « «caus a lei 
Miawk-mpths oc es. s dee 
MI BPTOLS 5. wey Mees 
HESPERIA PECKIUS .....0e. 


149 
216 
241 
216 
173 
STs 
ors 

66 
Honeycomb-moth ........ 253 
Horuta TrirasciaTA ..... 78 
Brniss.. acess ias. sorkOl 
Wy¥Lopius paALes ........' 107 
HyturGus Tereprans ... 112 
IcHNEUMON BREvicINCTOR. 193 
Ips BIFUSTULATUS 60 
IPS FASCIATUS .......... 99 
60 
69 


PRG astan Ay, ooo on tie vie Sai 
HiprpaRcHIA ALOPE ...... 
HiprpaArkcuIA NEPHELE .... 
HISTER CONFORMIS.....-. 


eoveeeree 


Tes QUADRISIGNATA.,. ¢s!.s 
Ips sANGUINOLENTA...... 
Iraycervs NoVEB: RACcENSIS, 110 
Hadybirds . 0565). STL 
LAMIA . 124 
LAMPYRIS ANGULATA..... 
LAMPYRIS CORRUSCA 
Lampyris 
LAmMpyris 


LATICORNIS .... 
NIGRICANS «2... 
LAMPYRIS SCINTILLANS ... 
LAMPYRIS VERSICOLOR.... 
Lasiocampians......,...- 
Leaf-hoppers......ceeese 
Breaf-rollers ¢ 6.) see eee 
LEBIA ATRIVENTRIS ...... 
LEBIA SMARAGDULA...... 
Treeia~ Vinibis tae Feiss. 
LEMA TRIVITTATA ssvess- 
LEPTURA MALACHITICUS... 
LEPTURA OCTOPUNCTATA.. 
LEPTURA RUBRICA ........ L127 


INDEX. 


LeEpTURA SUBPUBESCENS. 
LEPTURA VITTATA..... 
LIBELLULA PULCHELLA ... 
LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS... 
LIMENITIS DISSIPPUS .... 
LIMENITIS URSULA i.e. 
Leptis 
Locusta 
Locusta 
Locusta 
LocustTa 


CAROLINAS V¢ ose 
CORALLINA .... 146 
NEBULOSA ...... 146 
SULPHUREA..... 146 
LoxoTENIA ROSACEANA... 250 
Liucianue pamar. teereso. 7 6 
LyG#us LEUCOPTERUS.... 169 
MacropacTyLus SUBSPINOSA, 78 
weal ie 
CRSy 
MELITEZA PHETON....... 212 
212, 

97 
183 
183 
123 
PULCHER ... 123 
SCUTELLATUS, 123 
MoNocHAMUS TITILLATOR . 123 
LOUIS) so hg be MONS . Se whe Ld 
181 
Myrmehon es ihe oro. e185 
NECRODES SURINAMENSIS.. 58 
NEcROPHORUS AMERICANUS, 57 
57 
O7 
58 


REAP OUS. 0 Pag sle cles Sate « 
Mayiliesc... ten tks - 


MELITAA PHAROS ....... 
MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIS.... 
Mipis FIGATUSLR YESS Us 
MILESIA VIRGINIENSIS .... 
MonocHamMUS MACULOSUS 
Monocuamus 


Monocnramus 


Musca VOMITORIA .....-. 


NEcROPHORUS PYGMEUS... 
NEcROPHORUS TOMENTOSUS, 
NITIDULA BIPUSTULATA ... 
NoctuA MARGARITATA.... 
Noctva 
Noctua 
Noctua 


NUNDINA ss s.5 00 
SQUAMULARIS .... 
UNDULARIS .» 520 
NoriopHILUS PoRRECTUS.. 952 


NoToneEctus 
NyMPHALIS ARTHEMIS.... 
ODONTATA SCUTELLARIS .. 13 
(Epionycnuus tTHoracica .. 135 

9 


@eeerees 


OMALISUS COCCINATUS .... 


209 


Page 
OMoPHRON LAEIATUM..... 52 
oo var. TESSELLATUS, 52 


ONCIDERES CINGULATUS... 125 
68 
68 

196 

196 

196 

197 

230 

128 

230 

215 
46 

200 

201 

204 

209 
56 


ONTHOPHAGUS HECATE.... 
ONTHOPHAGUS OVATUS.... 
OPHION GLABRATUS ...... 
OpHION MACRURUM ......- 
OrHION MUNDUS 
Option 
OrGYIA 


PURGATUS orca ease’ 
LEUCOSTIGMA .... 
PAacHYTA CORDIFERA ..... 
Pale Emperor-moth ...... 
PAaMPHILA PHIL@US...... 
PANGUS CALIGINOSUS..:.. 
Perro. ASTEHIAS +... e. « 
PHILE SOR’ os c.¢5cu-¢ 


TURNUS...cccees 


Parizio 
Papiiio 
PAPITIOtURTICN A. cc. eo 
Parnus 


Parnvs 


CHENATUS's ccc: 
FASTIGIATUS..... 
PELECINUS POLITURATOR .. 
PELECINUS POLICERATOR .. 
PELIDNOTA MACULATA .... 
PELIDNOTA PUNCTATA .... 
PRATOUNA LEONA «co. vc.0 soe 
PHALAENA QUERCARIA.... 
PHALANA UNDULARIS ... 
PHAN ZEUS CARNIFEX ..... 
PHANEROPTERA angustifolia, 
PHELAMPELIS SATELLITIA . 
PHRYGANEA SEMIFASCIATA, 
PHYLLOBIUS TJENIATUS ... 
PHYLLOPHAGA DRAKIT .... 7 
PHYLLOPHAGA GEORGIANA. 72 
PHYLLOPHAGA HIRTICULA.. 72 
PILOSICOLLIS, 72 
QuERCINA.. 72 
VARIOLOSA . 72 
Preis. nicipeet sii. .. 


PHYLLOPHAGA 
PHYLLOPHAGA 
PuHyLLopuaGca 


Pigeon Tremee 7.107 ., 25 
PIMPLA LUNATOR.....6 0 
PissopEs ‘STROBE. 3 5. 60% 3 
PITHO AMERICANA eceeee. 
Pilant-lices: . if. 


260 


PLATYCERAS PICEUSe.eee. 
PLATYGASTER TIPULA.... 


Page 
66 
180 


PLATYPHYLLUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, 


PLATYPHYLLUM CONCAVUM, 
PLATY. OBLONGIFOLIUM ... 
PONTIA OLERACEA eoeceee 
Potato Hawkmoth ....... 
Potherb: Pontiacs... <0 
PRIONUS LATICOLLISs eee. 
PRIONUS PENNSYLVANICA.. 
Progne Butterfly......... 
PAPINUS “EUR scp sie eds =. 9 eis 
PuLEX PENETRANS 
PurpurRicENUS HUMERALIs, 
PYGMHRA ALBIFRONS...s6. 
PyROCHROA FLABELLATA.. 
ReEpvvivs 
RHAGIUM LINEATUMeeeess 
RHINOSIA POMETELLA....- 
RHYNCHANUS NENUPHAR.. 
Rose Leafroller.......++. 


eaeveee 


MAltAtOPS cca stsuc ue semis ds 
Saltmarsh Caterpillar ..... 
SAPERDA CALCARATA ..e0- 
SAPERDA CANDIDA eeesee- 
SAPERDA TRIDENTATA .... 
SAPERDA TRIPUNCTATA ..- 
SAPEBDA .VESTITA. aud 0.0.0 
SARCOPHAGA GEORGINA ... 
SarncoPHAGA VOMITORIA .. 
EAN UE NEA, 10a iets imouspetestanga 
SATURNIA MATA .. ooo acc: 
ScaRITES SUBTERRANEUS .. 
ScoLIA FOSSILANA sseeeee 
ScoLIA OCTOMACULATA.... 
SeoLYTUSsP YB Les steancemaye 
Semicolon Butterfly ...... 
CORICA ASSIMILISretscaaje® es 
SERICA VESPERTINA .eoees 
SERICA VIRIDANS ....0ees 
SESIA FUCIFORMIS..eseess 
SSESIA PREASG Se. cline 5 
SILPHA AMERICANA ..e%-- 


145 
144 
145 
204 
218 
204 
115 
115 
207 

92 
148 
126 
242 

96 
168 
126 
254 
109 
250 
142 
225 
121 
121 
122 
122 
121 
181 
181 
232 
231 

43 
197 
197 
113 
207 

71 

71 

71 
221 
221 


INDEX. 
Page 
SULPHA: GADDAT As yo o's ce OT 
SILPHA INEQUALIS ecoesee DT 
SILPHA NOVEBORACENSIS .. 58 


SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS .. 105 
Skippers... dees s & DOF; BW 
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUsS .... 221 
SMILIA ,AURICULATA...-.- 153 
SMILIAGUPTARASAL GS tes 
SMILIA VIRIDIS ...0.0e008 L104 
SMILIA. VITTATA ++ le oe 
Spanworms ............. 248 
SPECTRUM FEMORATUM.... 142 
SPHZRODERUS STENOosTomus, 49 
SPHEX PENNSYLVANICA ... 195 
197 
218 
218 
218 
219 
218 


SPHEX PLUMIPES........- 
SPHINX BRONTES ....000+ 
SPHINX CAROLINUS .eeeees 
SPHINX CHIONANTHI....%. 
SPHINX. CINEREA... 24. 
SPHINX CONVOLVULUS.... 
SpHINX oOcToMACULATUS .. 218 
SPHINX PAMPINATRIX..... 220 
SPHINX QUINQUEMACULATUS, 219 
SPILOSOMA ACRAA....... 225 
SPILOSOMA ARGE ...,.... 226 
SPILOSOMA CUNEA sececes 
SEILOSOMA EGLE. ous 0.0 ots 
SPILOSOMA NAIS ..eeececse 
STAPHYLINUS CHRYSURUS.. 
STAPHYLINUS CYANIPENNIS, 
STAPHYLINUS VILLOSUS ... 
STENOCORUS CINCTUS..... 
TABANUS AMERICANUS.... 
TABANUS ATRATUS cesseee 
TELAMONA ACCLIVATA.... 
TELAMONA AMPELOPSIDES . 
TELAMONA CORYLI....... 
TELAMONA CRATEGI...... 
TELAMONA ‘FAGI ... 6 c's: 08 
TELAMONA ORNATA eeacee: 
TELAMONA QUERCI ....... 
TELAMONA RECLIVATA.... 
TELAMONA TURRICULATA . 
TELAMONA UNICOLOR....- 


Page 
TELEPHORUS piniaie, o GRO 
TENEBRIO CURVIPES...... 99 
TENEBRIO MOLITOR ...... 99 
TENEBRIO OBSCURUS...... 99 


Tent Caterpillar......... 229 
TENTHREDO ods Ue. A 
TETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMA, 121 
PET RIK. « He's 95 osu PO POE 
TETTIGONIA ROSE ....... 158 
TETTIGONIA VITIS...00+ 
THANASIMUS DUBIUS ..... 
HECLA ACIS ., 6 ¢auxgto 
THECLA HUMULI...ecece 
THELIA BIMACULATA ..... 156 
THELIA BINOTATA ....... 156 
THELIA .LUTIPES# sys 2 ..ankDO 
THRIPS... 4c eawheet/ eee 
TINEA GRANELLA.......+ 256 
ToOMICUS EXESUS ....0. 
ToMIcUS LIMINARIS...... 112 


TOMICUS -PINDs ¢‘slst ode ote 
TRECHUS CINCTUS esses 48 
TRECHUS CONJUNCTUS .... 48 


Trechoppers 24. sivtagaege Oe 


TREMEX COLUMBA ....... 192 
TROX; GAPILEARIS -./sune eu 
TROX PORCATUS ....0isse elo 
Upis PENNSYLVANICUS.... 99 


Urocervs ALBICORNIS.... 192 
VANESSA ANTIOPE ..-++-3 206 
VANESSA ATALANTA... 208, 209 
VANESSA COMMA ........ 208 
VANESSA INTERROGATIONIS, 207 
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS... 208 
VANESSA PROGNE........ 207 
VANESSA URTICH.eeee5-- 209 
VESPA FRATERNA oeeseess 195 


Wheat-fly . ss 0005s 01. tb 
Wheat-midge ........... 180 
White Miller...) sass s:omsmee 
Willow Butterfly ........ 206 
Wood-nymph ........ 
Wood-wasps wecesieeccene LOL 
XYLOCARPA VIRGINICA.. 


Admirals, page 206. 
Angoumois grainmoth, 254. 
Antlion, 185 — 187. 
Aphanipterous insects, 148. 
Aphides, 158 — 162. 
Aphis-eaters, 136, 159. 
Appletree blight, 79, 161. 
Appletree borers, 87, 120. 
Appletree insects, 162, 251. 
Appletree worms, 110. 
Ashtree borers, 87, 222, 223. 
Asparagus insect, 123. 
Aspentree borers, 121. 
Aster-bugs, 134. 
Atmospheric blight, 164, 165. 
Baconbug, 60. 

Balancers, 172. 

Balsamine butterfly, 210. 
Barklice, 149, 162, 163. 
Barkworms, 85, 98, 118, 119. 
Beanmoths, 226. 

Bedbugs, 169, 170. 
Beechtree insect, 154. 
Bee-eating beetles, 80, 91. 
Beeswax-moth, 253. 
Berrybugs, 191. 


Birds destroy insects, 74, 82,163, 
240. 


Blackberry worm, 122. 
Blackcherry insects; 163. 
Blackclocks, 39, 44 — 49. 
Blight, 164. 


ENGLISH INDEX. 


Blistering-flies, 96, 97. 
Bombardiers, 39, 41 — 48. 
Bookworms, 92. 
Buckwheatworms, 243. 
Burrowers, 39, 43, 44. 
Butterflies, 199 — 216. 
Buttonwood caterpillar, 234. 
Cabbage butterflies, 205. 
Cabbage-worms, 245. 
Caddiceflies, 188. 
Canada-thistle insect, 153. 
Candle-owls, 89. 
Carpet-eating insects, 252, 
Carrion-beetles, 57, 58, 70. 
Carrot-butterflies, 100. 
Ceiling-bugs, 197. 
Cellarbugs, 98. 
Cherrybugs, 73, 79. 
Cherrytree worms, 110, 222. 
Chesnut-rail worm, 118. 
Chesnut weevil, LLL. 
Chigre, 148. 

China-aster insect, 97. 
Chinchbugs, 169. 

Clouded butterfly, 213. 
Cockroaches, 141. 


Coleopterous insects, 31 — 138. 


Columbine-worm, 243. 
Comma butterfly, 208. 
Copper butterfly, 216. 
Corneating worms, 86. 
Corn emperor-moth, 231, 232. 


[ AcricuLturaL Rerort — Vot. v.] 34 


Corn weevils, 101 — 106, 111. 
Crickets, 143. 
Cucumber-bugs, 134, 135. 


Currantbush insects, 163, 222, 
228. 


Cutworms, 243. 
Dahlia-worm, 243. 
Deathwatch, 92. 
Devil’s-darningneedle, 184. 
Dipterous insects, 172 — 183. 
Dischargers, 39, 50 — 52. 
Dogday harvestfly, 152. 
Dogsbane insect, 130. 
Dogwood-moths, 252. 
Dragonflies, 184. 
Dung-beetles, 63 — 71. 
Karwigs, 139. 


| Eatable grubs, 116. 


Elder-pith worm, 125, 
Elmtree blight, 165. 

Elmtree bugs, 134. 

Elmtree caterpillars, 232, 236. 
Emperor-moths, 220 — 233. 
Euplexopterous insects, 139. 
Fire-beetles, 88. 

Fireflies, 89. 

Fisheating bugs, 166. 

Fleas, 148. 

Flies, 181. 

Flower-beetles, 63, 80, 119, 139. 
Forest tent-caterpillar, 239, 
Fringetree moth, 218. 


262 


Fritterlaries, 206. 

Fruit-bectles, 73, 110, 139. 

Fruitbugs, 171. 

Fruit-tree moths, 230, 252. 

Fur-beetles, 60. 

Fureating insects, 252. 

Gadflies, 182. 

Garden crickets, 142. 

Gigantic beetles, 71. 

Gloworms, 89. 

Goldenrod insect, 79, 132, 134. 

Gooseberry butterfly, 205. 

Grainmoths, 254, 256. 

Grain-weevils, 101 — 106, 111. 

Grainworms, 92, 99. 

Grapevine beetles, 76, 77, 

Grapevine insects, 157, 158, 220. 

Grasping beetles, 140. 

Grasshoppers, 144. 

Grassmoths, 226, 227. 

Grassworms, 73, 86, 88, 243. 

Harmless insects, 59, 112, 124, 
144, 152, 153, 201, 202, 
O27, Bets ely eo 

Harvestflies, 149, 152. 

Hawkmoths, 216 — 228. 

Hay insect, 147. 

Hazletree insect, 155. 

Hessianflies, 173 — 176. 


Heteropterous insects, 166-171. 


Hickory borers, 82, 93,116, 125. 


Hickorytree caterpillar, 239, 240. 


Homopterous insects, 149 — 165. 
Honeycomb-moth, 253. 
Honeydew, 159, 163. 

Hooppole insects, 93, 123. 
Hop butterfly, 214. 
Horn-bectles, 65, 
Hornbugs, 73. 

Horntails, 191. 
Horsechesnut-moths, 231. 
Horseflies, 182. 
Horseradish-bugs, 155. 
Hummingbird-moths, 217. 
Hymenopterous ins. 189 — 197. 


INDEX. 


Ichneumon-flies, 193, 194. 

Insects serviceable to the farmer 
and gardener, 33 — 41, 48, 
46, 50, 52, 53,57, 67, 136, 
161, 162, 193, 196. 

Jigger, 148. 

Jumping beetles, 140. 

Katydids, 144, 145. 

Lacewing, 159. 

Ladybirds, 1386 -— 138, 161. 

Leadeaters, 93. 

Leafeating caterpillars, 231, 232, 

233, 234, 238, 239, 241, 242. 

Leafhoppers, 152. 

Leafrollers, 256. 

Lepidopterous insects, 198 — 256. 

Lichen-worms, 223, 225. 

Lilac-moth, 238. 

Lindentree borer, 121. 

Locusts, 145, 146. 

Locust-tree insect, 130, 179, 217. 

Loopers, 248. 

Lychnis blight, 164. 

Maggots, 173, 181. 

Maize-bugs, 169. 

226 — 228, 232, 


Maize-moths, 
243. 


Maize-worms, 86. 

Mapletree insects, 162, 192,194. 
May-beetles, 73. 

Mayflies, 187. 

Mealworms, 99. 

Measuring worms, 248, 249. 


| Milkweed-moths, 227. 


Millers, 229, 

Moleerickets, 143. 

Mountainash insects, 222, 228. 
Mulberry beetles, 93. 
Mustard-bugs, 135, 

| Neuropterous insects, 184 - 187. 
Nutweevil, 109. 
Oak-beauty, 245. 
Oaktree beetles, 
124. 


82, 84, 106, 


Oaktree caterpillars, 234, 236, 
240 — 242. 


Oaktree insects, 231, 245. 


Orchard caterpillars, 235, 239, 
254. 


Orchard-worms, 120. 
Orthopterous insects, 140 — 147. 


Parasitic insects, 53, 179, 180, 
193, 196. 


Parsley butterfly, 200. 
Peabugs, 100, 228. 

Peachbug, 79, 80, 111. 
Peachtree insects, 160, 222. 
Peachtree yellows, 113. 
Pear-blight, 113, 165. 
Peartree beetles, 76, 110, 113. 
Peartree insects, 160, 251. 
Pignut-tree borer, 85. 


Pinetree beetles, 82, 83, 91, 108, 
Lid; TPQ, das 126; 


Plantlice, 149, 158 — 162. - 
Plumtree beetles, 73. 
Plumtree silkworm, 250. 
Plum-weevils, 109, 111. 
Poplartree borer, 121, 133. 
Poplartree moths, 232. 
Potato-blight, 164. 
Potato-flies, 96, 129, 

Potato hawkmoth, 218. 
Potato-moth, 219. 

Praying beetle, 142. 
Radish-bugs, 135. 
Raspberry borer, 122. 
Raspberry insect, 85. 
Rice-weevil, 106, 112. 
Rooks destroy caterpillars, 74. 
Rooteating worms, 86. 
Rosebug, 79. 

Rose leafhopper, 158. 

Rose leafroller, 250. 
Rottenwood beetles, 59. 
Running beetles, 140 — 142. 
Sacred beetles, 63, 67. 
Saltmarsh caterpillar, 225. 
Sassafras-moths, 232. 


e 


Sawbeetles, 115. 

Sawflies, 190. 

Scavenger beetles, 57. 
Semicolon butterfly, 207. 
Seventeen-year locust, 150. 
Sexton-beetles, 56 — 58. 
Silkweed insect, 124. 
Skin-destroying beetles, 60. 
Skippers, 167, 215. 
Snaileaters, 89. 

Snapbugs, 86. 

Snowball insect, 163. 
Social ants, 184. 

Social butterflies, 214. 
Social caterpillars, 232, 254, 240. 
Spanworms, 248. 

Sphinges, 218 — 221. 
Spindleworms, 243. 
Spring-beetles, 86. 
Squashbugs, 171. 
Squirting beetles, 41 - 43. 


INDEX. 


| Stag-beetle, 66. 


Stinking beetles, 50 — 52, 61. 
Strawberry-bugs, 171. 
Tent-caterpillars, 235. 
Thornapple insect, 155. 
Tiger-beetles, 33 — 38, 
Tigermoths, 229. 

Timber insects, 92—94, 114, 124. 
Tortoiseshell butterfly, 209. 
Treehoppers, 152. 
Trichopterous insects, 188. 
Turnipeaters, 129, 135, 
Tussocks, 230. 

Walking beetles, 140, 142. 
Walkingsticks, 142. 
Walnuttree girdlers, 123. 
Walnuttree moths, 238, 240. 
Wasps, 195. 

Water-beetles, 54 — 56. 
Waterskippers, 167. 

Weevils, 101 — 106, 108. 


263 


Wheatbug, 92. 

Wheatflies, 176 — 178. 

Wheat insects, 101 — 106, 108, 
111, 161, 169, 228. 

Wheatmidge, 180. 

Wheatstalk insect, 179. 

Wheatworms, 243. 

Whiteants, 184. 

Wildcherry butterfly, 203. 

Wildcherry caterpillars, 236. 

Willow butterflies, 206. 

Willow insects, 179, 

Wireworms, 86, 88. 

Woodbine insect, 154. 

Woodeating beetles, 66, 98, 112. 

Woodeating caterpillars, 241. 

Woodwasps, 191. 

Woodworms, 98, 114, 119, 124, 
192, 241. 

Woolleneating insects, 252. 


INDEX OF ANGLICISED NAMES, 


Page 
AcHETA, or Cricket : 


Domestic Achate........- 
Acheta abbreviata. 


143 


Acrypium, or Little-locust : 
Redlegged Acridy ....... 146 


Acrydium femorrubrum. 


Yellowstriped Acridy..... 


Acrydium flavyovittatum. 


147 


AvbELA, or Invisible-worm : 

Degeer’s Adele........., 252 
Adela degeerella. 

Apimonia, or Timid-beetle, 134 


ABcER1A, or Poplar-moth : 
Mischievous Egery....... 
Aigeria exitiosa. 


Skippershaped Egery..... 2238 


/igeria tipuliformis. 


222 


Aconoverus, or Angular beetle: 
Palefooted Agonodere .... 47 
Agonoderus pallipes. 
Aconvum, or Rounded beetle : 
Copperwinged Agone..... 


Agonum cupripenne. 
Hightpointed Agone...... 


Agonum octopunctatum. 


45 
45 


Acritus, or Raspberry beetle : 
Redbreasted Agrile ...... 85 


Agrilus ruficollis. 


Acrotis, or Cutworm .. 244 
Amara, or Black-beetle : 


Black Amare. ia:iia saree sis 
Amara impuncticollis. 


46 


Page 
ANCHOMENUS, or Ditch-beetle : 


Broadbreasted Anchomene. 49 
Anchomenus extensicollis. 

ANISODACTYLUS, or Uzeven- 

legged beetle : 

Baltimore Anisodactyl.... 47 
Anisodactylus baltimorius. 

Field Anisodactyl........ 47 
Anisodactylus rusticus. 

Narrownecked Anisodactyl, 47 
Anisodactylus agricollis. 

Awnosium, or Deathwatch. 92 

AvaTE, or Woodeater : 

Royal Apate........5--. 93 
Apate basilaris. 

Apuis, or Plantlouse .... 158 


Apuoptius, or Footless beetle : 


Bicolored Aphody... .... 69 
Aphodius bicolor. 

Blackish Aphody ........ 69 
Aphodius aterrimus. 

Excrementitious Aphody .. 69 
Aphodius copronimus. 

Femoral Aphody......... 69 
Aphodius femoralis. 

Servile Aphody.......... 69 
Aphodius serval. 

Strigate Aphody......... 69 
Aphodius strigatus. 

Terminal Aphody........ 69 


Aphodius terminalis. 


ArctiA, or Diana’s-virgin : 
Isabella Arcty ...s:00e0see a29 


Arctia isabella. 


Page 
Maiden. Arcty i... ..es000- 220 
Arctia virgo. 
Virginian Arcty J. 500.0% 
Arctia virginica. 


229 


AreEopa, or Goldsmith-beetle : 
Woolly Areode....s0.2. ) 16 


Areoda lanigera. 


ARGYNNIS, or Argynnus 
butterfly : 

Ideal Argynne*.....s.+..° 212 
Argynnis idealia. 

Venus’s Argynne........ 211 
Argynnis aphrodite. 

ArEvucuus, or Egyptian beetle : 

Sacred Ateuchy.......... 68 
Ateuchus sacer. 

Artacus, or Baldheaded-moth : 

Cecrops Attace..seeeene. 207 
Attacus cecropia. 

Diana Attace v..5.3052%% 
Attacus luna. 

Polyphemus Attace ...... 236 
Attacus polyphemus. 

Prometheus Attace....... 237 
Attacus prometheus. 


233 


ATTELaABus, or Feeble locust : 

Anile Attelabe.......... 107 
Attelabus anilis. 

Downy Attelabe........- 
Attelabus pubescens. 


Similar Attelabe......... 
Attelabus similis. 


107 
107 


Baraninus, or Nut-weevel : 


Slender Balanine ........ 
Balaninus rectus. 


109 


Page 
Snouted Balanine........ LI 
Balaninus nascicus. 


Bempipium, or Topshaped 
beetle : 
Handsome Bembidy...... 


Bembidium honestum. 


Homely Bembidy.......- 
Bembidium inornatum. 
Sealshaped Bembidy...... 


Bembidium sigillare. 


Threepointed Bembidy.... 


Bembidium tripunctatum. 
Uneven Bembidy ........ 
Bembidium inequale. 


Variegated Bembidy...... 
Bembidium variegatum, 


53 
53 
53 
53 


53 


Buattra, or Cockroach : 


Domestic Blatter ........ 141 
Blatta orientalis. 


Pale Blatter. S505 2.30 441 


Blatta nivea. 


Boretopsacus, or Mushroom- 
eater : 


Horned Boletophager..... 
Boletophagus cornutus. 


98 


Bomeyx, or Silkworm, 225, 233 
Bracuinus, or Shortwing : 
Fiarheaded Brachine ..... 


Brachinus cephalotes. 


Groovewinged Brachine ... 
Brachinus perplexus. 


Smoking Brachinus ...... 
Brachinus fumans. 


Wellshaped Brachine ..... 
Brachinus conformis. 
Brentuus, or Longsnout : 


Northern Brent ........+ 
Brenthus septentrionis. 


Brucuus, or Peaborer : 
Pea-eating Bruchy....... 100 


Bruchus pisi. 


Buprestis, or Burncow : 
Banded Buprestis........ 
Buprestis fasciata. 
Brownspotted Buprestis ... 
Buprestis fulvoguttata. 
Dentipede Buprestis...... 
Buprestis dentipes. 
Divaricate Buprestis...... 
Buprestis divaricata. 


[ AcricuLTuURAL Rrport— Vol. v.] 


INDEX. 


Page 
84 


Femorate Buprestis ...... 
Buprestis femorata. 


‘Lurid Buprestis ......... 
Buprestis luridus. 


Virgin Buprestis ........ 
Buprestis virginica. 


85 
83 


Burauis, or Angoumois moth : 


Graineating Butaly....... 254 
Butalis cerealella. 


Caranpra, or Corneater : 
Granary Calandre........ 101 
53 | 


Calandra granaria. 
Caxtatuus, or Basket-beetle : 


Social Calathy <..+..00% 
Calathus gregarius. 


38 


~CatiimorpHa, or Comely moth : 
Leaf Callimorph......... 228 
Callimorpha phyllira. 


Maiden Callimorph....... 


Callimorpha virguncula. 


Monthly Callimorph...... 


Callimorpha epimenis. 
Virgin Callimorph ....... 

Callimorpha parthenice. 
Catosoma, or Handsomebody : 


Lively Calosome ........ 52 
Calosoma calida. 


Searching Calosome ...... 51 


Calosoma scrutator. 
Canraaris, or Blisterfly : 
Ashy Cantharis....s..... 


Cantharis cinereus. 
Blackish Cantharis....... 

Cantharis atrata. 
Carasus, or Leapbeetle : 


Chained Caraby ........- 


Carabus vinctus. 
‘Fringed Caraby .......5- 
Carabus limbatus. 


Punctured Caraby ....... 
Carabus serratus. 


Carpocapsa, or Frudfworm : 
Orchard Carpocapse...... 201 


Carpocapsa pomonella. 


Cassipa, or Tortoise-beetle : 


Clubbed Cassid..... 


Cassida clayata. 


Shielded Cassid...... 


Cassida scutellata. 


35 


130 


ereee 


cacp a LOR 


CatocaLa, or Brownmoth : 


Sooty Catocale.......20. 
Catocala epione. 

Versicolored Catocale..... 
Catocala. affinis. 

Cecipomyta, or Hesstanfly : 


Destroying Cecidomy..... 
Cecidomyia destructor. 
Locusttree Cecidomy ..... 
Cecidomyia robinia. 
Wheat Cecidomy .......-. 
Cecidomyia tritici. 
Wheatstalk Cecidomy .... 
Cecidomyia culmicola. 
Willow Cecidomy........ 
Cecidomyia salicis. 
CreramsByx, or Hornbug .. 116 


Ceratocampa, or Hornmoth : 


Regal Ceratocamp .... 238 
Ceratocampa regalis. 


| Ceresa, or Fatalfly : 


Buffalo Corese:siwe's sixcurd 2155 


Ceresa bubalus. 


Twospotted Cerese....... 155 
Ceresa: diceros. 


Cetonra, or Rose-beetle : 


Clothed Cetony ......... 79 
Cetonia inda. 

Shining Cetony........... 80: 
Cetonia fulgida. 

CuLa@nivs, or Grassgreen 

beetle : 

Emarginate Chleny ...... 47 
Chloenius emarginatus. 

Grove Chleny :2.....00.<. 48 
Chloenius nemoralis. 

Siiky Chen gee sa sess eines 25 
Chlcenius sericeus. 

Stone’ Chleny: 22 oes ew ee ee 
Chlcenius lithophilus. 

Woolly Chieny........... 48 


Chlcenius tomentosus. 


| Curysometa, or Goldenbug : 


American Chrysomel ..... 133: 
Chrysomela americana, 


Banks’s Chrysomel....... 


Chrysomela banksii. 


Beautiful Chrysomel...... 132: 
Chrysomela pulcher. 

Bluewinged Chrysomel.... 132: 
Chrysomela czrulipennis. 


158 


266 


Deceiving Chrysomel ..... 
Chrysomola decipisns. 


Ladderlike Chrysomel .... 


Chrysomela scalaris. 


Philadelphia Chrysomel . . . 


Chrysomela philadelphica. 
Threespotted Chrysomel .. 
Chrysomela trimaculata. 
CurysoruaNnus, or Goldenlight: 
Shorttailed Chrysophane .. 216 
Chrysophanus phleas. 
Cicapa, or Harvestfly : 
Dogday Cicade.......... 152 


Cicada eanicularis. 


New-York Cicade........ 
Cicada noveboracensis. 


152 


~ 


Seventeen-year Cicade.... 150 
Cicada septendecim. 


CicinDELA, or Glowworm ; 
called also Tiger-beetle, 
and Sandleaper : 
Broadluned Cicindel...... 35 
Cicindela repandis. 
Common Cicindel........ 
Cicindela vulgaris. 
Cousin Cicindel ......... 39d 
Cicindela patruela. 


Dotted Cicindel ......... 39 
Cicindela guttata. 

12-dotted Cicindel ....... 37 
Cicindela duodecimguttata. 

Emeroidal Cicindel....... 87 
Cicindela heemorrhoidals. 

Wield Gicindel. . ove. «e000. 08 
Cicindela campestris. 

Gentle Cicindel......+... 34 


Cicindela generosa. 
Punctulate Cicindel ...... 37 
Cicindela punctulata. 
Purple Cicindel eeoseesece 

Cicindela purpurea. 
Roughnecked Cicindel.... 36 
Cicindela hirticollis. 
Whitehaired Cicindel..... 36 
Cicindela albohirta. 


Whitelipped Cicindel ..... 36 


Cicindela albilabris. 


CimBex, or Sawfly: 
Elmtree Cimbice 
Cimbex ulmi. 


Cimex, or Domestic bug : 


Bedstead Cimice ........ 169 
Cimex lectularius. 


INDEX. 


Page 
Crminpis, or Littlebug : 


Hairy Cimindis.......... 42 
Cimindis pilosus. 

CisteLa, or Casket-beetle : 

Short Cistel ...... drei 87 
Cistela brevis. 

Cierus, or Beehive beetle : 

Bee-eating Clery ........ 91 
Clerus apiarius. 

Cuistocampa, or Tentmoth : 

American Clisiocamp ..... 235 


Clisiocampa americana. 


Forest Clisiocamp ....... 239 
Clisiocampa sylvatica. 
Whiteoak Clisiocamp ..... 
Clisiocampa neustria. 


240 


Crivina, or Soothsaying beetle : 


Lined Clivme ..;.. 2... ..) 44 
Clivina lineolata. 

Ciytus, or Noisy beetle : 

Beautiful Clyte. eng ol EF 
Clytus speciosus. 

Chesnut-rail Clyte ....... 118 
Clytus campestris. 

Gazelle Clyte ..........., 117 
Clytus caprea. 

Hooked Clyte....es.+-s. 118 
Clytus hamatus. 

Noble Clyte os cas. «bea > %-0 117 
Clytus nobilis. 

Painted Clyte........... 117 
Clytus pictus. 

Waved Clyte.......s+e0- 118 


Clytus undatus. 


Coccrnetia, or Ladybird : 
Abbreviate Coccinelle .... 138 
Coccinella abbreviata. 
Crossbarred Coccinelle.... 138 
Coccinella transversoguttata. 
Fivespotted Coccinelle.... 136 
Coccinella quinquomaculata. 
Fleshcolored Coccinelle ... 136 
Coccinella incarnata. 
Ninespotted Coccinelle.... 156 
Coccinella noyemnotata. 
Northern Coccinelle ...... 136 
Coecinella borealis. 
Spotless Coccinelle ...... 137 
Coccinella immaculata. 


Tenspotted Coccinelle..... 
Coecinella deecimmaculata. 


158 


Page 
Threespotted Coccinelle ... 137 
Coccinella trioculata. 


Twelvespotted Coccinelle. . 
Coccinella duodecimnotata. 


Twentyspotted Coccinelle, . 137 
Coccinella, vigintomaculata. 
Twodotted Coccinelle..... 138 

Coccinella binotata. 
Twospotted Coccinelle .... 157 
Coccinella bimaculata. 


137 


Coccus, or Barklouse.... 162 


Caxioxis, or Ceiling-wasp : 

Ringéd-Ceéliox-34 3 ice sss Dee 
Ceclioxis annularis. 

Coxias, or Bastard butterfly: 

Loyal Colias........0-.. 204 
Colias philodice. 

Copris, or Excrement-beetle : 


Caroline Copris.......... 70 
Copris carolinus. 


Corrosius, or Dung-beeile : 

Dullcolored Coproby...... 
Coprobius levis. 

CorEus, or Squashbug : 

Sombre Corey..........+ 171 


Coreus tristis. 


CreMASTOCHEILUs, or Hanglip: 


Hentz’s Cremastochile .... 77 
Cremastocheilus hentzii. 


Crioceris, or Ramshorn : 


12-pointed Criocere ...... 129 
Crioceris duodecimpunctata. 

Cucusus, or Mixed-beetle : 

Clubfooted Cucujy ....... 


Cucujus clavipes. 


60 


Cures, or Epicure: 
Redheaded Cupes........ 


Cupes capitata. 


92 


Curcutio, or Bean-beetle : 
New-York Curculy ...... 


Curculio noveboracensis. 


110 


Cycurus, or Longheaded beetle: 

Tapering Cychre ..¢..... 50 
Cychrus viduus. ) 

Cynruta, or Cynthian butterfly: 

Hunter’s Cinthy oo. i. 6 7210 


Cynthia huntera. 


Page 
Thistle Cinthy .......... 210 


Cynthia cardui. 


Cyrrosia, or Basketfly : 
Arched Cyrtosy ......... 154 


Cyrtosia arcuata, 
Sootcolored Cyrtosy...... 154 

Cyrtosia fuliginosa. 
Danaus, or Danaid-beetle : 
Webfooted Danay ....... 


Danaus plexippus. 


202 


Detoreta, or Juno’s-nymph : 
Belle Diopey 2... 0502+ 220 


Deiopeia bella. 


DeEnpRoIbDEs, or Branching 
beetle : 


Canadian Dendroid....... 
Dendroides canadensis. 


96 


Dermestes, or Skineating 
beetle : 

Baconeating Dermester ... 
Dermestes lardarius. 
Furdestroying Dermester .. 
Dermestes vulpinus. 


60 


Desmocerus, or Closehorn 
beetle : 


Cloaked Desmocere ...... 125 
Desmocerus palliatus. 


Dicuetonycua, or Clovenfoot : 
Elongate Dichelonyche.... 78 


Dichelonycha elongata. 


Dicazxus, or Carved beetle : 
Broad Dicele ....ssee00: 


Diccelus dilatatus. 


Dione TGCS os esse o0 a3 
Diccelus elongatus. 


49 
49 


Dicryoprera, or Netwng : 


Reticulate Dictiopter ..... 
Dictyoptera reticulata. 


Terminal Dictiopter ...... 
Dictyoptera terminalis. 


Dryocampa, or Woodmoth : 

Imperial Dryocamp ...... 
Dryocampa imperialis. 

Pellucid Dryocamp....... 
Dryocampa pellucida. 


Virginian Dryocamp...... 
Dryocampa virginiensis. 


INDEX. 
Page 
Dyscuirivs, or Clumsyfinger : 
Globeform Dyschiry...... 43 
Dyschirius globulosus. 
Dyrticus, or Diving beetle : 
Harris’s Dytice.......... 5d 


Dyticus harrisii. 


Exvaruipion, or Fawn-beetle : 
Shaggy Elaphidion....... 124 


Elaphidion villosum. 


Exapurvs, or Nimblebug : 
Brushy Elaphre ......... 52 


Elaphrus ruscarius. 


Exarer, or Springing beetle : 


Ashcolored Elater ....... 88 
Elater cinereus. 

Common Elater ......... 8&8 
Elater communis. 

Flatfronted Elater ....... 88 
Elater appressifrons, 

Nightshining Elater...... 88 


Elater noctilucus, 


Speckled Elater ......... 87 
Elater oculatus. 


Swelled Elater .......... 88 
Elater obesus. 

Walnutcolored Elater..... 88 
Elater glandicolor. 

Exmis, or Worm-beetle : 

Notched Elmis .......... 56 
Elmis crenatis. 

Enais, or Narrow-beetle : 

Swathed Hngis.......... 59 


Engis fasciatus. 
Enriuia, or Thistlefly : 
Concave Entily.......... 158 
Entilia concava. 


Emarginate Entily....... 
Entilia emarginata. 


Sinuate Entily ........ 
Entilia sinuata. 


158 
Papal Ha 


Ericauta, or Blistering beetle : 

Striped Epicaut ......... 96 
Epicauta vittata. 

Eresus, or Darkworm : 

Sweet. Hreby ........0.+ 246 
Erebus edusa. 


Eruemera, or Mayfly.... 
Eriosoma, or Woolfly.... 161 


267 
Page 
Evcua®tes, or Finehaired 
moth : 


Bright Huchate ........: 
Euchetes egle. 


227 


Evcuiora, or Brown-beetle : 

Bachelor Kuchlore ....... 78 
Euchlora ccelebs. 

Evpamus, or Happy butterfly : 

Tityrus Eudame......... 215 
Eudamus tityrus. 

Evupryas, or Woodnymph : 

Gracious Eudryad ....... 242 
Eudryas grata. 

Evumotrvs, or Melodious beetle : 

Golden EKumolpy ........ 130 
Eumolpus auratus. 

Forricuta, or Pinching beetle, 

139 

Gaverita, or Larkbug : 

American Galerite ....... 
Galerita americana. 

GaLERuCcA, or Cap-beetle : 


Calmarian Galeruce ...... 134 
Galeruca calmariensis. 


Striped Galeruce ........ 134 


Galeruca vittata. 


Gaeutus, or Toadbug : 
Large-eyed Galgule...... 167 


Galgulus oculatus. 


Gareara, or Drovefly : 


Blackheaded Gargare..... 157 
Gargara nigricephala. 

Cinereous Gargare ....... 156 
Gargara cinerea. 

Discoid Gargare ......... 157 
Gargara discoidalis. 

Downy Gargare ......... 157 
Gargara pubescens. 

Great Gargare .......... 156 
Gargara majus. 

Frontspotted Gargare .... 156 
Gargara maculifrontis. 

Oak ATOR OORS oa sagas b'ovm oe 156 
Gargara querci. 

Pectoral Gargare ........ 157 
Gargara pectoralis. 

Smooth Gargare......... 157 


Gargara inermis. 


268 


GeomeETRA, or Measuring- 
worm : 


Chainmarked Geometer ... 249 
Geometra catenaria. 


Crossbarred Geometer .... 249 
Geometra transversata. 


Scollopped Geometer ..... 


Geometra serrata. 


FEOTRUPES, or Burrowing- 
beetle : 


Splendent Geotrupe ...... 67 
Geotrupes splendens. 

Gerris, or Skipper : 

Marginate Gerris ........ 167 
Gerris marginatus. 

Guavucoris, or Owlmoth : 

Stony Glaucope ......... 223 


Glaucopis pholus. 


Gortynia, or Spindleworm : 

Maizeating Gortiny. woeeer 
Gortynia zea. 

Whitewinged Gortiny .... 243 


Gortynia leucostigma. 


GramMMopTERA, or Letterwing, 
128 

Grittotaupa, or Molecricket : 

Shortwinged Grillotalp.... 148 


Grillotalpa brevipennis. 


Hauieuus, or Sea-beetle : 


Brownbreasted Haliple.... 55 
Haliplus immaculaticollis. 
12-pointed Haliple....... 5d 


Haliplus duodecimpunctatus. 


Hautica, or Leaper : 
Cucumber Haltice ....... 
Haltica cucumeris. 


Steelcolored Haltice...... 
Haltica chalybea. 


Wavystriped Haltice ..... 
Haltica striolata, 


135 
135 
135 


Hamatocervs, or Crookhorn : 
Shady Hamatocere....... 168 


Hamatocerus purcis. 


Harpatvs, or Dog-beeile : 


Bicolored Harpaly ....... 45 
Harpalus bicolor. 
Fawncolored Harpaly .... 45 


Harpalus faunus. 


INDEX. 


Page | 


‘Lertis, or Slenderfly .... 181 


Straitsided Harpaly .....- 45 


Harpalus pleuriticus. 


Wandering Harpaly ...... 


Harpalus erraticus. . 


46 


Hepiouus, or Fevermolh : 

Silverspotted Hepiole..... 241 
Hepiolus argenteomaculatus. 

Hesperia, Hesperian butterfly: 

Peck’s Hespery ......... 216 
Hesperia peckius. 

Hirrarcata, or Hipparchian 

butterfly : 


Cloudy Hipparchy ....... 
Hipparchia nephele. 


Smooth Hipparehy ....... 213 
Hipparchia alope. 


213 


Hister, or Player-beetle : 
Polished Hister ......... 


Hister conformis. 


66 


Rieerti, or Mailed beetle: 


Threebanded Hoply...... 


Hoplia trifasciata. 


78 


Hy.osius, or Wood-beetle : 


Struggling Hyloby....... 
Hylobius pales. 


107 


Hyprocampa, or Watermoth : 
Snowy Hydrocamp ...... 233 


Hydrocampa nivalis. 


Hyuureus, or Woodeater : 
Boring Hylurge......... 112 


Hylurgus terebrans. 


IcnnEumon, or Hunter-wasp : 


Shorthanded Ichneumon .. 
Ichneumon brevicinctor. 


Ips, or Vine-beetle : 

Foursigned Ips ...... «es. 
Ips quadrisignata. 

Shming Ips °s4:e ness vias 
Ips sanguinolenta. 

Swathed Ips vos ss. nya 
Ips fasciata. 

Twospotted Ips.......0.. 
Ips bipustulata. 


60 


Irnycervs, or Straighthora: 


New-York Ithycere ...... 110 


Ithycerus noveboracensis. 


| Lamia, or Sorceress...... 124 


Page 


Lampyris, or Gloworm : 


Angulate Lampyre ...... 89 
: Lampyris angulata. 
Blackening Lampyre ..... 89 
Lampyris nigricans. 
Flathorned Lampyre ..... 89 
Lampyris laticornis. 
Lightening Lampyre ..... 90 
Lampyris. corrusca. 
Sparkling Lampyre ...... 89 
Lampyris scintillans. 
Versicolored Lampyre .... 90 


Lampyris versicolor. 
Lesia, or Ketilebug : 
Blackbellied Leby ....... 42 


Lebia atriventris. 


Emerald Leby .......+.. 48 
Lebia smaragdula. 

Green Leby eee it ntes os 43 
Lebia viridis. 

Lema, or Bleareye : 

Threestriped Leme....... 134 
Lema trivittata. 

Lerrura, or T'hintadl : 

Downy Lepture ......... 127 

Leptura subpubescens. 

‘Hightpointed Lepture..... 127 
Leptura octopunctata. 

: Greenish Lepture eeeeeveeve 727 
Leptura malachitica. 

Reddish Lepture ........ 127 

Leptura rubrica. 

Striped Lepture ........., 126 


Leptura vittata. 


LiBeLLuLa, or Dragonfly : 

Handsome Libellule...... 185 
Libellula pulchella. 

Limenitis, or Border-butlerfly : 


Artemis Limenite........ 211 
Limenitis artemis. 


Stripefooted Limenite..... 
Limenitis dissippus. 

Wildcherry Limenite ..... 
Limenitis ursula. 

Locusta, or Locust : 


Caroline Locust ........ 
Locusta carolina. 


Cloudy Locust ......... 


Locusta nebulosa. 


. 145 
. 146 


Page 
Coralline Locust......... 146 
Locusta corallina. 


Sulphureous Locust ...... 146 


Locusta sulphurea. 


Loxorania, or Twisting-worm: 


Rose Loxoteny.......... 200 
Loxotenia rosaceana. 

Lucanus, or Hornbeetle : 

Peer: Lutan a5. 90 S66 


Lucanus dama. 
Lyeaus, or Blackfly : 
Whitewinged Lygey...... 169 
Lygzus leucopterus. 
Macropactytuvs, or Longfoot : 
Spinebreasted Macrodactyl, 78 
Macrodactylus subspinosa. 
Mentis, or Praying beetle, 142 


Mauitzxa, or Maltese butterfly : 
Lighthouse Melitey ...... 212 


Melitzea pharos. 


Pheeton Melitey......... 212 
Melitza pheton. 


ME tog, or Spanishfly : 


Narrowchested Meloe .. . 
Meloe angusticollis, 


97 


Mipas, or Turnipfly : 

Threadlike Midas........ 183 
Midas filatus. 

Miresia, or Social-fly : 

Virginian Milesy ........ 183 
Milesia virginiensis. 

Monocuamus, or Lone-beetle : 

Beautiful Monochame..... 123 
Monochamus pulcher. 


Shielded Monochame ..... 123 


Monochamus scutellatus. 


Spotted Monochame...... 128 


Monochamus maculosus. 
Tickling Monochame ..... 
Monochamus titillator. 

Musca, or Fleshfly: 


Carrion Muse..........- 181 
Musca vomitoria. 


128 


MyrmMeteon, or Antlion .. 185 


Necropes, or Sexton-beetle : 


Surinam Necrode........ 
Necrodes surinamensis. 


58 


INDEX. 
Page 
Necropnorvs, or Undertaker : 
American Necrophore..... 57 
Necrophorus americanus. 
Hairy Necrophore ....... 57 


Necrophorus tomentosus. 


Pigmy Necrophore,...... 


Necrophorus pygmeeus. 


57 


Nitiputa, or Bright-beetle : 

Doublespot Nitidule...... 
Nitidula bipustulata. 

Nocrva, or Owlmoth : 

Market Noctuy.......... 246 
Noctua nundina, 

Pearly Noctuy . .°. sales os 
Noctua margaritata. 
Scaly Noctuy ........00: 
Noctua squamularis. 
Wary Nocttry a Feo. 5s 


Noctua undularis. 


58 


Notropuiuus, or Notion-beetle : 
Bigeyed Notiophile....... 52 


Notiophilus porrectus. 
Noronectvs, or Backswimmer, 
166 
Opvontata, or Toothed beetle : 
Shieldform Odontate...... 180 


Odontata scutellaris. 


(ipionycuus, or Swellclaw : 


Breasted Edionyche...... 185 
(idionychus thoracica. 

Omatisus, or Evenweb : 

Reddish Omalise ..... He eeQO 


Omalisus coccinatus. 
Omoruron, or Union-beetle : 
Lipped Homophron ...... 


Omophron labiatum. 


Tessellate Homophron.... 
Omopbhron tessellatus. 


52 
52 


OncipEREs, or Clawneck : 
Girdling Oncidere ....... 


Oncideres cingulatus. 


128 


OntHopHacus, or Dungeater : 
Eggshaped Onthophager .. 68 
Onthophagus ovatus. 


Hecate Onthophager ..... 
Onthophagus hecate. 


68 


Oruton, or Snakewasp : 
Clean Ophion........0.. 


Ophion purgatus. 
3 


197 


[ AcricuLtuRaL Report— VoL. v.] 


Page 
Longtailed Ophion....... 196 
Ophion macrurum. 
Neat: Ophiott. .. tiweon ats. 196 
Ophion mundus. 
Smooth Ophion......... 196 


Ophion glabratus. 
Orevia, or Fathoming-moth : 
Whitebanded Orgey...... 280 

Orgyia leucostigma. 
OsmopErMA, or Scentskin : 
Rough Osmoderm........ 77 

Osmoderma scaber. 
Pacuyta, or Thickbody : 
Heartshaped Pachyte..... 

Pachyta cordifera, 
Pampnita, or Lovely butterfly : 
Meadow Pamphile ....... 215 

Pamphila phyloeus. 
Panevs, or Planter-beetle : 
Biseke Panpy Feet. Doak 

Pangus caliginosus. 
Paritio, or Butterfly : 
Conjugal Papilion........ 


Papilio philenor. 
Stardotted Papilion ..,... 200 
Papilio asterias. 
Turnus Papilion........ 
Papilio turnus. 


46 


201 


. 201 


Parnvs, or Grasshopper-beetle : 


Sharppointed Parny...... 56 
Parnus fastigiatus. 
Doothed: Parny's os tedics G16 


Parnus crenatus. 
PEeEcinus, or Hatchet-wasp : 
Polishing Pelecine....... 196 


Pelecinus politurator. 


Pexuipnota, or Leadcolored 
beetle : 


Maculate Pelidnote ...... 77 
Pelidnota maculata. 
Punctate Pelidnote....... 76 


Pelidnota punctata. 


PuHatzna, or Caterpillar, 225, 

227, 228 

Blackoak Phalene........ 
Phalzna quercaria. 

Puanavs, or Torch-beetle : 


Butchering Phaney....... 


Phaneus carnifex. 


68 


270 


Page 
Puaneroprera, or Lightwing : 
Narrowwinged Phaneropter, 145 
Phaneroptera angustifolia. 
Puitampe us, or Vinelover : 
Satellite Philampely...... 219 
Philampelus satellitia. 
Vineleaf Philampely ..... 219 
Philampelus pampinatrix. 
PuryGanea, or Caddicefly : 
Bandwinged Phrygane.... 188 
Phryganea semifasciata. 
Puy.uosius, or Leaf beetle : 
Tapelike Phylloby ....... 107 


Phyllobius tzeniatus. 


Puytiopnaea, or Leafeater : 
Drake’s Phyllophager..... 
Phyllophaga drakii. 
Georgian Phyllophager.... 
Phyllophaga georgicana. 
Hairychested Phyllophager, 
Phyllophaga pilosicollis. 
Oak Phyllophager ....... 
Phyllophaga quercina. 
Pitted Phyllophager...... 
Phyllophaga variolosa. 


Punctured Phyllophager .. 
Phyllophaga hirticula. 


72 
72 


Pieris, or Muse-butterfly : 

Snowfooted Pieris........ 205 
Pieris nicippe, 

Pimpta, or Longstinger : 


Lunate Pimpla.......... 
Pimpla lunator. 


194 


Pissopes, or Pitchpine beetle : 


Pine-eating Pissode ...... 108 
Pissodes strobi. 


Piruo, or Pythoness : 


American Pythoness...... 
Pitho americanus. 


98 


Puatyceras, or Flathorn: 


Pitchcolored Platycere. .. 
Platyceras piceus. 


66 


Pratyeaster, or Broadbelly : 

Wheatfly Platygaster..... 180 
Platygaster tipule. 

PLATYPHYLLUM, or Flatwing : 


Concave Platyphyl....... 144 


Platyphyllum concavum. 


INDEX. 


Page 
Narrowwinged Platyphyl.. 145 


Platyphyllum angustifolium. 


Oblongwinged Platyphyl .. 145 
Platyphyllum oblongifolium. 
Ponta, or Seanymph : 


Garden Ponty .......... 204 


Pontia oleracea. 
Prionus, or Sawdbeetle : 
Broadbreasted Priony ..., 115 


Prionus laticollis. 


. Pennsylvanian Priony .... 115 


Prionus pennsylyanicus. 


Prinus, or Devourer : 
Trobbher -Piirty-7.%. ot. ss. 4% 


Ptinus fur. 


92 


Putex, or Flea: 
Boring Pulice .......... 148 
Pulex penetrans. 


Tormenting Pulice....... 
Pulex irritans. 


148 


Purpuricenvs, or Purplebug : 
Shouldered Purpuricene... 126 


Purpuricenus humeralis. 


Pyaamra, or Whitehead : 
Whitefaced Pygere....... 242 


Pygzra albifrons. 
Pyrocuroa, or Flamebug : 


Fanshaped Pyrochre...... 
Pyrochroa flabellata. 


96 


Repvuvivus,or Looseneck ,.. 169 
Ruaaium, or Berry-beetle : 
Lined Rhagy’........... 126 


Rhagium lineatum. 


Ruinosia, or Flatnosed moth : 
Apple Rhinosy.......... 204 


Rhinosia pometella. 


Ruyncwanvs, or Bigsnout : 


Plumeating Rhynchene ... 109 


Rhynchzenus nenuphar. 
Sarerpa, or Fishlike beetle : 
Clothed Saperdy ......., 121 


Saperda vestita. 


Rough Saperdy.......... 121 


Saperda calcarata. 
Tridentate Saperdy....... 

Saperda tridentata. 
Tripunctate Saperdy...... 122 


Saperda tripunctata, 


122 


Page 
White Saperdy.......... 121 
Saperda candida. 
SarcoruaGa, or Flesheater : 
Rural Sarcophager....... 181 
Sarcophaga georgina, 
Saturnia, or Saturnian moth 
Io Saturny ..... 232 
Saturnia io. 


Maia Saturny 2... cesses 231 


Saturnia maia. 


eeeeeveves 


ScaraBaus, or Tumbleturd, 68 
ScariteEs, or Stone-beetle : 


Underground Scarite ..... 
Scarites subterraneus. 


43. 


Scouia, or Bentarmed wasp : 
Hightspotted Scoly....... 197 


Scolia octomaculata. 


Sandy Scoly 2... .asecss 19% 


Scolia fossilana. 
ScotyTus, or 
Peartree Scolyte......... 118 
Scolytus pyri. 
Serica, or Szlken-beetle : 
Evening Serice......e08. 
Serica vespertina, 
Sesia, or Brushfinger : 


Fuciform Sesy: os seeps 
Sesia fusiformis. 


Grecian Ses¥-iss..06 amie one 
Sesia pelasgus. 


(63 


221 
221 


SinpHa, or Carrion-beetle : 

American Silph. eeeiesoovesd 
Silpha americana. 

New-York Silph......... 
Silpha noveboracensis. 

Tailed Silph...... 
Silpha caudata. 

Unequal Silph .......... 
Silpha inequalis. 


58: 
58 
57 
57 


Sitvanus, or Weevil : 
Surinamian Silvane....... 
Silvanus surinamensis. 


105 


192 


Sirex, or Woodwasp..... 


Smerintavs, or Cordwing : 
Tongueless Smerinth ..... 
Smerinthus astylus. 


Smiuia, or Shoeknife : 
Auriculate Smily ........ 
Smilia auriculata. 


221 


153 


Page 
Green Smily......e06055 154 
Smilia viridis. 
Spotted Smily........... 158 
Smilia guttata. 
Striped. Smily . .. sieve see 10% 
Smilia vittata. 
Spectrum, or Ghostfly : 
Longlegged Spectre ...... 142 
Spectrum femoratum. 
Spuroperuvs, or Ball-beetle : 
Narrowmouthed Spherodere, 49 
Spheroderus stenostomus. 
Spruex, or Spider-wasp : 


Pennsylvanian Sphex..... 
Sphex pennsylvanica. 


105 


Spuainx, or Hawkmoth : 


Ashy Sphinx ........... 219 


Sphinx cinerea. 
Caroline Sphinx ......... 
Sphinx carolinus. 
Cyclopian Sphinx........ 
Sphinx brontes. 
Eightspotted Sphinx...... 
Sphinx octomaculatus. 
Fivespotted Sphinx ...... 
Sphinx quinquomaculatus. 
Fringetree Sphinx........ 
Sphinx chionanthi. 


Potato Sphinx soi. ..25.8 
Sphinx conyvolvuli. 


Wine Sphinx ss %sv e's os 
Sphinx vitis. 


218 
218 
218 
219 
218 
218 
218 


Srrtosoma, or Spotbody : 


Saltmarsh Spilosome ..... 225 


Spilosoma acreea. 
Waternymph Spilosome ... 
Spilosoma nais. 
Wedgemarked Spilosome .. 
Spilosoma cunea. 
White Spilosome ........ 


Spilosoma arge. 


228 


226 


Srapuy.inus, or Carrotshaped 
beetle : 

Bluewinged Staphyline.... 
Staphylinus cyannipennis. 

Hairy Staphyline ........ 
Staphylinus villosus. 

Yellowtailed Staphyline ... 
Staphylinus chrysurus. 


61 
61 
61 


228 | 


INDEX. 
Page 
Srenocorus, or Narroweye : 


Cinctured Stenocore...... 116 
Stenocorus cinetus, 


Tapanus, or Gadfly : 

American Tabany....,.... 182 
Tabanus americanus, 

Leadcolored Tabany...... 182 
Tabanus plumbeus. 

TELAMONA, or Crestfly : 

Beech Telamon.......... 154 
Telamona fagi. 

Hazle Telamon......5+.. 105 
Telamona coryli. 

Level Telamon.........- 155 
Telamona reclivata. 

Osb Vélamon id sae ees cee 200 
Telamona querci. 

Onecolored Telamon...... 154 
Telamona unicolor. 

Ornate Telamon......... 155 
Telamona ornata. 

Thornapple Telamon ..... 155 
Telamona crategi. 

Turreted Telamon ....... 155 
Telamona turriculata. 

Uphill Telamon ......... 155 
Telamona acclivata. 

Woodbine Telamon ...... 154 


Telamona ampelopsidis. 


TELEPHORUS, or Netcarrier, 90 


TeneEBRIO, or Nightwalker : 

Crooklegged Tenebrion.... 99 
Tenebrio curvipes. 

Dusky Tenebrion........ 99 
Tenebrio obscurus. 

Mealeating Tenebrion..... 99 


Tenebrio molitor. 
TENTHREDO, or Saw-wasp, 191 


Tetraopes, or Fourspot-beetle : 


Foureyed Tetraope....... 124 


Tetraopes tetrophthalma. 
Tetrix, or Pheasant-locust, 147 


Terticonia, or Little-cricket : 

Grapevine Tettigony...... 158 
Tettigonia vitis. 

Rosebush Tettigony ...... 


Tettigonia rose. 


158 


271 
Page 
Tuanasimus, or Death-beetle : 
Doubtful Thanasime...... 91 
Thanasimus dubius. 
Tuecia, or Blue-butterfly : 
Hopeating Thecle........ 
Thecla humuli. 
Puny Thecle. sac o.i)'s 3 &, 
Thecla acis. 
THELIA, or Nipplefly : 
Twodotted Thely ........ 
Thelia binotata. 
Twospotted Thely........ 
Thelia bimaculata. 


Yellowfooted Thely ...... 
Thelia lutipes. 


214 
214 


156 
156 
156 


Turips, or Stingleaf..... 160 


Tinea, or Bookmoth : 
Grainskinning Tiney...... 
Tinea granella. 


Honeycomb Tiney ......- 


Tinea cerella. 


256 
253 


Tomicus, or Woodcutter : 

Gnawing Tomice......... 
Tomicus exesus. 

Peartree Tomice......... 
Tomicus pyri, 


iPinetrees Lomceles sien set 
Tomicus pini. 


112 
113 
113 


. 250 


Trecuvs, or Rough-beetle : 
Conjoined Trechy........ 


Trechus. conjunctus. 


Girded Trechy.......es- 


Trechus cinctus. 


TorTRIx, or Twister.... 


48 
48 


Tremex, or Boring wasp : 


Pigeon Tremex.......... 
Tremex columba. 


192 


Tricuinus, or Hairbeetle : 
Assimilate Trichine ...... 
Trichinus assimilans. 


Greenish Trichine........ 
Trichinus viridans. 


w1 


Trocuitium, or Wheelmoth : 
Naked Troehily ........« "228 


Trochilium denudatum. 
Trox, or Chewing beetle : 
Capillary Trox .... 


Trox capillaris. 


71 


e*ee es 


272 a INDEX. 


ve 
4 


Page Page Page 
Swinish Trox ........... 70| VANESSA, or Sunny butterfly: | Progne Vaness.......... 207 
Trox poreatus. Antiope Vaness ......... 206] Vanessa progne. 
Vanessa antiopa. Semicolon Vaness........ 207 
Uris, or Slender mealworm: | Atalanta Vaness.....+... 209 Vanessa. interrogationis: 
Pennsylvanian Upis...... 99 Vanessa atalanta. Vespa, or Wasp : 
Unis Demers Domania) Vanes "= 21s sya octal Watch gap tas os sl 
: : Vespa fraterna. 
Urocerus, or Horntail : Manycolored Vaness ..... 208 . 
Vanessa polychloros. Xytocopa, or Carpenter-wasp : 


Whitehorned Urocere..... 192 


Urocerus albicornis. 


Nettle Vaness..........- 209 | Virginian Xylocope ...... 197 


Vanessa urtice. Xylocopa virginica. 


Tedhyrs'. 


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TELEMONA 


PLATE 3, 


TURRICULATA. 
CRATAGI. 
UNICOLOR. 
QUERCI. 
ACCLIVATA. 
CORYLI. 
RECLIVATA. 
ORNATA. 
AMPELOPSIDIS. 


FAGI. 


SMILIA GUTTATA. 


SMILIA AURICULATA. 


SMILIA VIRIDIS. 


SMILIA VITTATA. 


THELIA BIMACULATA. 


CERESA DICEROS. 


CERESA BUBALUS. 


7 a a 
- is sae 7 ©. 
; ‘ ® sa 
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‘ ine ee Nene Vth he] 
v; ‘ 
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PLATE 4, 


Figs. 1 & 2. CecrpoMYIA DESTRUCTOR (inale and female). 
a. Segments of the abdomen. 
5, c Antenne magnified. 


d, e. The same, natural size. 


f. Profile view of the head, palpi, and origin of the antenna. 
g. Dorsal view of the worm. 
h. Of the flaxseed state. 


Ventral view of the same. 


Ss, 
o 


) Lateral ditto. 
k. Dorsal view of the dormant larva. 
L Ventral view of the pupa. 
A, 8 Wheatstalks infested with the insect. 
a.  Wheatstalk broken away, showing the young worms. 
3, 4. CECIDOMYIA ROBINIA (pupa enlarged ). 5. Mouth. 
6. Larva. 7. Wing. 


- 


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\5. Head and rrouth 


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Fig. 1. 


a 
2. 


3. 
4, 


5. 


6.7 


7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 


PLATE 5, 


BuPRESTIS FASCIATA. 
a. Antenne magnified. 
b. Tarsi magnified. 
BUPRESTIS DENTIPES. 
BUPRESTIS FEMORATA. 
BuPRESTIS DIVARICATA. 


BuPRESTIS VIRGINICUS. 


ALAUS OCULATUS. 


ELATER ? 

BuPRESTIS. 

EATER GLANDICOLOR. 
Dyricus HARRISII. 


k. Anterior tarsus, showing the sucking disks. 


/ 
11¥ TerraopEs TETROPHTHALMA. 


12. BoLETroPHAGUS CORNUTUS (male). 
13. MaAcRODACTYLUS SUBSPINOSA (rosebug). 
m. Antenne. 
vt Tarsus magnified. 
14. Eprcaura VITTATA. 


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PO A CHRYSOMELA PHILADELPHIA. 
Bebe het ke RO 2) | ORR iano erate, aeeanirpy 2 7) 
Me eR bE iy eamarmoate a: oe pL eoct ats 


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4, LIBELLULA, ver.? PULCHELLA 


5. LIBELLULA PULCHELLA. 


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Fig. 1, Saperpa cancarata. — 


2. Monocrames ——. 


ied > A er GS, Sea 
_ SAPERDA CANDIDA. 


4. Purpunicsyus uum 
5, Mowocnamus nent 
6.7 DrsmoceRUs PALLIATT 
st ‘SAPERDA TRIPUNOTATA 
9. CLyrus pictus.  ~ 
10. Oxyrus SPECIOSUS. 
| CLYTUS CAPREA. 


(ite ae ELAPHIDION PUTATOR (V 


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8 10, TH, Larva md pupa of ditto (Europe 
12. CrcinpeLa veugarts, 


13. s CrcryvEL A ALBILA BRIS. i 


ve 


Fig. 1. Lepra viriois. 


EINE GACY ead Samba ACHINUS CONFORMIS.— 
RO 9, RGONTHE CURRIN ERNE. 


Ue BOTS OS ene SRM eee fect 12 GabuRrTA AMERICANA. 
’ : te Shae. % r: zy AA ges y > vi sy ay aegis ae 5 OT. (ise; ‘ 


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PLATE 8 


Fig. 1. Nrripua BipustuLaTs.. Ces iTS Vo eee Ck a 
a ete * ry _ 2, ENGis PAsciata, a VO Gus 9 ee 


ree 3. Ips saAnqurinoLEnra. 7 ee , ee 
cee 4. Ips wascrara. Site ies?) a yatbeaaat 
| Bs a 5. DERMESTES LARDARIUS. oy . ast ‘a 
a fe eo (ee Ips QUADRIS{GNATA. _ ‘iad ie? oleae 


ae 7, PARNUS PASTIGIATUS. ee hs 


i a *s . » . * 
u i . Ips BIPUSTULATUS. ig ee ee 


8 
/ 9, EEMIs ORENATIS. 


i 


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atkopewie arracdl 
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4 


PLATE 24 
/ 

TROX CAPILLARIS. 
CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZI. 
TROX PORCATUS. | 
Horta TRIFASCIATA. 
TRICHINUS “VIRIDANS. 
Evcnnora ca@LERS. 


RUISOTROGUS GEORGIANICA. 


EvcHLORA ATRATUS. 
SERICA VESPERTIN 


a 


: 


; ; thoes . ornoaacrone | 
6 | Aaya agen! a0 anette 


if 


“Suet aaladeytaat 


_- 


es: 
ts 


sine 
re" 
ee 


OF Say ¢ 
2 


at 
Ciel ne 


DIcHELONYOHA ELONGATA. 
DENDROIDES CANADENSIS. 
PLATYOBRAS PICEUS. 
Cantuanis Amara, 

5, OSMODERMA SCARER. 


‘a 


6, PyRocHROA FLABELLATA.— 


7. Piro AMERICANUS. 


_ UPIs-PENNSYLVANICUS. 
_ RHISOTROGUS PILOSICOLLIS. 


nee Albany 


Nei Pe 
vi s..t ea 


Rit 


of 


Lith 


Ce ee 
2 ARRAS Wee AE 


ee oe a ene) ee 


>, 


a . 7. > 
pokes ei 


4 


6, VESPA PRATERNA. 


ue 


9, SpHEX PENNSYLVANTCA. 


10. Soonta FOSSILANA. aes 
sb a OIMBEX ULMI. 2 


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